scholarly journals An Evaluation of Cognitive Skill Degradation in Information Automation

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Volz ◽  
Euijung Yang ◽  
Rachel Dudley ◽  
Elizabeth Lynch ◽  
Maria Dropps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Alternating Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
High Level ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations

The purpose of this research is to investigate long term effects of cognitive skill degradation through the use of automation. Even though advanced studies have looked into information automation (IA) in aviation, the amount of empirical data on the effects of these systems on the retention of cognitive skills is less deeply examined. Measurement and analysis of the effects of IA on cognitive performance is an important first step in understanding cognitive skill degradation, which should be considered during the design of these systems. The use of an automation aid is expected to result in a high level of performance degradation over time. Participants were randomly placed into three experimental groups (manual, alternating, or automation) and asked to perform flight planning calculations as an experiment task. Participants performed the task five times, once every two weeks. The manual group used the manual method throughout the experiment, the alternating group switched between the manual and automated method every trial. The automation group used the manual method for the first trial, the automated method for the three consecutive trials and then went back to using the manual method during the last trial. The automation group showed the most performance degradation and highest workload, while the alternating group presented reduced performance degradation and workload, and the manual group showed the least performance degradation and workload. This work provides the foundation for the design of guidelines and recommendations for IA systems in order to prevent cognitive skill degradation.

Evaluation of Cognitive Skill Degradation in Flight Planning

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-287
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Volz ◽  
Michael C. Dorneich
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Performance Degradation ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Flight Planning ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Over Time

This work aimed to identify cognitive skills associated with flight planning, suggest which skills might be susceptible to skill degradation, and investigate the effects of cognitive skill degradation over time. Information automation systems offload cognitive tasks to reduce workload and error. However, the same phenomena seen with physical skill degradation in highly automated aircrafts may also occur when automating cognitive tasks. Two studies were conducted. An applied cognitive task analysis identified cognitive skills in flight planning. An empirical evaluation examined whether some of those skills were susceptible to cognitive skill degradation over time when using automation. Participants were placed into three groups. After conducting a flight planning task manually, groups differed in the next three practice trials: manual, alternating between manual and automation, or only with automation. Finally, all groups conducted the task manually again. Trials were separated by 2 weeks. The automation group showed the most performance degradation and highest workload, while the manual group showed the least performance degradation and least workload. Automation use did not provide the practice needed to mitigate cognitive skill degradation. Analysis of the impacts of information automation on cognitive performance is a first step in understanding the root causes of errors and developing mitigations.

Re-conceptualizing Machiavellianism and Social-Cognitive Skills

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
William Hart ◽  
Christopher J. Breeden ◽  
Charlotte Kinrade
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Prediction Skill ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
College Sample ◽  
Social Prediction

Abstract. Machiavellianism is presumed to encompass advanced social-cognitive skill, but research has generally suggested that Machiavellian individuals are rather deficient in social-cognitive skill. However, previous research on the matter has been limited to measures of (a) Machiavellianism that are unidimensional and saturated with both antagonism and disinhibition and measures (b) only one type of social-cognitive skill. Using a large college sample ( N = 461), we examined how various dimensions of Machiavellianism relate to two types of social-cognitive skill: person-perception skill and general social prediction skill. Consistent with some prior theorizing, the planful dimension of Machiavellianism was positively related to both person-perception and general social prediction skills; antagonistic dimensions of Machiavellianism were negatively related to both skills; either agentic or cynical dimensions of Machiavellianism were generally unrelated to both skills. Overall, the current evidence suggests a complicated relationship between Machiavellianism and social-cognitive skill because Machiavellianism encompasses features that blend deficiency, proficiency, and average levels of social-cognitive skills.

Feasibility and Evaluation of Automated Methods for Radiolabeling of Radiopharmaceutical Kits with Gallium-68

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alban Revy ◽  
François Hallouard ◽  
Sandrine Joyeux-Klamber ◽  
Andrea Skanjeti ◽  
Catherine Rioufol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The European Union ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Manual Method ◽  
Personnel Costs ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Automated Methods

