Social inequality in alternative sanctions: A register data study on all adolescent drug offenders in Norway 2005–2015

Parental Education ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Young Offenders ◽

Alternative Sanctions

The penal repertoire for young offenders in Europe encompasses an increasing variety of alternative sanctions. Research indicates that the availability and implementation of these sanctions vary within jurisdictions, raising issues of unequal treatment for equal offences. Among possible factors associated with intra-jurisdictional disparities in alternative sentencing outcomes is the socioeconomic status of young offenders. This study investigates the social profile of diverted youth, thereby addressing social inequalities in alternative sanctioning. Register data on all 15- to 17-year olds charged with minor drug offences in Norway between 2005 and 2015 ( N = 3209) were compared to a randomly drawn sample of non-offenders ( N = 69,201). Offenders who were diverted from a fine to a conditional waiver of prosecution, either with or without rehabilitative measures, were classified with an alternative sanction. Socioeconomic status was measured by an indicator combining register data on household income and parental education. Probit regressions with sample selection were used to identify social gradients in alternative sanctioning. By extensive register linkages, we were able to control for a range of well-known confounders such as gender, immigrant status, family composition, parental crime, and geographical centrality. We found that the probability of receiving a conditional waiver of prosecution was around 5% points higher for youth from a medium-high socioeconomic status background and 8% points higher for youth from a high socioeconomic status background compared with their low socioeconomic status counterparts. The positive social gradient pertained to sanctioning with rehabilitative elements and not to minimal interventions. Social inequality in desistance-oriented sanctions, which may consolidate pre-existing inequalities in criminal charges, is likely influenced by the resources parents have at their disposal to get involved in their children’s legal processes.

Recurrent abdominal pain among adolescents: trends and social inequality 1991–2018

Scandinavian Journal of Pain ◽

10.1515/sjpain-2020-0062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Bjørn E Holstein ◽

Mogens Trab Damsgaard ◽

Janni Ammitzbøll ◽

Katrine Rich Madsen ◽

Trine Pagh Pedersen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Abdominal Pain ◽

Social Inequality ◽

International Health ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Recurrent Abdominal Pain ◽

Entire Study ◽

Over Time

AbstractObjectivesThe association between socioeconomic status and recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) among adolescents is an understudied issue. No study has examined whether such an association changes over time. The aim was to examine trends in RAP among adolescents in Denmark from 1991 to 2018, to examine whether there was social inequality in RAP and whether this inequality varied over time.MethodsThe study used data from the Danish part of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study of nationally representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds. This study pooled data from eight comparable surveys from 1991 to 2018, overall participation rate 88.0%, n=30,048. The definition of RAP was self-reported stomach-ache daily or several days per week during the past six months. We reported absolute inequality as prevalence difference in RAP between low and high socioeconomic status and relative inequality as odds ratio for RAP by socioeconomic status.ResultsIn the entire study population, 5.6% reported RAP, 3.1% among boys and 7.8% among girls. There was a significant increase in RAP from 1991 to 2018 among boys and girls, test for trend, p<0.0001. The prevalence of RAP was significantly higher in low than high socioeconomic status, OR=1.63 (95% CI: 1.42–1.87). The absolute social inequality in RAP fluctuated with no consistent increasing or decreasing pattern.ConclusionsThe prevalence of RAP increased from 1991 to 2018. The prevalence was significantly higher among girls than among boys, and significantly higher in low socioeconomic status families. Professionals should be aware of RAP as common and potentially serious health problems among children and adolescents. In addition to clinical examination it is important to focus on improving the child’s quality of life, reduce parents’ and children’s concerns about the seriousness of the condition, and consider supplements to medicine use.

