scholarly journals How Does Smoking Change the Clinicopathological Characteristics of Human Papillomavirus-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma? One Medical Center Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117955061879224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxing Liu ◽  
Guy Talmor ◽  
Garren MI Low ◽  
Tiffany V Wang ◽  
Daljit S Mann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Locoregional Recurrence ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Tnm Staging ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Histology Grade ◽  
Clinical Profiles ◽  
Age And Sex

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) are 2 distinct cancers, with HPV-positivity conferring a better prognosis. Smoking status is a complicating factor for both patient populations. There have been scattered literature that have reported on incomplete information regarding the profiles of their patient population. Details including age and sex distributions, TNM staging, histology grading, recurrence time and types, death rates, and the direct causes of deaths have been reported incompletely in the literature. Here, based on the experience at our university medical centers, we explored all the details of the important clinical profiles of HPV-negative OPSCC, HPV-positive OPSCC in smokers and nonsmokers. Objective: In this article, we compare detailed clinical profiles of HPV-negative OPSCC and HPV-positive OPSCC in both smokers and nonsmokers. The clinical profiles we elucidated here include patients’ age and sex distribution, general health conditions, histology grading, TNM staging, perineural invasion (PNI), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI), extracapsular extension (ECE), recurrence rate and types, death rate, and direct causes. Specifically, we divided HPV-positive OPSCC into smokers and nonsmokers and compared the different clinical profiles between these groups to give a better idea of the complicating role of smoking in the development of HPV-positive OPSCC. Method: All patients with OPSCC at a tertiary care publicly funded county hospital and a tertiary care university hospital from June 2009-July 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The attending physicians were the same at both hospitals. The primary outcome measure was posttreatment 2-year follow-up status (locoregional recurrence, distant recurrence, death rate). Other measures included HPV status based on p16 staining, smoking history, age, sex, comorbidities, tumor size, nodal and distant metastasis information, LVI, PNI, ECE, and tumor histology grade. Results: A total of 202 patients with OPSCC were identified. They were categorized into 3 groups: HPV-negative OPSCC group (HPV−), HPV-positive smoker group (HPV+SMK+), and HPV-positive nonsmoker group (HPV+SMK−). Patients of HPV− group are older (61.1 ± 11.6 years) than the other groups on average. The HPV− group has the highest percentage of women (22.7%). The HPV− patients with OPSCC have more comorbidities than the HPV+SMK+ group and the HPV+SMK− group, although there is no statistical difference. Grade 2 tumor is the most common histology grade for HPV− patients with OPSCC, whereas grade 3 is the most common grade for HPV+SMK+ and HPV+SMK− groups. Both PNI and LVI are positive at around 40% for all groups without any significant difference, but ECE is very common for HPV− OPSCC, at 86.7%, which is significantly higher than that of the HPV+SMK+ and HPV+SMK− groups. There was no difference of bilateral neck metastases noticed among different groups. For T staging and N staging, although HPV+SMK− and HPV+SMK+ patients have relatively lower T stages and higher N stages, there is no significant difference. HPV+SMK− group has highest TNM stages. All death rates and recurrence rates increase with time, but the death rate of HPV− group is about 4 times higher than that of the HPV+SMK+ group and 6 times higher than that of the HPV+SMK+ group. The major recurrence type of HPV− OPSCC and HPV+SMK+ is locoregional, and the major recurrence type of HPV+SMK+ is distant metastasis. Conclusions: Our data confirmed that HPV+ OPSCC normally presents with more advanced stage, however, it has better prognosis. In comparison, HPV− OPSCC presents at an earlier stage, but the prognosis is worse. Based on their clinical profiles, we noted that HPV-positive OPSCC cells are more “mobile”; they metastasize sooner and further. However, HPV-negative OPSCC cells are more locally infiltrative, leading to more locoregional recurrence. The HPV-positive patients usually are younger and healthier at diagnosis. Although HPV-positive OPSCC tend to be histologically higher grades, there was no statistical difference noticed. Metastatic and recurrent patterns are very different between HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients, but the death rate of HPV-negative patients is way higher, and it is mainly due to locoregional recurrences, which is the major recurrence type for HPV-negative patients. Of our note, smoking is a complicating factor for HPV-positive OPSCC, and it makes the death rate, recurrence rate, histology grade, and TNM staging shift toward HPV-negative OPSCC. How smoking makes HPV-positive OPSCC behave more like OPSCC-negative OPSCC deserves more translational research for further elucidation.

scholarly journals Transfusion Transmitted Hepatitis B Virus among Multitransfused Thalassaemic Children in a Tertiary Health Care Centre in Bangladesh

