Particle emission of organic brake pad material: A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. 1213-1223
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Subrata Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Particle Emission ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Particle Sizer ◽  
Near Future

Wear of a brake pad emits airborne particles and is a major environmental issue. This review paper deals with the analysis of different brake pad composite materials and their wear phenomenon. The volume fraction and size distribution of non-asbestos organic airborne particles emitted from the brake pad material with time, load and speed have also been discussed under different braking conditions. The airborne particles are measured by different aerosol instruments. TSI P-Trak, GRIMM aerosol spectrometer and scanning mobility particle sizer were used by different researchers for measuring ultrafine particles, micron-sized particles and aerodynamic nanoparticles, respectively. This paper shows that the wear particles emitted from the brake pad material vary in diameter between 10 nm and 10 μm under various loads and sliding velocities. These airborne particles such as coarse fine (diameters > 1 μm), fine (diameters between 100 nm and 1 μm) and ultrafine (diameters < 100 nm) particles are responsible for health hazards to the human respiratory system. This study has accumulated the data of different ingredients of the brake pad with airborne particle emission from various studies, which may be helpful for the evolution of new composite materials in the near future.

Zehn Jahre Messungen der Anzahl- und lungendeponierbaren Oberflächenkonzentration ultrafeiner Partikel im städtischen Hintergrund im Ruhrgebiet/Ten years of measurements of the number and lung deposited surface concentration of ultrafine particles in the urban background in the Ruhr Area

Gefahrstoffe ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (01-02) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
C. Asbach ◽  
T. A. J. Kuhlbusch ◽  
U. Quass ◽  
H. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Surface Concentration ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Ruhr Area ◽  
Nanoparticle Surface ◽  
Particle Sizer

Seit Anfang 2009 werden an einer städtischen Hintergrundmessstation in Mülheim-Styrum im westlichen Ruhrgebiet Anzahlkonzentration, Anzahlgrößenverteilung und lungendeponierbare Oberflächenkonzentration submikroner und ultrafeiner Partikel gemessen. Die dazu eingesetzten Messgeräte Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) und Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM) erwiesen sich als gut geeignet für derartige Messaufgaben. Insbesondere das NSAM ist sehr robust und zuverlässig und wird daher neben der Bestimmung der lungendeponierbaren Oberflächenkonzentration auch zur Funktionsüberwachung des SMPS verwendet. Die ultrafeinen Partikel an der Messstation stammen zu einem großen Teil von einer nahegelegenen Autobahn sowie diversen anderen Quellen in der näheren Umgebung. Der etwa 20 km südlich gelegene Flughafen Düsseldorf scheint keinen merklichen Einfluss zu haben. Eine Auswertung der Wochengänge zeigte überraschenderweise, dass in allen Jahren samstagnachts die im Wochenverlauf höchste Anzahlkonzentration von Partikeln >100 nm gemessen wurde. Während an allen anderen Wochentagen die mittleren Konzentrationen seit 2009 kontinuierlich gesunken sind, blieb die Höhe des Maximums in der Nacht von Samstag auf Sonntag nahezu konstant, was auf eine unveränderte, zeitlich sehr begrenzte Quelle hindeutet.

A Study of Airborne Wear Particles Generated From a Sliding Contact

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Olofsson ◽  
Lars Olander ◽  
Anders Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Airborne Particle ◽  
Particle Generation ◽  
Pin On Disk

Recently, much attention has been paid to the influence of airborne particles in the atmosphere on human health. Sliding contacts are a significant source of airborne particles in urban environments. In this study airborne particles generated from a sliding steel-on-steel combination are studied using a pin-on-disk tribometer equipped with airborne-particle counting instrumentation. The instrumentation measured particles in size intervals from 0.01μm to 32μm. The result shows three particle size regimes with distinct number peaks: ultrafine particles with a size distribution peak around 0.08μm, fine particles with a peak around 0.35μm, and coarse particles with a peak around 2 or 4μm. Both the particle generation rate and the wear rate increase with increasing sliding velocity and contact pressure.

