D-methionine alleviates cisplatin-induced mucositis by restoring the gut microbiota structure and improving intestinal inflammation

Background: There are close links between chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and microbiota dysbiosis. Previous studies indicated that D-methionine was an excellent candidate for a chemopreventive agent. Here, we investigated the effects of D-methionine on cisplatin-induced mucositis. Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats (176–200 g, 6 weeks old) were given cisplatin (5 mg/kg) and treated with D-methionine (300 mg/kg). Histopathological, digestive enzymes activity, oxidative/antioxidant status, proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal tissues were measured. Next-generation sequencing technologies were also performed to investigate the gut microbial ecology. Results: D-methionine administration increased villus length and crypt depth and improved digestive enzyme (leucine aminopeptidase, sucrose and alkaline phosphatase) activities in the brush-border membrane of cisplatin-treated rats ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, D-methionine significantly attenuated oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction and increased interleukin-10 levels in cisplatin-induced intestinal mucositis ( p < 0.05). Cisplatin administration resulted in high relative abundances of Deferribacteres and Proteobacteria and a low diversity of the microbiota when compared with control groups, D-methionine only and cisplatin plus D-methionine. Cisplatin markedly increased comparative abundances of Bacteroides caccae, Escherichia coli, Mucispirillum schaedleri, Bacteroides uniformis and Desulfovibrio C21-c20, while Lactobacillus was almost completely depleted, compared with the control group. There were higher abundances of Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, and Clostridium butyrium in cisplatin plus D-methionine rats than in cisplatin rats. D-methionine treatment alone significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus reuteri. Conclusion: D-methionine protects against cisplatin-induced intestinal damage through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. By enhancing growth of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus), D-methionine attenuates gut microbiome imbalance caused by cisplatin and maintains gut homeostasis.

Download Full-text

Effectiveness of oral irrigation with an extract of green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata as an anti-inflammatory in rats infected with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210714 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

Author(s):

SYAMSULINA REVIANTI ◽

DWI ANDRIANI ◽

KRISTANTI PARISIHNI ◽

ENDAH WAHJUNINGSIH ◽

WIDYASTUTI

Keyword(s):

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽

Aggressive Periodontitis ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽

Host Cells ◽

Control Group ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Green Microalga ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract. Revianti S, Andriani D, Parisihni K, Wahjuningsih E, Widyastuti. 2020. Effectiveness of oral irrigation with an extract of green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata as an anti-inflammatory in rats infected with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Biodiversitas 21: 2977-2981. Aggressive periodontitis is strongly correlated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontopathic bacterium, which releases endotoxins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS acts as a stimulus to a variety of host cells that can promote the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in periodontal disease. The marine green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata has anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of oral irrigation with N. oculata extract against periodontitis induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans in a rat model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (n = 6). First control group was without any treatment, the second to fourth groups were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and then orally irrigated with N. oculata extract at concentrations of 2.375%, 2.5%, and 2.625%. The mandibles of the euthanized rats were hemisected to measure the expression of TNF-α, interleukin-10 (IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) by immunohistochemistry. The first group (control) showed significantly higher expression of TNF-α and significantly lower expression of IL-10 and OPG compared to the other groups. Oral irrigation with N. oculata extracts reduced the expression of TNF-α and enhanced the expression of IL-10 and OPG in rats infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effective concentration of N. oculata extract as an anti-inflammatory for oral irrigation was 2.375%.

Download Full-text

Glycomacropeptide Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy in Rats by Modifying Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25102351 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (10) ◽

pp. 2351 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniel Cervantes-García ◽

Armida I. Bahena-Delgado ◽

Mariela Jiménez ◽

Laura E. Córdova-Dávalos ◽

Vanessa Ruiz-Esparza Palacios ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Lipid Hydroperoxide ◽

Neutrophil Infiltration ◽

Clinical Problem ◽

Intestinal Damage ◽

Nsaid Enteropathy ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy is considered a serious and increasing clinical problem without available treatment. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 64-amino acid peptide derived from milk κ-casein with numerous biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of GMP on NSAID enteropathy in rats. Enteropathy was induced by seven days oral indomethacin administration. Rats were orally GMP treated from seven days previous and during the establishment of the enteropathy model. Changes in metabolism, hematological and biochemical blood alterations, intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage were analyzed. Integrity barrier markers, macroscopic intestinal damage and survival rate were also evaluated. GMP treatment prevented anorexia and weight loss in animals. Furthermore, prophylaxis with GMP ameliorated the decline in hemoglobin, hematocrit, albumin and total protein levels. The treatment had no therapeutic efficacy on the decrease of occludin and mucin (MUC)-2 expression in intestinal tissue. However, GMP markedly decreased neutrophil infiltration, and CXCL1, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Nitric oxide production and lipid hydroperoxide level in the small intestine were also diminished. These beneficial effects were mirrored by preventing ulcer development and increasing animal survival. These results suggest that GMP may protect against NSAID enteropathy through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Download Full-text