How is low parental socioeconomic status associated with future smoking and nicotine dependence in offspring? A population-based longitudinal 13-year follow-up

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494816680800 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 16-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Willy Pedersen ◽

Tilmann Von Soest

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Social Welfare ◽

Nicotine Dependence ◽

Parental Education ◽

Educational Aspirations ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Parental Smoking ◽

School Grades

Aims: Low socioeconomic status (SES) characterizes smoking and nicotine dependence in adult samples. However, less is known about how parental SES is linked to smoking in offspring and the potential mechanisms at work. Methods: A population-based longitudinal study ( n=1380) from Norway was used. Participants were followed from their mid-teens until their late 20s using survey and register data. Data were collected on parental education, parental smoking, educational aspirations and expectations, school grades and school-related conduct problems. Register data monitored education, unemployment and social welfare assistance. Risk factors for smoking and nicotine dependence were identified by means of multinomial logistic regression analyses. Mediation analyses were used to investigate the pathways between parental SES and future smoking. Results: Future smokers were recruited from families with low educational levels. Poor school grades, school dropout and low educational aspirations were also predictors. Unemployment and social welfare assistance additionally increased the risk. Parental smoking, no high school exam and welfare assistance were mediators between low parental education and high levels of nicotine dependence in young adulthood. Conclusions: Socialization to smoking reflects a multifaceted process fuelled by low parental SES. However, parental influences may be masked behind influences from schools or peers. Future research should try to capture the multiple sources of SES-related influence at work. Prevention strategies should target adolescents from low SES backgrounds, who orient towards the manual working class and who have problems entering the labour force.

Relationship between Family Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive/Affective Responses to the Threat of Nuclear War

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.247 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 247-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Scott B. Hamilton ◽

Thomas A. Knox ◽

William G. Keilin

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Parental Education ◽

Nuclear War ◽

Nuclear Threat ◽

Family Socioeconomic Status ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

College Age ◽

Life Impact ◽

Cognitive Rumination

The current study involved 214 families (i.e., mother, father, and a college-age child), who were divided into high and low socioeconomic status groups on the basis of parental education and income. Dependent measures included 16 Likert-type items which provided a broad assessment of nuclear war-related thoughts, feelings, and attitudes. Results indicated that families high in socioeconomic status were more worried about nuclear war, more confident in their ability to help reduce the nuclear threat, and more supportive of proposals for arms reduction. However, groups did not differ on several other important measures (e.g., over-all life impact resulting from the nuclear threat), and the absolute levels of worry and cognitive rumination were relatively low.

Dimensions of Causality as a Function of Socioeconomic Status in a Sample of Portuguese Adolescents

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.94.3.827-832 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (3) ◽

pp. 827-832

Author(s):

Luísa Faria

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

High School Students ◽

The Other ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

School Students ◽

Locus Of Causality ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

Portuguese Adolescents

This study explored dimensions of locus of causality, stability, and controllability, of several sources for success and failure, classified by subjects as a function of their socioeconomic status. The sample included 1,320 Portuguese high school students, from high, middle, and low socioeconomic status who classified 17 causes for success and failure according to their meaning on the three dimensions. Analysis showed students from families of low socioeconomic status perceived causes related to ability, effort, and motivation as more unstable than subjects from families of middle and high socioeconomic status, and students from families of high socioeconomic status perceived causes related to ability as more internal than the other two groups.

Perceptions and measurement of playtime physical activity in English primary school children: The influence of socioeconomic status

European Physical Education Review ◽

10.1177/1356336x17743048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 438-455 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nicola McWhannell ◽

Carmel Triggs ◽

Samantha Moss

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Primary School ◽

School Children ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Primary School Children ◽

Depth Information ◽

Low Socioeconomic

Children in areas of low socioeconomic status might face barriers to physical activity during school playtime in comparison to their high socioeconomic status counterparts. However, limited research within the area currently prevents evidence-based interventions from being targeted appropriately. This exploratory study aimed to assess and compare playtime physical activity levels and perceptions of physical activity in primary school children from two schools of different socioeconomic status. Fifty-three children wore an accelerometer during playtime for three school days while 33 children participated in single-sex focus groups to elicit their experiences of physical activity during playtime. Results revealed that children from the low socioeconomic status school spent more time in sedentary activities ( P = 0.001) and spent less time in moderate and moderate to vigorous physical activity ( P = 0.001) than children from the high socioeconomic status school. Despite some between-school similarities in their perceptions of physical activity, differences resonated in their reasons for taking part in physical activity, perceptions of the play environment and ideas to improve physical activity. These findings contribute to current research and provide in-depth information from active users of the play environment that could be useful to inform new interventions for schools of varying socioeconomic status.

Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children’s Amygdala Volume: Minorities’ Diminish Returns

NeuroSci ◽

10.3390/neurosci1020006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 59-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shervin Assari ◽

Shanika Boyce ◽

Mohsen Bazargan

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Parental Education ◽

Total Sample ◽

Latino Children ◽

Amygdala Volume ◽

American Children ◽

Subjective Ses ◽

Family Ses ◽

Black And Latino

Considerable research has suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES) negatively influences brain structure, including but not limited to decreased amygdala volume. Considering race and ethnicity as sociological rather than biological constructs, this study was built on minorities’ diminished returns (MDRs) to test if the effects of family SES on the total amygdala volume is weaker for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. We borrowed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a national multi-center brain imaging investigation of childhood brain development in the US. The total sample was 9380 9–10-year-old children. The independent variables were subjective family SES and parental education. The primary outcome was total amygdala volume. High subjective SES and parental education were independently associated with larger total amygdala size. The association between high subjective SES and larger total amygdala volume was less pronounced for black and Latino children than white and non-Latino children. For American children, family SES has unequal effects on amygdala size and function, a pattern that is consistent with MDRs. This result suggests that SES loses some of its expected effects for racial and ethnic minority families.

Prevalence and socioeconomic inequality in screen time, phone, and tablet use in children in Iran

10.21203/rs.3.rs-88015/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ghobad Moradi ◽

Bakhtiar Piroozi ◽

Ebrahim Ghaderi ◽

Farideh Mostafavi ◽

Farima Zakaryaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Mobile Phones ◽

Screen Time ◽

Concentration Index ◽

Parental Education ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Older Children ◽

Final Model ◽

Iranian Children

Abstract Background: Nowadays, children spend a lot of time during the day in front of the television(TV) and using their phones. We aimed to evaluate screen time and phone use in Iranian children and their relation to the socioeconomic status of children's families.Methods: This descriptive analytical study was done on 10-12-year-old children from Kurdistan, Fars, and Markazi provinces. Cluster sampling was used for sampling. Date collection included completing demographic questionnaires, calculating BMI of children and phone & tablet use, screen time, and socioeconomic status. We used linear and logistics regression to estimate the final model and decomposition method of the Oaxaca. The concentration index and the concentration curve were used to measure and illustrate socioeconomic inequalities. All analysis was conducted with the Stata / SE 14.0 software.Results: 1590 children (52.58% boys) were enrolled in our study, 594 (74%) of boys and 420 (56%) of girls had daily Screen Time activities for more than two hours, and 388 (48.20%) of boys and 211 (28.20%) of girls use mobile phones and tablets for more than two hours a day. Screen Time activities were significantly higher in boys, older children, higher BMIs, more educated mothers, and 35<year-old fathers (P_VALUE <0.05). The use of mobile phones and tablets by boys, ten-year-olds, families of four or less, older BMIs, children with higher levels of parental education, and more educated mothers is significantly higher (P_VALUE <0.05). In addition, the Concentration Index for Screen Time activities (C = 0.083) and phone or tablet use (C = 0.536), shows that the Screen Time, phone or tablet use activities are higher in children with high socioeconomic status.Conclusion: The screen time activities and phone & tablet use are higher in children with high socioeconomic status. Also, many other factors like gender, age, BMI, parent's education, and age can affect screen time activities and phone & tablet use in children. It is recommended to measure the effectiveness of the changeable factors by modifying and controlling these factors in future studies.

