Impact of cost-optimized dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) constraints on powertrain optimal control

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110294
Author(s):  
Ragupathi Soundara Rajan ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
Felix Richert
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Hybrid Transmission ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Specific Number

In the transition from internal combustion engines (ICE) based vehicles to pure battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the powertrain is becoming increasingly electrified (xEV). Based on their capability to recuperate brake energy in the legislative test cycles, intermediate xEV vehicles are classified as mild and strong electrified vehicles. Growing xEV sales currently pave the way for the application of cost-optimized dedicated components. The B segment vehicle analyzed in this work is currently equipped with a conventional coaxial transmission, which can offer multiple power sources (combustion engine, electric machine, or hybrid) in a single shift with an additional clutch. A cost-optimized dedicated hybrid transmission (DHT) is designed by eliminating the launch clutch, synchronizers, and redundant energy travel paths to replace the coaxial transmission. The DHT requires one shift for each energy path to connect the power source to the wheels. The flexible coaxial transmission requires only a low specific number of gear shifts to drive a typical test cycle. However, the DHT has constrained energy paths, leading to a high specific number of gear shifts to drive identical test cycles when applied with the standard Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS) optimal control. A one dimensional closed-loop simulation model for the passenger car longitudinal dynamics is used in this analysis. The vehicle velocity and evaluation criteria for the simulation are based on the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP). The loss maps from steady-state test bench measurements for the internal combustion engine (ICE), the electric motor (EM), and the transmission unit are used as inputs in building the simulation model. A drivability penalty approach is introduced in the standard A-ECMS optimal control to reduce the number of gear shifts. The work analyzes the gear shift behavior and the absolute CO2 emission between the cost-optimized DHT and the existing coaxial transmission for the considered vehicle application. Detailed power flow using a Sankey diagram from different onboard vehicle sources for the cost-optimized DHT solution is included in the results section. The developed model is validated with a prototype vehicle environment on the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS).

Piston ring–liner lubrication and tribological performance evaluation: A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Delprete ◽  
Abbas Razavykia
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Engine Efficiency

Internal combustion engines are at present used as the major power sources for transportation and power generator. Improvement of the internal combustion engine efficiency is expected due to strict environmental standards and energy costs. Any reduction in oil consumption, friction power losses and emissions results in improving engines’ performance and durability. Automotive industries have intense passion to increase engines’ efficiency to meet the fuel economy and emission standards. Many studies have been conducted to develop reliable approaches and models to understand the lubrication mechanisms and calculate power losses. This review paper summarizes the synthesis of the main technical aspects considered during modeling of piston ring–liner lubrication and friction losses investigations. The literature review highlights the effects of piston ring dynamics, components geometry, lubricant rheology, surface topography and adopted approaches, on frictional losses contributed by the piston ring-pack.

scholarly journals Simulation Model of Selective Assembly of the Conrod-Piston Group Unit of Internal Combustion Engines, Taking into Account Measurement Errors During Sorting

2021 ◽  
Vol 2096 (1) ◽  
pp. 012188
Author(s):  
O V Filipovich ◽  
A I Balakin ◽  
N A Balakina ◽  
V O Filipovich
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Metrological Problem ◽  
Selective Assembly ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Piston Group ◽  
Size Groups

Abstract The process of selective assembly of the conrod-piston group of an internal combustion engine, which provides the required accuracy of the connections, is considered. The functioning of a unit consisting of three main elements is described, the scheme of the assembly set-making is shown. The simulation model of a one-parameter selective assembly of three elements has been modernized by taking into account measurement errors arising from sorting into size groups. The modeling of the assembly process of the unit for a specific engine model has been carried out. A dependence is obtained that connects the required output indicator of the technological process with the parameter of the measurement quality. This research will allow solving the metrological problem associated with the choice of the optimal accuracy of measuring equipment under technical and economic constraints.

scholarly journals Heating system for measuring tanks of the cementing unit from the exhaust system of the base chassis

