scholarly journals Community Violence and Prosociality: Experiencing and Committing Violence Predicts Norm-Enforcing Punishment but Not Cooperation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283
Author(s):  
Rebecca Littman ◽  
Suzanne Estrada ◽  
Michael Nick Stagnaro ◽  
Yarrow Dunham ◽  
David Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

How does violence affect prosociality? Previous work shows that exposure to intergroup violence is positively related prosociality. Here, we test whether this finding extends to other types of community violence. In a sample of 100 residents from New Haven, CT, we examine the relationship between exposure to—and committing of—violence and economic games measuring prosociality (paying a cost to benefit others) as well as norm-enforcing punishment (paying a cost to impose a cost on selfish actors). We find that both exposure to violence and committing a violent crime are not associated with cooperation but are positively associated with norm-enforcing punishment. These results suggest that unlike during intergroup conflict, violence is unrelated to cooperation when it occurs in a community context. Rather, norm-enforcing punishment is more commonly employed by individuals who have been exposed to community violence and engaged in violent behaviors themselves.

scholarly journals Community Violence and Prosociality: Experiencing and Committing Violence Predicts Norm-Enforcing Punishment but Not Cooperation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Littman ◽  
Suzanna Estrada ◽  
Michael Stagnaro ◽  
Yarrow Dunham ◽  
David Gertler Rand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

How does violence affect prosociality? Previous work shows that exposure to intergroup violence is positively related prosociality. Here, we test whether this finding extends to other types of community violence. In a sample of 100 residents from New Haven, CT, we examine the relationship between exposure to – and committing of – violence and economic games measuring prosociality (paying a cost to benefit others) as well as norm-enforcing punishment (paying a cost to impose a cost on selfish actors). We find that both exposure to violence and committing a violent crime are not associated with cooperation, but are positively associated with norm-enforcing punishment. These results suggest that unlike during intergroup conflict, violence is unrelated to cooperation when it occurs in a community context. Rather, norm-enforcing punishment is more commonly employed by individuals who have been exposed to community violence and engaged in violent behaviors themselves.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Effects of Exposure to Violence on Adolescent Substance Use

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M. Pinchevsky ◽  
Emily M. Wright ◽  
Abigail A. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Binge Drinking ◽  
Community Violence ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
Direct Primary ◽  
The Relationship

To date, research exploring gender differences in the relationship between exposure to community violence and substance use has been limited. This study employs longitudinal data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) to assess the exposure to violence–substance use relationship and explore whether this relationship varies by gender. We find that the two forms of exposure to violence—direct (primary) and indirect (secondary)—independently increase the frequency of subsequent alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use among males and females. One gender difference emerged, as females who had been directly victimized engaged in more frequent binge drinking than males who had been directly victimized. Across both sexes, the effect of each form of violence weakened when other predictors of substance use were included in the models. Future directions for this research are discussed, including policy recommendations to help adolescents cope with victimization experiences.

Why Some Immigrant Neighborhoods Are Safer than Others

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis E. Kubrin ◽  
Hiromi Ishizawa
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Immigrant Concentration ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immigrant Neighborhoods

Contrary to popular opinion, scholarly research has documented that immigrant communities are some of the safest places around. Studies repeatedly find that immigrant concentration is either negatively associated with neighborhood crime rates or not related to crime at all. But are immigrant neighborhoods always safer places? How does the larger community context within which immigrant neighborhoods are situated condition the immigration-crime relationship? Building on the existing literature, this study examines the relationship between immigrant concentration and violent crime across neighborhoods in Los Angeles and Chicago—two cities with significant and diverse immigrant populations. Of particular interest is whether neighborhoods with high levels of immigrant concentration that are situated within larger immigrant communities are especially likely to enjoy reduced crime rates. This was found to be the case in Chicago but not in Los Angeles, where neighborhoods with greater levels of immigrant concentration experienced higher, not lower, violent crime rates when located within larger immigrant communities. We speculate on the various factors that may account for the divergent findings.