Association of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms with serofast state after syphilis treatment

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

10.1136/sextrans-2018-053753 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 163-168 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maciej Pastuszczak ◽

Bogdan Jakiela ◽

Anna Wojas-Pelc

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Control Group ◽

Serological Response ◽

Promoter Polymorphisms ◽

Related Factors ◽

Adequate Treatment ◽

Early Syphilis ◽

Inflammatory Immune Response ◽

Anti Inflammatory

ObjectivesRecent studies suggested that upregulation of anti-inflammatory immune response during early syphilis may be associated with persistence of Treponema pallidum infection despite adequate treatment, resulting in a serofast state. The objective of this study was to determine whether enhanced interleukin (IL)-10-related response during early T. pallidum infection increased the risk of serofast syphilis.MethodsTwo IL10 gene promoter polymorphisms affecting IL-10 production (−1082A>G [rs1800896], −592C>A [rs1800872]) and serum levels of IL-10 were measured in 80 patients with early syphilis before and 6 months after penicillin treatment and in 24 healthy volunteers (control group).ResultsAfter 6 months, patients were stratified based on serological response into two groups: (1) serofast state (n = 28) and (2) serologically cured (n = 52). Pretreatment and post-treatment serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher in patients who remained serofast compared with those who had a serological cure (p<0.001). The GG genotype of the −1082A>G (rs1800896) polymorphism and the CC genotype of the −592C>A (rs1800872) polymorphism were significantly correlated with higher serum IL-10 levels. Moreover, the OR for remaining serofast for carriers of these genotypes was 16.2 (95% CI: 4.1 to 65.0, p<0.0001) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4 to 5.9, p=0.002), respectively.ConclusionsWe showed that a pronounced anti-inflammatory immune response may be an important predictor for the serofast state. Additionally, host-related factors such as polymorphisms of immune regulatory genes may influence the risk of remaining serofast after syphilis therapy.

Download Full-text

Diphenyl diselenide subcutaneous supplementation of dairy sheep: effects on oxidant and antioxidant status, inflammatory response and milk composition

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an17374 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 461 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Angelisa H. Biazus ◽

Chrystian J. Cazarotto ◽

Gustavo Machado ◽

Nathieli B. Bottari ◽

Mariana S. Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Content ◽

Control Group ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Diphenyl Diselenide ◽

Dairy Sheep ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) is a organoselenium compound with potent antioxidant properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether subcutaneous supplementation of (PhSe)2 in dairy sheep has positive effects on milk composition, as well as on the prevention of oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory response. For this, 16 primiparous recently calved sheep were divided into the following two groups, with eight animals in each: Group A, the control group; and Group B, the group subcutaneously supplemented with five doses of (PhSe)2 of 3.0µmol/kg each every 7 days. Blood samples from supplemented animals showed increased concentration of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase), and reduced reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, which prevented oxidative damage in the lactation period, as well as increased seric interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the sera, supplemented animals showed increased total antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of plasma compared with the control group. As a consequence, supplemented animals showed increased antioxidant variables, as well as reduced protein oxidation in milk samples. Moreover, milk from supplemented sheep showed a higher fat content, and lower total protein and lactose contents in some periods in the study, than did not-supplemented ewes. Seric concentrations of interleukin-1 were lower on Days 30 and 45 in supplemented animals, as well as the concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α in all periods, than were those in the control group, whereas the interleukin-10 concentrations were higher. Thus, dairy sheep supplementation of (PhSe)2 activated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and increased milk fat content. Moreover, this protocol increased the antioxidant and, consequently, reduced the oxidant concentration in milk, which is desirable for product quality.

Download Full-text

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Conditioned Medium as Good as Methyl Prednisolone in Decreasing Levels of Interleukin 10 and The Degree of Pulmonary Vasculitis in Lupus Mice

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3329/bjms.v20i2.51560 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 426-430

Author(s):

Nurhasan Agung Prabowo ◽

Zainal Arifin Adnan ◽

Arief Nurudhin ◽

Yulyani Werdiningsih ◽

Kukuh Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Stem Cell ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽

Conditioned Medium ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Methyl Prednisolone ◽

Pulmonary Vasculitis ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Cell Conditioned Medium