Impact of Individual and Neighborhood dimensions of Socioeconomic Status on the Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment over Seven-Year Follow-Up

10.31234/osf.io/8sq7z ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Miguel Ángel Fernández-Blázquez ◽

Bárbara Noriega-Ruiz ◽

Marina Ávila-Villanueva ◽

Meritxell Valentí-Soler ◽

Belén Frades-Payo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Housing Price ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

The Impact

IMPORTANCE: There is strong evidence about the association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and higher risk of dementia. However, it has not been conveniently addressed so far the role of SES on the incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) which is considered a prodromal stage of latter dementia.OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of individual and neighborhood dimensions of SES, as well as their interaction, on the risk of developing MCI in a sample of older adults that were followed-up for seven years.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from the Vallecas Project cohort, an ongoing community-based longitudinal study for early detection of cognitive impairment and dementia, were used to build two indices of SES namely individual and neighborhood, as well as a global SES as a combination of both, and to investigate their effects on MCI conversion by means of a multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on data referred to as individual-level (one´s educational attainment, occupation, parent´s level of education) and neighborhood-level (district´s income, unemployment rate, housing price, percentage of people with no formal qualifications, with higher education, and with white-collar employs) different composite measures of SES were built and quartiles were considered for further analyses. MCI diagnoses were agreed between neurologists and neuropsychologists at consensus meetings.RESULTS: 1180 participants aged 70 years and older were enrolled in this study (mean age at baseline, 74.9 years; 63.5% females). Of these, 199 cases of MCI (16.9%) were diagnosed at any point of the follow-up. The individual and neighborhood dimensions of SES played different roles in the dynamics of the MCI occurrence through ageing. Most importantly, the risk of developing MCI was almost double for lower SES quartiles when compared to the highest one.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The incidence of MCI in older adults was related to both individual characteristics and socioeconomic context. Public health strategies should be holistic and focus not only on promoting the classical individual preventive measures, but also on reducing social inequalities as a means of fostering healthy ageing and reducing dementia burden.

A Social Landslide: Social Inequalities of Lottery Advertising in Taiwan

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2008.36.10.1423 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 1423-1437 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yu -Kang Lee ◽

Chun -Tuan Chang

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Strong Convergence ◽

Social Inequality ◽

General Public ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Social Impacts ◽

Purchase Behavior ◽

Socioeconomic Variables ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

High Level

Lottery advertising is focused on fantasies of winning which may mislead the general public. As a result, there could be severe social impacts with mounting lottery sales. In this study, conducted in Taiwan, it was found that lottery purchase is contingent on not only demographic and socioeconomic variables, but also on effects of lottery advertising. There are greater influences of lottery advertising on people who purchase lottery tickets than on those who do not. There is strong convergence between purchase behavior and attitudes, highlighting a correspondence between positive attitudes towards lottery advertising and a high level of engagement in lottery purchase. Socioeconomic status also has an effect on reaction to lottery advertising and may further perpetuate social inequality. The results validate ongoing criticism that lottery advertising is more influential on individuals with lower incomes and schooling.

BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD OR SELF-SERVING STRATEGY?

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2000.28.2.119 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 119-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laurent BèGue ◽

Vincent Fumey

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Experimental Design ◽

Social Power ◽

Just World ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

The Social ◽

The World

This study was conducted to examine the role of the individual's social power on endorsement of belief in a just world in the social domain. We hypothesized that the greater social power an individual has, the stronger the belief which s/he has in a just world. One hundred subjects of low or high socioeconomic status were randomly given low or high diagnosis of their social power after having completed a test which was presented as an evaluation of their actual and future social power in the socioprofessional domain. Results showed that subjects with low socioeconomic status believed that the world was less just in the low social power diagnosis condition than in the high one, while the belief in a just world of subjects with high socioeconomic status was not significantly affected by the experimental design.