Applications of Neuroscience for Managing Affective State at Workplace

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Sonia Baloni Ray

This article is an effort to bridge the gap between two research fields, namely organisational behaviour and neuroscience. Organisational behaviour corresponds to the study of human behaviour at workplace, which is significantly modulated/controlled by the affective state of individuals. Neuroscience, on the other hand, is a multidisciplinary field of biology involved in the study of the nervous system. Research in the field of neuroscience has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of emotion processing and psychopathologies of various affective disorders. These findings, although nascent, can be directly or indirectly extended in an organisational setting. This article begins with a review of different forms of emotions at workplace, followed by its implications in the productivity of an organisation. Further, this article explores the ways in which research in the field of neuroscience can be extended in an organisational setting to improve the overall affective state of individuals at workplace, thereby the efficacy of an organisation.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. ii18-ii18
Author(s):  
Kiyonori Kuwahara ◽  
Shigeo Ohba ◽  
Kazuyasu Matsumura ◽  
Saeko Higashiguchi ◽  
Daijiro Kojima ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Although high dose-methotrexate therapy has been performed for primary central nervous system malignant lymphoma (PCNSL), R-MPV (rituximab, methotrexate (MTX), procarbazine and vincristine) therapy is currently the first line therapy for (PCNSL) in our hospital. This study examines the results of R-MPV therapy comparing with past treatment. Method/Subjects: Thirty-seven patients treated at our hospital from 2009 to 2020 were included. Overall survival time, progression free survival time, and toxicities were evaluated. Results: The average age of patients was 65.7 years. Patients included 21 males and 16 females. Thirty-six patients were diagnosed DLBCL by resected brain tumor tissues, and one was diagnosed DLBCL by vitreous biopsy. As initial treatment, rituximab±HD-MTX therapy (R±MTX group) was performed in 20 cases, HD-MTX therapy plus radiation (R±MTX+RT group) was performed in 12 cases, and RMPV therapy was performed in 5 cases (R-MPV group). Median OS of all cases was 69 months and median PFS was 38 months. Median OS was 69 months in R±MTX group and could not be calculated in R±MTX+RT, and R-MPV groups. Median PFS was 16 months and 56 months in R±MTX group and R±MTX+RT, respectively, and could not be calculated in the R-MPV group. Although the R-MPV group had a short follow-up period, the results were considered to be comparable to those of the R±MTX+RT group. On the other hand, grade 3/4 adverse events occurred in 50%, 25%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: R-MPV therapy may delay the timing of radiation and reduce the amount of radiation. On the other hand, the frequency of adverse events is high, and more strict management of treatment is required.


1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1046-1050
Author(s):  
E. V. Sukhova

Speaking about syphilis lesions of the central nervous system, it is impossible not to note that these lesions are among the most severe diseases of the latter. But, on the other hand, their severity is redeemed to some extent by the specific means of combating them which we have in our hands. In this case, the fight against neurolues is reduced not so much to its treatment as to its prevention. Hence the interest with which the question of the influence of various conditions on the occurrence of syphilitic lesions of the central nervous system has recently begun to be comprehensively discussed and the exact causes which, from the general number of syphilitics, distinguish the group subsequently condemned to neurolues have been sought to be elucidated.


1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Masterman

Some little time ago a preliminary note upon Phoronis was read before the Eoyal Society, and therein it was stated that a study of the anatomy of this group had led one to believe that its nearest phyletic allies were to be found in the Hemichorda, a group comprising a few species with primitive chordate characters.In attempting to class Phoronis with these, an important difficulty presented itself. It has been usual to define the Chordata as having three essential characters in common, either temporarily in ontogeny or permanently throughout life, i.e., a dorsal nervous system, paired gill-slits, and a notochord.With regard to these features, there can be no doubt that the nervous system of Phoronis is dorsal in position, and its arrangement is exactly comparable to that of Balanoglossus; but, on the other hand, there are no gill-slits in the adult Phoronis, and the notochord is as certainly absent.In the case of the gill-slits, we find upon critical examination that they are extremely variable in extent of number and position in the different Chordata, and in one species, Rhabdopleura, they are, according to present knowledge, entirely absent. For these reasons it is well not to insist on the presence of gill-slits as an essential character. With respect to the notochord a different condition prevails-the hypoblastic origin and vacuolated character of this organ mark it out from all other skeletal structures, and it figures more or less prominently in all the Chordata.