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 03015
Author(s):  
Sergey Kireev ◽  
Marina Korchagina ◽  
Andrey Efimov ◽  
Valentin Stepanov
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Field ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Heating Efficiency ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this article is to increase the efficiency of the design process and reduce the cost of field experiments by using numerical analysis methods of the dimensional capacity heating efficiency of the internal combustion engine exhaust system. To solve the problem, a non-stationary nonlinear solver of gas dynamic processes (Siemens STAR-CCM+) was used, which allows to evaluate the correctness of the problem statement, significantly reducing the cost of full-scale tests. The paper considers the heating of a dimensional two-section tank in the layout of the cementing unit on the chassis with a triplex high-pressure pump and a drive from the power take-off box on the gear box of the chassis engine. The exhaust pipe structurally passes inside the measuring tank. According to the research results obtained graphic dependences of temperature change of liquid measuring cups to control points, the distribution of temperature field of the liquid in a volumetric tank, distribution of the temperature field of the surrounding air, stream lines and velocity field of the ambient air and the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. The results of the calculations clearly show that the application of the method of heating the measuring capacity by entering the exhaust pipe directly into the liquid can be considered effective.

scholarly journals Assessment of the starter motor system use powered by capacitive power sources on internal combustion engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 341 ◽  
pp. 00054
Author(s):  
Anton Bijaev ◽  
Kristina Ishutochkina
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Lead Battery ◽  
System Use ◽  
Partial Displacement ◽  
Electric Supply ◽  
Engine Start

The main power source of modern electric start systems for internal combustion engines is an acid-lead battery. Existence chemical reactions, which occur in between battery electrolyte and lead plates may be causes problems with it exploitation. For a many reasons, its operation requires a lot of labor, especially in cold conditions. In this regard, it was proposed to use a capacitor system electric supply taking in view its discharge characteristics. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are sources of temporary charge storage and have optimal properties for their use in the engine start system as a partial displacement of the acid-lead battery, against the background of its some negative qualities. The article deals with the evaluation and comparison of the electric motor start system from capacitors and supercapacitors, as well as the possibility of their implementation on a mobile machine equipped with ICE.

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity of Biogas-Containing Mixtures. A Literature Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Venera Giurcan ◽  
Codina Movileanu ◽  
Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽  
Maria Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Waste Products

Currently, the use of fossil fuels is very high and existing nature reserves are rapidly depleted. Therefore, researchers are turning their attention to find renewable fuels that have a low impact on the environment, to replace these fossil fuels. Biogas is a low-cost alternative, sustainable, renewable fuel existing worldwide. It can be produced by decomposition of vegetation or waste products of human and animal biological activity. This process is performed by microorganisms (such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria) by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can serve as a basis for heat and electricity production used for domestic heating and cooking. It can be also used to feed internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, or cogeneration systems. In this paper, a comprehensive literature study regarding the laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures is presented. This study aims to characterize the use of biogas as IC (internal combustion) engine fuel, and to develop efficient safety recommendations and to predict and reduce the risk of fires and accidental explosions caused by biogas.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Vahid Douzloo Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Fuel Cell Technology ◽  
Hydrogen Supply

AbstractHydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Pollutants Emission

Abstract Numerical simulation of flow, combustion, heat release rate and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained using a single cylinder internal combustion engine operating with propane as the fuel. The data are compared with experimental results and show excellent agreement for peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise as a function of crank angle. The results obtained for NO and CO are also found to be in good agreement and are similar to those reported in the literature for the chosen combustion chamber geometry. The results have shown that both the combustion chamber geometry and engine operating parameters affects the flame growth within the combustion chamber which subsequently affects the pollutants emission levels. The code employed the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reacting fluid flow by finite difference method. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution levels. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.