Objective: Recent gallium-68 labeled peptides are of increasing interest in PET imaging in nuclear medicine. Somakit TOC® is a radiopharmaceutical kit registered in the European Union for the preparation of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC used for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Development of a labeling process using a synthesizer is particularly interesting for the quality and reproducibility of the final product although only manual processes are described in the Summary of Product (SmPC) of the registered product. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the feasibility and value of using an automated synthesizer for the preparation of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC according to the SmPC of the Somakit TOC®. Methods: Three methods of preparation were compared; each followed the SmPC of the Somakit TOC®. Over time, overheads, and overexposure were evaluated for each method. Results: Mean±SD preparation time was 26.2±0.3 minutes for the manual method, 28±0.5 minutes for the semi-automated, and 40.3±0.2 minutes for the automated method. Overcost of the semi-automated method is 0.25€ per preparation for consumables and from 0.58€ to 0.92€ for personnel costs according to the operator (respectively, technician or pharmacist). For the automated method, overcost is 70€ for consumables and from 4.06€ to 6.44€ for personnel. For the manual method, extremity exposure was 0.425mSv for the right finger, and 0.350mSv for the left finger; for both the semi-automated and automated method extremity exposure were below the limit of quantification. Conclusion: The present study reports for the first time both the feasibility of using a [68Ga]- radiopharmaceutical kit with a synthesizer and the limits for the development of a fully automated process.

scholarly journals Multi-curie production of gallium-68 on a biomedical cyclotron and automated radiolabelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Thisgaard ◽  
Joel Kumlin ◽  
Niels Langkjær ◽  
Jansen Chua ◽  
Brian Hook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiochemical Purity ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Automated Production ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
High Yields ◽  
High Level ◽  
Mev Protons ◽  
Very High

Abstract Background With increasing clinical demand for gallium-68, commercial germanium-68/gallium-68 ([68Ge]Ge/[68Ga]Ga) generators are incapable of supplying sufficient amounts of the short-lived daughter isotope. In this study, we demonstrate a high-yield, automated method for producing multi-Curie levels of [68Ga]GaCl3 from solid zinc-68 targets and subsequent labelling to produce clinical-grade [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE. Results Enriched zinc-68 targets were irradiated at up to 80 µA with 13 MeV protons for 120 min; repeatedly producing up to 194 GBq (5.24 Ci) of purified gallium-68 in the form of [68Ga]GaCl3 at the end of purification (EOP) from an expected > 370 GBq (> 10 Ci) at end of bombardment. A fully automated dissolution/separation process was completed in 35 min. Isolated product was analysed according to the Ph. Eur. monograph for accelerator produced [68Ga]GaCl3 and found to comply with all specifications. In every instance, the radiochemical purity exceeded 99.9% and importantly, the radionuclidic purity was sufficient to allow for a shelf-life of up to 7 h based on this metric alone. Fully automated production of up to 72.2 GBq [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 was performed, providing a product with high radiochemical purity (> 98.2%) and very high apparent molar activities of up to 722 MBq/nmol. Further, manual radiolabelling of up to 3.2 GBq DOTATATE was performed in high yields (> 95%) and with apparent molar activities (9–25 MBq/nmol) sufficient for clinical use. Conclusions We have developed a high-yielding, automated method for the production of very high amounts of [68Ga]GaCl3, sufficient to supply proximal radiopharmacies. The reported method led to record-high purified gallium-68 activities (194 GBq at end of purification) and subsequent labelling of PSMA-11 and DOTATATE. The process was highly automated from irradiation through to formulation of the product, and as such comprised a high level of radiation protection. The quality control results obtained for both [68Ga]GaCl3 for radiolabelling and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 are promising for clinical use.

scholarly journals Identification of Perceived Self-Efficacy to Predict Student’s Awareness in Career Readiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Alfaiz Alfaiz ◽  
Hendra Hidayat ◽  
Hengki Yandri ◽  
Aprilia Tina Lidya Sari ◽  
Fendahapsari Singgih Sendayu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Career Readiness ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Vicarious Experience ◽  
Mastery Experience ◽  
High Level ◽  
Social Persuasion

Research found that self-efficacy has an important role in the development of students’ career cognitive skills. Besides, there still needs further research in self-efficacy, particularly in career readiness. The authors conduct this continuing study is to determine the effect of understanding perceived self-efficacy on student’s awareness in career readiness (mastery experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, and emotional arousal). Data collected using a self-report of the Self-Efficacy Scale in Career Readiness (SESCR), semi-structured interview, and observation of student’s behavior between both participants with the high and low level of self-efficacy. In the current study, 100 students involved based on their convenience. Results showed that 66% of participants have a high mastery experience, 69% with high vicarious experience, 76% have a high percentage in social persuasion, and 70% have a high level of emotional arousal to understanding their career readiness. The results also showed perceived self-efficacy predicts student’s awareness of career readiness based on gender.

scholarly journals Developing the Instrument of Non-Cognitive Skill Assessment for Science at Junior High School Grade VII: A Conceptual Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widha Nur Agastya ◽  
Dinny Devi Triana ◽  
Herwindo Haribowo
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Skill Assessment ◽  
School Grade ◽  
High School Grade ◽  
Individual Character