Measuring perceptions of post-conflict actors’ economic behavior: the case of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Alonso Diaz ◽  
Nicolás Enrique Arévalo Jaimes ◽  
Sebastian Balcucho ◽  
Daniel Duque ◽  
Tatiana García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Economic Games ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Intertemporal Discounting

Exposure to violence has lasting effects on economic behavior years after it has ended. Previous literature has proved that there is an increase in altruism, impatience, and risk-seeking. However, it is unknown if regular citizens, not directly involved in the conflict, perceive such economic behavior in post-conflict actors. We asked participants to report, relative to them, how Colombia's post-conflict actors (ex-guerrillas, ex-paramilitaries, and victims) behave in different economic games (dictator game, lotteries, and intertemporal discounting). Our sample of university students believes that victims are less altruistic than current evidence with real victims, not particularly risky, and impatient. Also, that former combatants are risk-seeking, impatient, and altruistic towards victims. These beliefs about post-conflict actors' economic behavior do not consistently coincide with behavioral changes found in actual actors involved in violence and could guide reintegration policies.

scholarly journals Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Violence Exerted, Received, and Perceived in Teen Dating Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2284
Author(s):  
Cordelia Estevez-Casellas ◽  
Mª Dolores Gómez-Medina ◽  
Esther Sitges
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dating Relationships ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Teen Dating ◽  
The Relationship

Emotional intelligence plays a critical role in adolescence since it involves a change towards psychological, social, and sexual maturity; a stage in which the foundations of intimate social relationships are established. Emotional competences regulate the quality of these relationships in adolescence and can provide protection against or facilitate the use of violence within them. Based on the above, this study aims to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and violence exercised, received, and perceived by adolescents in dating relationships. A sample of 254 subjects (43.1% men and 56.9% women) between 12 and 18 years old was analyzed through the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaires of BarOn ICE:NA and Violence Exercised Perceived and Received by Adolescents VERA. The results of the research have shown that there is a significant and inverse relation between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and the violence exercised by adolescents in their dating relationships, and a positive and significant relation between emotional intelligence and the perception of violent behavior. For this reason, the importance of educating people about emotional intelligence from childhood within both the academic and family sphere is highlighted. This is fundamental to preventing the appearance of such violent behaviors and promoting an adequate adaptation to the environment.

scholarly journals Community Violence Exposure and School Functioning in Youth: Cross-Country and Gender Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Koposov ◽  
Johan Isaksson ◽  
Robert Vermeiren ◽  
Mary Schwab-Stone ◽  
Andrew Stickley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Academic Motivation ◽  
School Functioning ◽  
Community Violence Exposure ◽  
New Haven ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Violent Events

Background: Many children and adolescents experience violent events which can be associated with negative consequences for their development, mental health, school, and social functioning. However, findings between settings and on the role of gender have been inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate cross-country and gender differences in the relationship between community violence exposure (CVE) and school functioning in a sample of youths from three countries.Methods: A self-report survey was conducted among school students (12–17 years old) in Belgium (Antwerp, N = 4,743), Russia (Arkhangelsk, N = 2,823), and the US (New Haven, N = 4,101). Students were recruited from within classes that were randomly selected from within schools that had themselves been randomly selected (excepting New Haven, where all students were included). CVE was assessed with the Screening Survey of Exposure to Community Violence. School functioning was assessed with four measures: the Perceived Teacher Support scale, Negative Classroom Environment scale, and Academic Motivation and Perception of Safety at School scales. Multivariate Analyses of Covariance were performed to assess differences in the levels of school-related problem behaviors in boys and girls, who reported different degrees of CVE.Results: Participants in all three countries reported a relatively high prevalence of violence exposure (36.2% in Belgium, 39.3% in Russia and 45.2% in the US who witnessed violence), with a higher proportion of girls than boys witnessing violent events (varied from 37.4 to 51.6% between the countries), whereas boys reported more episodes of victimization by violence than girls (varied from 32.3 to 49.9% between the countries). Youths who experienced increased CVE (from no exposure to witnessing to victimization) reported an increase in all school functioning problems in all of the countries and this association was not gender-specific.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that regardless of differences in the level of CVE by country and gender, violence exposure is negatively associated with school functioning across countries. Nonetheless, even though reactions to community violence among adolescents may be expressed in a similar fashion, cross-country differences in social support systems should also be taken into account in order to provide culturally sensitive treatment modalities.