Computationally Efficient Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Combustion Using a Sparse Analytical Jacobian Chemistry Solver and High-Dimensional Clustering

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Perini ◽  
Anand Krishnasamy ◽  
Youngchul Ra ◽  
Rolf D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Fuel Surrogates

The need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable internal combustion engines is driving research towards the need to consider more realistic models for both fuel physics and chemistry. As far as compression ignition engines are concerned, phenomenological or lumped fuel models are unreliable to capture spray and combustion strategies outside of their validation domains — typically, high-pressure injection and high-temperature combustion. Furthermore, the development of variable-reactivity combustion strategies also creates the need to model comprehensively different hydrocarbon families even in single fuel surrogates. From the computational point of view, challenges to achieving practical simulation times arise from the dimensions of the reaction mechanism, that can be of hundreds species even if hydrocarbon families are lumped into representative compounds, and thus modeled with non-elementary, skeletal reaction pathways. In this case, it is also impossible to pursue further mechanism reductions to lower dimensions. CPU times for integrating chemical kinetics in internal combustion engine simulations ultimately scale with the number of cells in the grid, and with the cube number of species in the reaction mechanism. In the present work, two approaches to reduce the demands of engine simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. The first one addresses the demands due to the solution of the chemistry ODE system, and features the adoption of SpeedCHEM, a newly developed chemistry package that solves chemical kinetics using sparse analytical Jacobians. The second one aims to reduce the number of chemistry calculations by binning the CFD cells of the engine grid into a subset of clusters, where chemistry is solved and then mapped back to the original domain. In particular, a high-dimensional representation of the chemical state space is adopted for keeping track of the different fuel components, and a newly developed bounding-box-constrained k-means algorithm is used to subdivide the cells into reactively homogeneous clusters. The approaches have been tested on a number of simulations featuring multi-component diesel fuel surrogates, and different engine grids. The results show that significant CPU time reductions, of about one order of magnitude, can be achieved without loss of accuracy in both engine performance and emissions predictions, prompting for their applicability to more refined or full-sized engine grids.

scholarly journals Dynamic Simulation and Control of a New Parallel Hybrid Power System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5467
Author(s):  
Po-Tuan Chen ◽  
Cheng-Jung Yang ◽  
Kuohsiu David Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Power System ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Power Sources

To avoid unnecessary power loss during switching between the various power sources of a composite electric vehicle while achieving smooth operation, this study focuses on the development and dynamic simulation analysis of a control system for the power of a parallel composite vehicle. This system includes a power integration and distribution mechanism, which enables the two power sources of the internal combustion engine and electric motor to operate independently or in coordination to meet the different power-output requirements. The integration of the electric motor and battery-charging engine reduces the system complexity. To verify the working efficiency of the energy control strategy for the power system, the NEDC2000 cycle is used for the vehicle driving test, a fuzzy logic controller is established using Matlab/Simulink, and the speed and torque analysis of the components related to power system performance are conducted. Through a dynamic simulation, it is revealed that this fuzzy logic controller can adjust the two power sources (the motor and internal combustion engine) appropriately. The internal combustion engine can be maintained in the optimal operating region with low, medium, and high driving speeds.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Heat Transfer Process in Internal Combustion Engine Cylinders

2020 ◽  
pp. 266-274
Author(s):  
Volodumur Suvolapov ◽  
◽  
Andriy Novitskiy ◽  
Vasul Khmelevski ◽  
Oleksandr Bustruy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Contact Layer ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Cylinder Surface ◽  
Stationary Mode ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Engine Cylinder

The article analyzes scientific publications and literary studies of heat transfer processes in cylinders of internal combustion engines. The research of temperature fields in engines during their operation at different modes with the use of a software package and calculation module is presented. The results of modeling and thermo-metering in homogeneous and laminated engine cylinder liners are analyzed. Graphic dependencies and temperature distribution by cylinder wall thickness at maximum and minimum temperature on cylinder surface are given. On the basis of researches it is established that at laminating and pressing of inserts temperature fields in the engine cylinder change, temperature on an internal surface of the cylinder increases at laminating on 6,5 °С, and at pressing - on 4,5 °С. This is explained by the fact that the contact layer during plastification is in the zone of non-stationary mode, and when pressing the contact layer is in the zone of stationary mode and thus increases the thickness of the cylinder by 2 millimeters. It is established that the difference of minimum and maximum temperatures on the inner surface of the cylinder practically remains the same as that of a homogeneous cylinder. Thus, modeling becomes the most effective scientific tool in the development and implementation of long-term evaluation of options for improving ICE.

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