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Firoz Salehuddin Ahmed ◽  
Md Sahab Uddin Joarder ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam ◽  
Mursheda Akter ◽  
Ishaque Mahmud Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Significant Statistical Difference ◽  
Viral Marker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hb E ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Repeated blood transfusion is the main life line support for thalassaemic children and so they are more prone to be infected with HBV. In Bangladesh the main source of blood for transfusion is the professional donors and so the possibility of HBV infection is higher. Objective: To assess the frequency of HBV among children who received more than 3 blood transfusions. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional analytical study was conducted in Pediatrics ward of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka during the period of July 2003 to June 2004. Ninety five children aged less than 15 years, suffering from ? thalassaemia major and Hb E ? thalassaemia having blood transfusion more than three times and 20 controls of similar age and sex were included in this study. Seromarkers of HBV were tested and the results were analyzed using SPSS version Windows 11.0. Results: Out of 115 children 68 were ? thalassaemic (mean age 6.8 ± 2.84 yrs and male:female is 4.2:1), 27 were Hb E ? thalassaemic children (mean age 8.78 ± 2.99 yrs and M:F 1.4:1) and 20 were nontransfused, age and sex matched controls (mean age 6.23 ± 1.88 yrs and M:F 1:2.3). Out of 95 thalassaemic children 21 (22.1%) were positive for HBsAg. Among them 13 were ? thalassaemic and 8 were Hb E ? thalassaemic. None of the controls showed HBsAg positivity indicating a significant statistical difference (p=0.033). 28 (29.5%) children were positive for anti-HBc. Among them 23 were ? thalassaemic and 5 were Hb E ? thalassaemic and there was no core antigen positivity among the controls showing a significant statistical difference (p=0.022). Four (4.2%) patients showed HBeAg positivity, out of whom 3 were ? thalassaemic and 1 was Hb E ? thalassaemic. But this antigen was not found in any control and thereby, no statistical significant difference was observed (p=0.637). Among 20 controls, 2 were positive for anti-HBe antibody, but none of the thalassaemic children was positive for this antibody showing statistically significant difference (p=0.008). Conclusion: A significantly higher sero-prevalence of hepatitis B viral marker was observed among the multitransfused thalassaemic children. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v2i2.12838J Enam Med Col 2012; 2(2): 56-61

scholarly journals Comparison of anterior nasal packing and absence of packing after rhinoplasty

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Vinnakota Sriprakash
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Nasal Packing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nasal Trauma ◽  
Periorbital Swelling ◽  
Age And Sex

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Increased safety in the anesthesia and its techniques as well as the improved newer techniques, better outcome of this surgery have prompted many to undergo cosmetic surgeries such as rhinoplasty. The side effects observed are nasal obstruction, edema of the face, periorbital swelling and ecchymosis, which are of a great concern, and said to be aggravated with the anterior nasal packing. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">100 patients between 18-45 years of age, with nasal trauma were included in the study. Bilateral lateral osteotomies was performed in all patients, with anterior nasal packing done for control group and only external immobilization was done for the study group.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">No statistical difference was found between the two groups with regards to age and sex. However, there was a significant difference in severity and duration of periorbital ecchymosis in the different groups. On the 3rd day after the operation, more than one half of the unpacked study group (58.0%) showed ecchymosis of grade 1 or less compared with only 14.0%. in the control group. On the 7th post-operative day however, both sides showed improvement to grade 1 or less in 98.0% and 40.0% of unpacked and packed sides, respectively. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Anterior nasal packing post rhinoplasty with lateral osteotomies plays a significant role in the resultant ecchymosis and it should be only used when necessary.</span></p>

Surprising Lack of Correlation between CD38 and Time to First Treatment in Chronic Lympocytic Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2058-2058
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Kaufman ◽  
Rajendra Damle ◽  
Nina Kohn ◽  
Christina Johnson ◽  
Nancy Driscoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Mutation Status ◽  
Cd38 Expression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time To First Treatment