scholarly journals Seasonal features of ultrafine particle volatility in the coastal Antarctic troposphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 9803-9812 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hara ◽  
K. Osada ◽  
C. Nishita-Hara ◽  
M. Yabuki ◽  
M. Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Sea Salts ◽  
Syowa Station ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Particle Sizer ◽  
Ultrafine Aerosol

Abstract. The size distribution and volatility of ultrafine aerosol particles were measured using scanning mobility particle sizer and thermodenuder at Syowa Station during the 46–47 Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (2005–2007). The relative abundance of non-volatile particles in a 240 °C scan was approximately 20% during the summer, whereas the abundance of non-volatile particles increased by >90% during the winter–spring. Most ultrafine particles were volatilized at temperature of 150–210 °C. This volatility was consistent well to major aerosol constituents (NH4+, SO42− and CH3SO3−) during the summer. In contrast, major constituents of ultrafine particles were sea-salts (Na+ and Cl−) in winter–spring. Therefore, the seasonal feature of volatility of ultrafine particles at Syowa was associated with seasonal variations of the major aerosol constituents. Although the relative abundance of non-volatile particles was usually higher during the winter–spring, the abundance dropped occasionally to <30%. The lower abundance of non-volatile ultrafine particles during winter–spring corresponded to the lower number concentration of ultrafine particles and transport from the free troposphere over Antarctica.

scholarly journals Seasonal features of ultrafine particle volatility in the coastal Antarctic troposphere

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 14777-14799 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hara ◽  
K. Osada ◽  
C. Nishita-Hara ◽  
M. Yabuki ◽  
M. Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Sea Salts ◽  
Syowa Station ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Particle Sizer ◽  
Ultrafine Aerosol

Abstract. The size distribution and volatility of ultrafine aerosol particles were measured using scanning mobility particle sizer and thermodenuder at Syowa Station during the 46–47 Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (2005–2007). The relative abundance of non-volatile particles in a 240 C scan was approximately 20 % during the summer, whereas the abundance of non-volatile particles increased by >90 % during winter–spring. During the summer, most ultrafine particles were NH4+, SO42− and CH3SO3−, while major constituents of ultrafine particles were sea-salts (Na+ and Cl−) in winter–spring. Therefore, the seasonal feature of volatility of ultrafine particles at Syowa might result from seasonal variations of the major aerosol constituents. Although the relative abundance of non-volatile particles was usually higher during winter–spring, the abundance dropped occasionally to <30 %. The lower abundance of non-volatile ultrafine particles during winter–spring corresponded to the lower number concentration of ultrafine particles and transport from the free troposphere over Antarctica.

scholarly journals Analyse der Partikelbildung aus der Elektrospray‐Flammensprühpyrolyse mittels Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malte Bierwirth ◽  
Vinzent Olszok ◽  
Varun Aiyar Ganesan ◽  
Jalal Poostforooshan ◽  
Alfred P. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Particle Sizer

Preparation of Ultra-Fine Powder Using Supercritical Fluids: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 148-149 ◽  
pp. 509-515
Author(s):  
De Dong Hu ◽  
Wei Qiang Wang ◽  
Zhi Quan Zhao ◽  
Gui Min Zhang ◽  
Wen Qin Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Quantum Effect ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Powder Materials ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Technology ◽  
Particle Preparation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Near Future

The size of ultrafine particles ranges between 1~1000nm, including metal, non-metallic, organic, inorganic and biological powder materials. Because of its inherent surface effect, small size effect and quantum effect, it has special optical properties, thermal properties, magnetic properties and mechanical properties which had been widely used in various industrial fields. Supercritical fluid technology has been used to obtain ultra-fine powder of several kind of materials. This work is focused on the systematic production of ultra-fine powder using RESS and SAS process. A systematic summary is made and different measures adopted according to the related circumstances are presented. We also summarize the effect of the process parameters of RESS and SAS process. The ongoing and more extensive research on mechanism and control measures of size, morphology and size distribution of particle should provide a better understanding of particle formation mechanism and achieve the goal of integrated use of different measures to control particle preparation process in the near future.