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects target organs. mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium has immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties in lupus. Methyl prednisolone is a standard drug for lupus with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to compare the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium administration compared to methyl prednisolone on interleukin 10 levels and the degree of pulmonary vasculitis of lupus mice. Methods: The subjects were 24 female mice of Mus musculus Balb/C strain, which were categorized into 4 groups of 8 mice, i.e. the control group receiving 0.5 cc of 0.9% NaCl injection and placebo, the lupus group receiving 0.5 cc of pristane injection and placebo, and the treatment mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium group receiving 0.5 cc pristane injection and mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium 0,5 cc, and methylprednisolone group receiving 0,5 cc pristiane injection and methylprednisolone p.o 1,5 mg/kgbodyweight. After 24 days the mice were terminated and kidney and blood samples were taken. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test followed by independent T-test. The p value was considered significant when the p < 0.05. Results: The study showed that there was no difference on the levels of interleukin level10 among mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium goup and methyl prednisolone group (CM = 5,94 ± 2,49 pg/mL, mp = 5,86+1,73 pg/mL; p = 1) and the degree of pulmonary vasculitis (CM= 1,94 ± 0,25, MP=1,89+ 0,11 pg/ml; p = 0.667). Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium as good as methyl prednisolone in decreasing levels of interleukin 10 and the degree of pulmonary vasculitis in lupus mice. Conclusion: Mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium as good as methyl prednisolone in decreasing levels of interleukin 10 and the degree of pulmonary vasculitis in lupus mice Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.426-430

Download Full-text

Protective Effect of Melatonin Against Radiotherapy-Induced Small Intestinal Oxidative Stress: Biochemical Evaluation

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55060308 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽

Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽

Haider Saadoon Qasim Alhilfi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Protective Effect ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Common Side Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Intestinal Damage ◽

Pelvic Malignancies ◽

Group I ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Small Intestinal

Background and Objectives: Radiation enteritis is a common side effect after radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic malignancies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of melatonin, known for its free radical scavenging ability, against radiotherapy-induced small intestinal oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (5 rats in each) as follows: Group I (control group) rats received neither radiation nor melatonin; group II rats received only 8 Gy single dose of gamma radiation to their abdomen and pelvis regions; group III (administered with only 50 mg/kg melatonin); group IV (administered with only 100 mg/kg melatonin); group V (50 mg/kg melatonin + 8 Gy radiation), group VI (100 mg/kg melatonin + 8 Gy radiation). All rats were sacrificed after 5 days for biochemical assessments of their intestinal tissues. Results: Treatment with melatonin post irradiation significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as increased both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of the irradiated intestinal tissues. In addition, melatonin administration with different doses pre irradiation led to protection of the tissues. Moreover, the 100 mg/kg dose was more effective compared to 50 mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that melatonin has a potent protective effect against radiotherapy-induced intestinal damage, by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing antioxidant enzymes. We recommend future clinical trials for more insights.

Download Full-text

Phosphatase Shp2 exacerbates intestinal inflammation by disrupting macrophage responsiveness to interleukin-10

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20181198 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 216 (2) ◽

pp. 337-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Peng Xiao ◽

Huilun Zhang ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Mingzhu Zheng ◽

Rongbei Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Blood Monocytes ◽

Stat3 Signaling ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Mouse Macrophages ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Further Development

Inflammatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages largely contribute to the pathological signs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is the predominant anti-inflammatory cytokine in the intestine, and its therapeutic efficacy for IBD has been clinically tested. Nevertheless, how the function of IL-10 is regulated in the intestinal microenvironment remains unknown, which largely hinders the further development of IL-10–based therapeutic strategies. Here, we found that the expression of phosphatase Shp2 was increased in colonic macrophages and blood monocytes from IBD patients compared with those from healthy controls. Shp2 deficiency in macrophages protects mice from colitis and colitis-driven colon cancer. Mechanistically, Shp2 disrupts IL-10–STAT3 signaling and its dependent anti-inflammatory response in human and mouse macrophages. Furthermore, a Shp2-inducing role of TNF-α is unveiled in our study. Collectively, our work identifies Shp2 as a detrimental factor for intestinal immune homeostasis and hopefully will be helpful in the future exploitation of IL-10 immunotherapy for IBD.

Download Full-text

Probiotic Cell-Free Supernatants Exhibited Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity on Human Gut Epithelial Cells and Macrophages Stimulated with LPS

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/1756308 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Stefania De Marco ◽

Marzia Sichetti ◽

Diana Muradyan ◽

Miranda Piccioni ◽

Giovanna Traina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epithelial Cells ◽

Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Human Colon ◽

Saccharomyces Boulardii ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing all over the world, especially in industrialized countries. The aim of the present work was to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of metabolites. In particular, cell-free supernatants ofLactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei,Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, andSaccharomyces boulardiihave been investigated. Metabolites produced by these probiotics were able to downregulate the expression of PGE-2 and IL-8 in human colon epithelial HT-29 cells. Moreover, probiotic supernatants can differently modulate IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 production by human macrophages, suggesting a peculiar anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, supernatants showed a significant dose-dependent radical scavenging activity. This study suggests one of the mechanisms by which probiotics exert their anti-inflammatory activity affecting directly the intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying macrophages. This study provides a further evidence to support the possible use of probiotic metabolites in preventing and downregulating intestinal inflammation as adjuvant in anti-inflammatory therapy.