Abstract BACKGROUND: Although IgVH gene mutation status and expression of CD38 are accepted prognostic markers of patient survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL), the relative value of these two markers continues to vex even experts in the field. METHODS: To address this issue we evaluated mutation status and CD38 expression in 159 patients and examined time to first treatment(TTT), as a surrogate endpoint for survival, in various combinations of factors. IgVH gene and CD38 analyses were performed according to standard practice. TTT was analyzed using the product limit method and compared using the log rank test. For these analyses, subjects who had not yet started treatment at the time of cut-off (July 2007) or were lost-to-follow-up were considered censored. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the joint effects of CD38 and mutation status on starting treatment. RESULTS: The two tables show TTT for each CD38 and mutation status independently and in combination. Median TTT for CD38- patients(n=88) was 79 months(95% CI: 60–144) vs 60 months(95% CI: 45–153) for CD38+ patients(n=71). This did not represent a statistical difference(p=0.1891). On the other hand, there was a statistical difference in TTT based on mutation(p&lt;0.0001). Median TTT for mutated patients(n=73) was 192 months(95% CI: 96-not estimable(NE)) vs 48 months(95% CI: 45–60) for unmutated patients(n=86). Cox regression showed that unmutated patients were 2.7 times more likely to start treatment than patients who were mutated(p&lt;0.006). There was a significant difference in TTT based on CD38 status and mutation status combined(p&lt;0.0009). Pair-wise comparisons indicate that: TTT was significantly longer for patients who were CD38-/mutated than for patients who were CD38+/unmutated(p=0.0013); TTT was significantly longer for patients who were CD38-/mutated than for patients who were CD38-/unmutated(p=0.0137). Although the median TTT is longer for CD38+/mutated patients(192 mo) than for the CD38-/mutated patients(120 mo), it is not statistically significant(p=0.7725) and may be effected by the relatively small sample size of the former(n=18). CONCLUSIONS: These data confirm the significant prognostic value of mutation status and time to first treatment in CLL. Surprisingly, and in contrast to a recent report(Rassenti et al, Blood, in press), our results with CD38 expression reveal a lesser level of influence. These findings must be cautiously interpreted to avoid potentially confounding factors. First, a selection bias in patients referred to a tertiary care institution in terms of disease severity or aberrant clinical course may exist. Second, TTT decisions are, to some extent, subjective and our threshold for initiating treatment may be higher than of other hematologists-oncologists. Our data confirm that newly identified prognostic markers need further evaluation. Univariate Analysis n Median Time to Treat(95% CI) Total unmutated 86 48 mo (45–60) Total mutated 73 192 mo (96-not estimable) Total CD38+ 71 60 mo (45–153) Total CD38– 88 79 mo (60–144) Multivariate Analysis n Median TTT(95% CI) unmutated CD38+ 54 57 mo (36–72) mutated CD38+ 17 192 mo (72-not estimable) unmutated CD38– 32 48 mo (42–66) mutated CD38– 56 120 mo (79-not estimable)

Are men dying more than women by COVID-19? (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaise Pinto De Melo ◽  
Delvan Alves Silva ◽  
Alexandre Naime Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Public Politics

BACKGROUND In the last few months we have been experiencing a serious epidemic, which has spread throughout the world. The COVID-19 virus has already killed and infected thousands of people. A question that arises is about the risk groups, and if men would be more susceptible to this disease than women. In addition, what secondary factors would have the greatest impact on infection and death rates? OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify if the infection and death rate by COVID-19 differ among gender in the top 50 countries with the highest death rates. METHODS we applied meta-analysis and meta-regression approaches in public data from a total of 50 countries that presented the highest death rate by COVID-19. RESULTS There was not significative difference between men and women to be infected by COVID-19 (P = 0.42), though a significative difference was observed for death rate (P < 0.0001). High heterogeneity was observed among countries. For both infection and death rates this variability was mainly explained by the HDI (42.3% and 54.2%), average age (40.9% and 40.3%) and temperature (30.1% and 39.3%). Man are dying more than women around the word by COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Men are dying more than women. No significant difference was observed for infection rate between genders. HDI was the most important factor affecting both infection and death rates. Countries with highest HDI present less difference between sexes. This could be an evidence of the importance of public politics to promote the general well-being of the population equally. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-10.1101/2020.07.06.20147629

scholarly journals Analisi della mortalità di alcune malattie ematologiche nella popolazione Italiana

1959 ◽  
Vol 8 (S2) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
F. Sodani
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Pernicious Anaemia ◽  
List Type ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Death Rate ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
High Death ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Age And Sex

SUMMARYDeath rates in Italy for the following groups of causes have been studied.Haemophilia, purpura and other haemorrhagic conditions,Pernicious anaemia,Leukhaemia and Hodgkin's disease.A study of the historical series shows a decreasing trend in death rates for the first two groups of causes and a rapidly increasing one for the third group. The study of death rates by age and sex shows, in the three groups of causes, a high death rate under 5 and over 50 years of age, with different characteristics from one group to another. Death rates for leukhaemia are higher in males than females.