scholarly journals VIEWING HABITS AND IDENTIFICATION WITH TELEVISION CHARACTERS AMONG AT-RISK AND NORMATIVE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Gila Cohen Zilka ◽  
Shlomo Romi
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Positive Identification ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
At Risk Children ◽  
Viewing Habits ◽  
Television Characters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Reaction

This study examined the relationship between participants’ negative or positive identification with television characters and their behavior, and how their reactions in times of anger — whether simply negative or physically violent — varied between at-risk participants and normative ones. Participants were 86 children and adolescents from Israel who filled in four questionnaires on the topics of viewing habits, attitudes, self-image, and aggression. The findings revealed that at-risk children and adolescents reacted with more anger than did their normative counterparts, and that their reaction became stronger when they identified with a character’s negative behavior. It was further revealed that the more they watched, the higher their identification with the character and the greater their negative reaction during anger. A violent physical reaction in times of anger is more strongly associated with viewing alone than with viewing with friends. The findings also revealed that identification with the character is a mediating variable between the amount and type (solitary or with friends) of viewing and negative and violent reactions. At-risk children and adolescents tend to choose programs that show violent behaviors, and such programs could ultimately lead them to exhibit violent reactions. The question is how can the amount of children and adolescents’ viewing be limited while avoiding arguments and punishment? The key to success is finding a solution that will be formulated with the children and adolescents’ full cooperation.

scholarly journals Using Police Data to Measure Children’s Exposure to Neighborhood Violence: A New Method for Evaluating Relations Between Exposure and Mental Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Boxer ◽  
Elizabeth Sloan-Power ◽  
Eric Piza ◽  
Ashley Schappell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Theory Building ◽  
Neighborhood Violence ◽  
Parent Reports ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Children’S Exposure

Studies have identified a robust association between children’s exposure to violence and their mental health. Yet, most of this research has been based on self-reported exposure and self-reported mental health. In this study, we used a new, map-based method via police data for measuring children’s exposure to violent crime and compared it to child self-reports and parent reports of exposure. Results suggest that child self-reports of violence exposure may not be valid except for exposure to murder, but police and parent reports of violent crime can reveal interesting relations between violence and mental health. Children showed higher levels of internalizing problems in the absence of police-reported murder and parent-reported robbery. Discussion emphasizes implications for measurement as well as theory building.

scholarly journals Analisis Sosiologis Reintegrasi Sosial Klien Pemasyarakatan

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Lovita Nurindah Sari
Keyword(s):  
Family Relationships ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Community Context ◽  
Social Reintegration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Society Research

The Social Reintegration Program in Correctional facilities is not only aimed to reduce number of prisoners. But so far social reintegration aims at recovering the relationship, livelihood and life of WBP. WBP who get social reintegration programs such as Asimilasi Rumah, Cuti Bersyarat, Pembebasan Bersyarat, and Cuti Menjelang Bebas get guidance and supervision from the Correctional Center which is the responsibility of the social Advisers in the institution. This study based on qualitative descriptive method with the subject of Bapas Pamekasan clients who were selected by purposive sampling(adjusted to the research problem).The theory in this study is 4 dimensional elements in social research consisting of individual characteristics, (b) family relationships, (c) community context, and (d) state policy. Based on The results of the research, the Social Reintegration of Correctional Clients is a process of guidance and supervision carried out by the Social Adviser which has not been optimally implemented in accordance with the goal of life recovering, livelihood and life of the WBP. Social reintegration should be seen as a process of adjustment to the Correctional Client so that his relationship can be recovered socially and economically. The 4 Dimensions in social Research Balai Pemasyarakatan carried out by PK Bapas must be recreated after he gets Social Reintegration because the 4 dimensions are dynamic. This 4-dimensional approach in society research is the initial base for PKs to carry out guidance and supervision for those built by Social Reintegration. Keywords: Social Reintegration, 4 dimensions of Litmas (Society Research), Client Guidance

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