Download Full-text

Interleukin-10 is Differentially Expressed in the Small Intestine and the Colon Experiencing Chronic Inflammation and Ulcerative Colitis Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate in Young Pigs

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.933259 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 147-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. LACKEYRAM ◽

D. YOUNG ◽

C. J. KIM ◽

C. YANG ◽

T. L. ARCHBOLD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Chronic Inflammation ◽

Chronic Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Sodium Sulfate ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Dextran Sodium Sulfate ◽

Mrna Abundance ◽

Control Group ◽

Young Pigs

Intestinal inflammation induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) is used to study acute or chronic ulcerative colitis in animal models. Decreased gut tissue anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 concentration and mRNA abundance are associated with the development of chronic bowel inflammation. Twelve piglets of 3 days old were fitted with an intragastric catheter and randomly allocated into control and DSS groups by administrating either sterile saline or 1.25 g of DSS/kg body weight (BW) in saline per day, respectively, for 10 days. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency were reduced (p<0.05) in the DSS piglets compared with the control group. Quantitative histopathological grading of inflammation in the jejunum and colon collectively showed that the DSS treatment resulted in 12 fold greater (p<0.05) inflammation severity scoring in the colon than in the jejunum, indicative of chronic ulcerative colitis in the colon. Upper gut permeability endpoint was 27.4 fold higher (p<0.05) in the DSS group compared with the control group. The DSS group had higher concentrations and mRNA abundances (p<0.05) of TNF- and IL-6 in the jejunal and colonic tissues compared with the control group. Colonic concentration and mRNA abundance of IL-10 were reduced (p<0.05), however, jejunal IL-10 mRNA abundance was increased (p<0.05) in the DSS group compared with the control group. In conclusion, administration of DSS at 1.25 g/kg BW for 10 days respectively induced acute inflammation in the jejunum and chronic inflammation and ulcerative colitis in the colon with substantially decreased colonic concentration and mRNA abundance of IL-10 in the young pigs, mimicking the IL-10 expression pattern in humans associated with chronic bowel inflammation.

Download Full-text

Influence of Polymorphisms of Pro-Inflammatory (IL-12, TNFa and LTa) and Anti-Inflammatory Factors (IL-10 and CTLA4) in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v110.11.3751.3751 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 110 (11) ◽

pp. 3751-3751

Author(s):

Maria S. Figueiredo ◽

Leandro S. D’Abronzo ◽

Melca M. Oliveira ◽

Juliana L. Dreyfuss ◽

Jose Orlando Bordin

Keyword(s):

Hemolytic Anemia ◽

Patient Group ◽

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Inflammatory Factors ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Control Group ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Abstract The Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (AIHA) is caused by the destruction of antibody-coated red blood cells, but mechanisms that initiate the production of autoantibodies remains unclear. It had been suggest that decreased production of Th1-type cytokines and production of autoantibodies in AIHA can be secondary to the imbalance between anti- and pro-inflammatory factors. Moreover, the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed association with different production of immunoregulatory factors which may modulate the disease expression in AIHA. OBJECTIVES: To determine the importance of SNPs of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the development of AIHA. PATIENTS: We studied 17 patients with AIHA who has been followed in the Hematology and Blood Transfusion Unit at the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Brazil. The control group was composed by 40 healthy volunteer blood donors. METHODS: After DNA extraction from peripheral blood samples, the frequency of the SNPs was determinate by PCR-RFLP in patients and healthy individuals. The following SNPs were analyzed: Interleukin 12: IL-12 1188 (A/C), Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha: TNFa-308 (G/A), and Lymphotoxin alpha: Lta +252 (A/G); Interleukin 10: IL-10-592 (C/A), and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4: CTLA4 exon 1 49 (A/G). RESULTS: The patient group was composed predominantly by female individuals (14 or 82%) and the median of age was 56 years old (18 to 76 years). The frequency observed for each allele studied in the patient group was: allele A of IL-12 = 0.82; allele G of FNTa = 0.85; allele A of Lta = 0.68; allele C of IL-10 = 0.82; allele G of CTLA4 = 0.59. No differences in allele frequency were found between patient and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that these polymorphisms appear not to contribute for the development of the AIHA.

Download Full-text