Vital statistics for an experimental flock of Merino sheep. I. Death rates in adult sheep, in relation to method of selection, age and sex

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 581 ◽  
Author(s):  
HN Turner ◽  
CHS Dolling ◽  
PHG Sheaffe
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Age And Sex

Estimates of death rates are given for four mating groups in a flock of approximately 1000 Merino ewes, for each year of age from 1½ to 10½. Three of the groups are under selection for clean wool weight and other characters, and the fourth is an unselected control. The flock is run under extensive grazing conditions, and death rates are based on ewes dead or missing between one pen-mating and the next. Between 1951 and 1957, the average death rate for ewes 1½ to 7½ years old was 2.2 per cent. per annum, while at the older ages the average was no higher than 7.3 per cent. During the drought year 1957-58 losses averaged 3.8 per cent. for ewes up to 6½ years old, then rose steeply with age to 45.6 per cent. for ewes 9½ years old. In neither period did the selected groups differ from the unselected control. Starting with the 1953 drop, all rams in the unselected control group have been retained for the study of age effects on them. Average losses to date in each age group have been less than 5 per cent.

Schneiderian Membrane Thickness Is Increased in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301
Author(s):  
Isabelle Citron ◽  
Christine Lee ◽  
Carly E. Calabrese ◽  
Bonnie L. Padwa
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Predictor Variable ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Schneiderian Membrane ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Age And Sex

Objective: Patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) are more likely to have sinusitis. The purpose of this study is to determine whether patients with CLP have thickening of the Schneiderian membrane. Specific aims were to (1) compare Schneiderian membrane thickness in patients with CLP to noncleft controls, (2) evaluate whether membrane thickening is associated with cleft side in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and (3) evaluate if age and sex are predictors of mucosal thickening. Design: Case–control study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Patients: Patients with CLP and controls. Main Outcome Measure: The primary outcome variable was maximum Schneiderian membrane thickness measured on cone beam computed tomography. The primary predictor variable was the presence of a cleft. Additional variables were cleft phenotype, age, and sex. Results: There were 225 patients with CLP and 93 controls. Median mucosal thickness was 2.4 mm in cleft group and 0.0 mm in controls ( P = .006). In cleft group, 56.7% of sinuses had mucosal thickness >2.0 mm compared to 38.2% in controls ( P = < .004). Pathologic membrane thickening (>4.0 mm) was significantly higher in cleft group ( P = .005). No statistically significant difference in mucosal thickness between cleft and noncleft sides in patients with UCLP. Linear regression showed no association between age or sex and Schneiderian membrane thickness. Conclusion: Schneiderian membrane thickening is more common in patients with CLP and is not associated with the side of the cleft in patients with UCLP.

Determination some Immunological Aspects in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Qadisiyah Province

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syoof Khowman Alramahy ◽  
Akram Hadi Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Igg Level

This study was carried out to study of some immunological aspects among the pulmonary Tuberculosis patients infected with causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A Total of 200 sputum samples were collected from patients attending the consultant Clinic for Chest and Respiratory disease center, Diwaniya. Control group (No=15) also included. According to acid fast stain of sputum, the patients were classified as positive (No=91,45.5%) and negative (No=109,54.5, Lowenstein Jensen medium used for the cultivation of samples, on which 70% of sputum samples where positive culture for this microorganism. The grown microorganism were identified as M. tuberculosis, based on positive A.F.B, Niacin producers ,negative for catlase at 68c. The mean IgG level was l184.053±76.684 mg/100 ml in tuberculosis group compared with 1016.533 ± 44.882 mg/100ml in control group, rendering the statistical difference significant. For IgA and IgM levels, they were at mean of 315.880±38.552 mg/100 ml and 119.527±8.464 mg/100 ml in control group compared with 396.358±38.776 mg/100 ml and 134.207±11.696 mg/100 ml in patients group respectively with significant difference

Association of Rugae Pattern with Skeletal Malocclusion in Orthodontic Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwat Memon
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Malocclusion ◽  
Palatal Rugae ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Orthodontic Patients