Author(s):  
Hang Su ◽  
Susan Hunston

Abstract This study takes a lexical-grammatical approach to exploring the evaluation of human behaviour and/or character. It uses adjective complementation patterns as the starting point to examine the lexical-grammatical resources at risk in the appraisal system of judgement, aiming to explore the extent to which we can arrive at the same categorization of the resources realizing judgement if a formal or lexical-grammatical approach, rather than a discourse-semantic one, is taken. Using a corpus compiled of texts categorized as ‘Biography’ in the British National Corpus, the study, on the one hand, shows that most of the items identified can be very satisfactorily classified in terms posited in the judgement system, suggesting that the nomenclature from that model is useful. On the other hand, a considerable number of items have also been identified which construe attitudes towards emotional types of personality traits, leading to the proposal of a potentially useful new judgement category and further an adjusted system of judgement. The heuristic potential of aligning the lexical-grammatical and discourse-semantic approaches to appraisal is further discussed.


2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Virginia Soldino ◽  
Ángel Romero-Martínez ◽  
Luis Moya-Albiol

Violence and/or delinquency in women have been masked to some extent by society. Thus, the main goal of this work is to deeply analyse the published works on these matters, in order to understand this phenomenon from a neurobiological perspective. Firstly, the theory of the cycle of violence as a facilitating mechanism of violence in women will be analysed, with a special emphasis on neuroanatomical correlates. Subsequently, the relation between drug consumption and violence in women will be explained. Finally, the main biological correlates known as facilitating mechanisms of violence in women will be exhaustively described. The main risk factors for the facilitation of violence and/or delinquency in women are mistreatment experiences during childhood and drug consumption. Furthermore, high levels of cortisol and testosterone and low levels of serotonin and oxytocin would be correlates of that violence. On the other hand, two types of aggressors have been described according to the response of the Autonomic Nervous System: the premeditated ones, who present a low reactivity, and the impulsive ones, who present a psychophysiological hyper-reactivity. As it is a complex and insufficiently studied issue, increasing the corpus of knowledge in this topic is necessary with the objective of developing effective programmes of treatment and/or prevention.


2000 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Hegselmann ◽  
Andreas Flache

AbstractIn this paper we compare two micro foundations for modelling human behaviour and decision making. We focus on perfect strategic rationality on the one hand and a simple reinforcement mechanism on the other hand. Iterated prisoner’s dilemmas serve as the play ground for the comparison. The main lesson of our analysis is that in the space of all possible 2 × 2 PDs different micro foundations do matter. This suggests that researchers can not safely rely on the assumption that implementing simple models of decision making will yield the same results that may be obtained when more sophisticated decision rules are built into the agents.


1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (202) ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
William W. Ireland

He observes that the character of women is altered during pregnancy, and often in a pathological direction. He is of opinion that it has a favourable influence in hysteria when it is not complicated with some other affection of the nervous system. Marriage not only satisfies the sexual instinct, but it gives them some one on whom they can expend their tender feelings, and gains for them some one who will care for them and protect them. “I have known,” he says, “and treated several very hysterical young girls who are now married, and show no trace of nervous disease. Some of them have no longer the desire to satisfy the sexual feeling, and are averse to such intercourse, although they love their husbands and live happily with them. The physician need not hesitate to recommend hysterical women to marry if the other party have a healthy constitution, and is free from predisposition to nervous disease. On the other hand, he should never advise a woman to marry who has come through a severe attack of insanity, not only on account of the danger to the children, but because of the danger of relapse, often in an aggravated form.”