Modeling The Microwave Frequency Dielectric Properties of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

1992 ◽  
Vol 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell L. Jackson ◽  
Curtis H. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Resonant Cavity ◽  
Microwave Frequency ◽  
Thermoplastic Composite ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Thermoplastic Matrix ◽  
Rotation Procedure

ABSTRACTMixture models were studied in an effort to predict the microwave frequency permittivities of unidirectional-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic-matrix composite materials as a function of fiber volume fraction, fiber orientation relative to the electric field, and temperature. The permittivities of the constituent fiber and plastic materials were measured using a resonant cavity perturbation technique at 9.4 GHz and at 2.45 GHz. The permittivities of the composite specimens were measured using a reflection cavity technique at 9.4 GHz and at 2.45 GHz. Simple “rule-of-mixtures” models that use the fiber and plastic permittivities have been found to approximate the complex dielectric properties of the composite for varied fiber volume fractions. The permittivities of oriented composites were modeled using a tensor rotation procedure. Composite permittivities were modeled with temperature up to the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic matrix.

The Estimation of Thermal Conductivity for Alumina-Epoxy Composite Material with High Filling Volume Fraction

2014 ◽  
Vol 918 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Chen Kang Huang ◽  
Yun Ching Leong
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Transport Theorem ◽  
Good Agreement

In this study, the transport theorem of phonons and electrons is utilized to create a model to predict the thermal conductivity of composite materials. By observing or assuming the dopant displacement in the matrix, a physical model between dopant and matrix can be built, and the composite material can be divided into several regions. In each region, the phonon or electron scattering caused by boundaries, impurities, or U-processes was taken into account to calculate the thermal conductivity. The model is then used to predict the composite thermal conductivity for several composite materials. It shows a pretty good agreement with previous studies in literatures. Based on the model, some discussions about dopant size and volume fraction are also made.

Reuse of polyester-glass laminate waste in polymer composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (107) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
M. Chomiak
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Glass Laminate ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: of this paper is to develop a new generation of polymer composite materials that would ensure the use of residual and serious environmental problems of polyester-glass laminate waste. Design/methodology/approach: The glass reinforced polyester waste was ground and added to produce new composites. Thermoplastic - high impact polystyrene was selected for the composite matrix. Composites containing 10, 20, 30% by weight of the filler of polyester-glass laminate powder were made. The process of extrusion and subsequent injection was used to prepare the test samples. The influence of the filler on selected properties of composites was evaluated. The physical properties of the filler as well as the processing properties of the mixture as well as the mechanical properties - impact strength and tensile strength of the obtained composites were investigated. Findings: A decrease in tensile strength and impact strength was observed along with an increase in the amount of filler. Research limitations/implications: It would be interesting to carry out further analyzes, in particular with a higher volume fraction of the filler or with a different composite structure, e.g. using PVC as a matrix. The developed research topic is a good material for the preparation of publications of a practical and scientific nature, especially useful in the research and industrial environment. Practical implications: The shredded glass-polyester waste can be used as a filler of polystyrene, however, the resulting composite could be used to produce parts with slightly less responsible functions such as artificial jewelery or toy elements. Originality/value: Obtained results are a new solution a global waste management solution for glass reinforced polyester waste, which may contribute to the sustainable development of the composite materials industry through the partial utilization of waste composites with a duroplastic matrix.

Brake Wear Particle Size and Shape Analysis of Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) and Semi Metallic Brake Pad

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain, S. ◽  
M.K Abdul Hamid ◽  
A.R Mat Lazim ◽  
A.R. Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Brake Disc ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Brake Pads ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Brake Wear Particles ◽  
Brake Wear ◽  
Particle Size And Shape

Brake wear particles resulting from friction between the brake pad and disc are common in brake system. In this work brake wear particles were analyzed based on the size and shape to investigate the effects of speed and load applied to the generation of brake wear particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to identify the size, shape and element compositions of these particles. Two types of brake pads were studied which are non-asbestos organic and semi metallic brake pads. Results showed that the size and shape of the particles generatedvary significantly depending on the applied brake load, and less significantly on brake disc speed. The wear particle becomes bigger with increasing applied brake pressure. The wear particle size varies from 300 nm to 600 µm, and contained elements such as carbon, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum, sulfur and iron.

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