Background: The palatal rugae are special constructions that are inalterable in their position and pattern during the lifestyles of an individual. This imparts them an exceptional role in the forensic dentistry and may play potential role in malocclusion identification. This study was aimed to see association of rugae pattern with sagittal skeletal malocclusion in orthodontic patients visiting tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional examination was completed on pretreatment records (lateral Cephalometric radiographs and maxillary dental casts) of 384 subjects at the orthodontic department of Ziauddin Dental Hospital, Karachi. The study duration was from January to July 2019. The samples were sub-divided into three sagittal skeletal groups based on ANB angle proposed by Steiner’s on lateral Cephalometric radiographs (Class I with ANB angle between 0° to 4°; Class II: ANB angle greater than 5°; Class III: ANB angle less than 0°). The shapes of three most-anterior primary rugae were then evaluated bilaterally using Kapali et al., Classification. Chi Square test was applied to find association of rugae pattern among sagittal skeletal malocclusions groups. Results: Circular and curved rugae shapes were the most prevalent in all skeletal malocclusions. The primary palatal rugae pattern was seen to be significantly different among three skeletal malocclusion groups (p<0.05). The right and left sided palatal rugae pattern showed significant difference in all three skeletal malocclusion groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed no specific palatal rugae pattern associated with sagittal skeletal malocclusion. Further studies on larger sample and use of modern 3D technologies to scan the maxillary casts are required for results that are more precise.

The impact of climate temperature on counts, recovery, and death rates due to SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neven Chetty ◽  
Bamise Adeleye ◽  
Abiola Olawale Ilori
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
The South ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The impact of climate temperature on the counts (number of positive COVID-19 cases reported), recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in South Africa's nine provinces was investigated. The data for confirmed cases of COVID-19 were collected for March 25 and June 30, 2020 (14 weeks) from South Africa's Government COVID-19 online resource, while the daily provincial climate temperatures were collected from the website of the South African Weather Service. Our result indicates that a higher or lower climate temperature does not prevent or delay the spread and death rates but shows significant positive impacts on the recovery rates of COVID-19 patients. Thus, it indicates that the climate temperature is unlikely to impose a strict limit on the spread of COVID-19. There is no correlation between the cases and death rates, an indicator that no particular temperature range is closely associated with a faster or slower death rate of COVID-19 patients. As evidence from our study, a warm climate temperature can only increase the recovery rate of COVID-19 patients, ultimately impacting the death and active case rates and freeing up resources quicker to enable health facilities to deal with those patients' climbing rates who need treatment. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact of climate temperature variation on the counts, recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in all South Africa's provinces. The findings were compared with those of countries with comparable climate temperature values. METHODS The data for confirmed cases of COVID-19 were collected for March 25 and June 30 (14 weeks) for South African provinces, including daily counts, death, and recovery rates. The dates were grouped into two, wherein weeks 1-5 represent the periods of total lockdown to contain the spread of COVID-19 in South Africa. Weeks 6-14 are periods where the lockdown was eased to various levels 4 and 3. The daily information of COVID-19 count, death, and recovery was obtained from South Africa's Government COVID-19 online resource (https://sacoronavirus.co.za). Daily provincial climate temperatures were collected from the website of the South African Weather Service (https://www.weathersa.co.za). The provinces of South Africa are Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Northern Cape, Limpopo, Northwest, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape, and Gauteng. Weekly consideration was given to the daily climate temperature (average minimum and maximum). The recorded values were considered, respectively, to be in the ratio of death-to-count (D/C) and recovery-to-count (R/C). Descriptive statistics were performed for all the data collected for this study. The analyses were performed using the Person’s bivariate correlation to analyze the association between climate temperature, death-to-count, and recovery-to-count ratios of COVID-19. RESULTS The results showed that higher climate temperatures aren't essential to avoid the COVID-19 from being spread. The present results conform to the reports that suggested that COVID-19 is unlike the seasonal flu, which does dissipate as the climate temperature rises [17]. Accordingly, the ratio of counts and death-to-count cannot be concluded to be influenced by variations in the climate temperatures within the study areas. CONCLUSIONS The study investigates the impact of climate temperature on the counts, recovery, and death rates of COVID-19 cases in all South Africa's provinces. The findings were compared with those of countries with comparable climate temperatures as South Africa. Our result indicates that a higher or lower climate temperature does not prevent or delay the spread and death rates but shows significant positive impacts on the recovery rates of COVID-19 patients. Warm climate temperatures seem not to restrict the spread of the COVID-19 as the count rate was substantial at every climate temperatures. Thus, it indicates that the climate temperature is unlikely to impose a strict limit on the spread of COVID-19. There is no correlation between the cases and death rates, an indicator that there is no particular temperature range of the climatic conditions closely associated with a faster or slower death rate of COVID-19 patients. However, other shortcomings in this study's process should not be ignored. Some other factors may have contributed to recovery rates, such as the South African government's timely intervention to announce a national lockout at the early stage of the outbreak, the availability of intensive medical care, and social distancing effects. Nevertheless, this study shows that a warm climate temperature can only help COVID-19 patients recover more quickly, thereby having huge impacts on the death and active case rates.

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