This research is a qualitative study based on the previous research, which will, apply and adapt the earlier findings to Indonesia’s education system. The particular focus of this study is the non-cognitive skills needed for the study of science subjects at junior high school grade VII, namely: accurateness; perseverance; conscientiousness; responsibility; critical thinking; innovation; open mindedness; sensitivity; empathy; and environmental awareness. This is based on non-cognitive skill construction involving: individual character; emotion; habit; and process. Those aspects can be developed into the syllabus and lesson plans, both evaluating and developing the students’ non-cognitive skills. Keywords: developing instrument, cognitive skill, non-cognitive skill, science, junior high school

Development of the Personal Qualities Assessment as a Tool for Selecting Medical Students

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Powis ◽  
Miles Bore ◽  
Donald Munro ◽  
Mary Ann Lumsden
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ethical Practice ◽  
Medical Student Selection ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Component ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
High Level

A review of the medical student selection literature and our own past research (Lowe, Kerridge, Bore, Munro and Powis (2001) has indicated that competent and ethical practice of medicine requires doctors to possess a range of personal qualities in addition to high-level academic ability. A three-part test battery called the Personal Qualities Assessment (PQA) has been developed as a measure of some of these qualities: it consists of the Mental Agility Test (MAT), which measures cognitive skills, the Mojac scale, which measures moral orientation, and the NACE scale, which measures Narcissism, Aloofness, Confidence and Empathy. Five hundred and seven applicants for entry in October 2003 to the Scottish medical schools volunteered to complete the MAT, Mojac and NACE tests in January 2003. The test results played no part in making or informing selection decisions. The scores obtained by the candidates on each test covered a wide range, indicating that each test component has good discriminating power. Correlations between the test components were low (−0.02 to +0.17), indicating that they each measure different attributes. Since the test results were not used in making selection decisions it will be possible to relate outcome indices (e.g., examination and professional performance as the students progress through medical school) to the test component scores to seek evidence for the predictive validity of the PQA battery and thereby indicate its potential usefulness as a selection tool.

Guidelines and Recommendations

2013 ◽  
pp. 246-257
Author(s):  
Robin J.A. Sharp ◽  
Julie A. Ewald ◽  
Robert Kenward
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Internet Portal ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Assessment Systems ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Environment Recognition ◽  
One Stop ◽  
High Level ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations

Policy guidelines and recommendations were derived from direct and indirect sample surveys of stakeholders in most European Union countries and some others and from related analytical work. They call for rationalisation of the high level environmental assessment systems in Europe, greater sharing of data derived from them, more research into the information needs of stakeholders, especially local stakeholders, who take key decisions about the environment, recognition of the value of participation in biodiversity-related activities by ordinary users of the countryside, promotion of citizen capability to use electronic mapping tools for biodiversity monitoring and management, analysis of the links between land-use changes and success in biodiversity conservation, and support for progress towards a comprehensive decision-support system via an internet portal providing a one-stop site for ideas and knowledge.

Promoting Cognitive Skill among Engineering Undergraduates with Technological Software

2015 ◽  
pp. 254-262
Author(s):  
Nur Maisarah Binti Shahril Khuzairi ◽  
Manjit Singh Sidhu
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Evolution Of Technology ◽  
Engineering Undergraduates

This chapter reviews the infusion of technology tools such as the integration of computers into programs like simulation to promote higher cognitive skills among engineering undergraduates. With the constant change of technology and education, it is necessary to refine the current teaching and learning process to not only promote understanding but also to create room for engineering undergraduates to process the information with higher-order cognitive skills. The authors examine the evolution of engineering education against the backdrop of the problems faced in the learning environments and the technological trends in engineering curriculum. To this end, the authors propose strategies to promote higher-order cognitive skills among engineering undergraduates based on the evolution of technology in engineering as well as the challenges faced in the implementation of such tools in teaching and learning.

The Black/White Skill Gap in Early Childhood: The Role of Parenting

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-551
Author(s):  
Benjamin G. Gibbs ◽  
Douglas B. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
American Society

Researchers have sought to understand why cognitive skill disparities between black and white children persist in American society, but the most thorough examinations study school-aged children during a period when the black/white skill gap is already well established. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort of 2001, we find trivial black/white differences in cognitive skills at 10 months of age but large disparities at 24 and 48 months, suggesting that the gap emerges in force between 10 months and age four. Although black/white differences in parenting are a powerful predictor, these variations are driven by socioeconomic and related factors that directly and indirectly shape cognitive development gaps between black and white children.

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