1833 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 635-665 ◽  

The higher departments of every science are doubtless its general principles and its laws. These have a claim to our consideration beyond that of insulated facts or mere details. Impressed with this truth, I have hitherto devoted my attention chiefly to the laws and principles of physiology. In a former memoir, I gave the outline of one of the most general of the laws of this science, —that memoir, I propose to give an account of a principle of action in the animal economy, which has not hitherto, I think, been distinguished with sufficient precision from the other vital and animal functions. The principle to which I have adverted is connected, in a peculiar manner, with the medulla oblongata and the medulla spinalis. There is still much dis­crepancy of opinion amongst physiologists, in regard to the properties and functions of these parts of the nervous system. Legallois concluded, from his interesting series of experiments, that the spinal marrow, as a whole, and in distinct portions, is the exclusive source of sensation and voluntary motion. He observes, “La vie du tronc dépend de la moëlle épinière, et celle de chaque partie dépend spécialement de la portion de cette moëlle dont elle reçoit ses nerfs. De plus, il est facile de démontrer que cette prérogative de la moëlle épinière, d’être la source du sentiment et de tous les mouvemens volontaires du tronc, lui appartient exclusivement à tout autre organe.” The Reporters of the Institute adopt the conclusions of Legallois: "M. Legal lois,” they observe,“ a démontré que la section de la moëlle épinière sur les premières ou sur les dernières vertèbres cervicales, n’arrête que les mouvemens inspiratoires, et qu’elle laisse subsister dans tout le corps le sentiment et les mouvemens volontaires. Cette distinction est capitate: personne ne l’avait faite avant lui.” M. Cruveilhier, on the other hand, denounces this view of the functions of the spinal marrow as one of the errors of modern physiology. He observes, “L’indepéndence des diverses parties de la moëlle les unes des autres, l’indepéndence de la moëlle du cerveau, assez généralement admise dans ces derniers temps, me parait une grave erreur physiologique fondée sur d’ingénieuses expériences. L’opinion des anciens, qui regardaient la moëlle comme un gros cordon nerveux destiné à repondre lui seul à tous les nerfs de l’économie, pour transmettre en définitive au cerveau les impressions, ou pour en recevoir les impulsions volontaires ou organiques, cette opinion est bien plus en harmonie avec les faits, avec la grande loi anatomique de la continuité du système nerveux.”


1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-141
Author(s):  
Carl Lamanna ◽  
Thomas G. Ward

Germ-free mice were found to be more sensitive than conventional mice to poisoning by hemicholinium-3, hexamethonium chloride, strychnine sulfate, sodium pentobarbital, sodium barbital, and histamine diphosphate. On the other hand, conventional mice were more sensitive to atropine. No difference between germ-free and conventional mice was found in sensitivity to d -tubocurarine, metrazol, and picrotoxin. These findings raise a question as to the influence of exposure to microorganisms in the development of sensitivity to drugs acting on the nervous system.


1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-286 ◽  

Last year saw the publication of two major studies on the evolution of the human mind, Human Evolution, Language and Mind by William Noble and Iain Davidson, and The Prehistory of the Mind by Steven Mithen. Both draw on a number of disciplines including archaeology, psychology, philosophy and animal ethology, but their resulting scenarios of human development differ in several important respects. The question of mind is central to our understanding of the origin of humanness. As Noble and Davidson put it, ‘the mark of modern human behaviour is its self-consciousness, its “mindedness”’. They trace the origin of this behaviour back no further than 100,000 years ago. In Noble and Davidson's view, the behaviours of the ancestors of humans were similar in crucial respects to those of modern non-human primates. Mithen, on the other hand, ‘cannot accept … that language did not appear in a gradual fashion’. Mithen proposes a series of distinct intelligences, and puts forward a modular theory of the evolution of the human mind. In the following pages we present the issues in the form of a debate, inviting each of the three authors to review each other's books and then offering them the opportunity to defend their alternative standpoints. We begin with Mithen's review of Noble and Davidson, then Noble and Davidson's review of Mithen, and finish with their respective replies to the comments and criticisms which have been raised.


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