scholarly journals The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 204993612110243
Author(s):  
Adekunle Sanyaolu ◽  
Chuku Okorie ◽  
Aleksandra Marinkovic ◽  
Nafees Haider ◽  
Abu Fahad Abbasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Health Organization

Since emerging from Wuhan, China, in December of 2019, the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing devastating severe respiratory infections in humans worldwide. With the disease spreading faster than the medical community could contain it, death tolls increased at an alarming rate worldwide, causing the World Health Organization to officially sanction the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a pandemic, leading to a state of worldwide lockdown for the majority of the year 2020. There have been reports of new strains of the virus emerging in various parts of the world, with some strains displaying even greater infectivity and transmissibility. Areas of the emerging variant of concern arise from countries like the United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, and India. These mutations carry a lineage from N501Y, D614G, N439K, Y453F, and others, which are globally dominated by clades 20A, 20B, and 20C. This literature review intends to identify and report SARS-CoV-2 variants that are currently evolving and their disease implications.

scholarly journals Clinical, Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of the SARS-CoV2 Virus and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Comprehensive Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Ortiz-Prado ◽  
Katherine Simbaña-Rivera ◽  
Lenin Gomez-Barreno ◽  
Mario Rubio-Neira ◽  
Linda P. Guaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
The Media ◽  
Health Organization

Coronaviruses are an extensive family of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The current classification of coronaviruses recognizes 39 species in 27 subgenera that belong to the family Coronaviridae. From those, at least seven coronaviruses are known to cause respiratory infections in humans. Four of these viruses can cause common cold-like symptoms, while others that infect animals can evolve and become infectious to humans. Three recent examples of this viral jumps include SARS CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS CoV-2 virus. They are responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the most recently discovered coronavirus disease during 2019 (COVID-19).COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. The rapid spread of the disease has taken the scientific and medical community by surprise. Latest figures from 14 April 2020 show more than 2 million people had been infected with the virus, causing more than 120,000 deaths in over 210 countries worldwide. The large amount of information we receive every day concerning this new disease is so abundant and dynamic that medical staff, health authorities, academics and the media are not able to keep up with this new pandemic. In order to offer a clear insight of the extensive literature available, we have conducted a comprehensive literature review of the SARS CoV-2 Virus and the Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19).

Principles of contraception

2010 ◽  
pp. 1262-1268
Author(s):  
John Guillebaud
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Health Organization

Continued use of any method of contraception is related directly to its acceptability. Advisers should be competent to give information about the efficacy, risks, side effects, advantages, disadvantages, and noncontraceptive benefits of each method. Ignorance, especially about conditions not yet evaluated by the World Health Organization or the United Kingdom Medical Eligibility Committee, should be admitted during consultations, in which the clinician and the user, or couple, should be on equal terms: a ‘consultation between two experts’....

scholarly journals Outbreak Measures Taken by Medical Schools During the Coronavirus Pandemic in London, United Kingdom: A Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ser Jien Ting ◽  
Carmen Lok Tung Ho
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Placements ◽  
University Websites ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic. As of mid-March 2020, more than a total of 150,000 cases have been reported in 122 countries, including 1,543 in the United Kingdom. Within London, there are five universities with medical schools each faced with difficult decisions on how to respond to this unprecedented situation, having to balance the education of future doctors who will soon be joining the front lines and their safety. In this paper, the responses and timeliness of medical schools are collated and compared. This will help guide medical schools’ responses in the future.Methods: Information was gathered from the official university websites and social media platforms. Thematic analysis was performed to obtain overarching categories of responses by the medical schools.Results: All five medical schools displayed similar responses to COVID-19, following guidance provided by Public Health England (PHE), Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) and Medical Schools Council (MSC). Eight broad themes of responses were identified to have been undertaken by most London medical schools. Responses such as suspending clinical placements, keeping university facilities open and not banning on-campus events were universally adopted by all five medical schools. Other responses such as specific exam rearrangements and elective travel advice were more heterogeneous amongst the medical schools.Conclusion: Medical schools must take extraordinary measures in response to a pandemic. The experience gained from the COVID-19 pandemic will help future administrations be more confident in providing a more rapid response to similar health crises.

World Health Organization

1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-542 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Program and organization were the most important questions discussed at the First Assembly of the World Health Organization, which was held in Geneva from June 24 to July 24, 1948. Dr. Andrija Stampar (Yugoslavia), who had been chairman of the Interim Commission, was elected president by acclamation. An Executive Board of eighteen members representing the following countries was chosen: Australia, Brazil, Byelorussia, Ceylon, China, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Union of South Africa, USSR, United Kingdom, United States, and Yugoslavia. A system was adopted whereby the Board Members would draw by lot for the duration of their terms of office. Dr. Brock Chisholm (Canada) was elected Director-General of the organization, which had a membership of 52 countries.

scholarly journals Plausible Transition of Covid-19 from Pandemic to an Endemic State: Impact of Variant UK Strain, b 7.1.1, on the Spread of Covid-19 in the Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Original Form ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Endemic State

Covid-19 is a contagious disease spreading without showing any signs of abatement across the world. Presently, sars-cov-2, the causative agent of covid-19, is giving a fresh threatening signs to renew its devastation as several new mutated strains have been detected in United Kingdom, south africa, brazil & the usa; the first variant being detected in the united kingdom (b 7.1.1). Here we have shown that there was a gradual waning of active cases of covid-19 (strain originated in wuhan, china) across the nation after implementation of complete lockdown; this demonstrated that covid-19 had lost its sheen and the covid-19 pandemic was nearing an end. However, the recent emergence of the mutated forms of sars-cov-2 in different countries including India, appears to be more contagious and virulent than the original form. This property of the variant strain could affect the ongoing pandemic. The implication of all the data obtained from the old and the new UK variant, b7.1.1, in context of pandemic has been discussed in this article.

Hearing

2010 ◽  
pp. 4865-4870
Author(s):  
Linda M Luxon
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sensorineural Hearing Loss ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
World Health ◽  
External Ear ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Hearing loss is the most common sensory impairment. The World Health Organization has estimated that at least 275 million people are affected worldwide, as are 17% of the adult population in the United Kingdom, three-quarters of these being over 60 years of age. Clinical examination and investigation—examination includes visual inspection of the anatomy of the external ear and tympanic membrane, and tuning-fork tests to distinguish conductive from sensorineural hearing loss in some cases. Audiological investigations (1) quantify audiometric thresholds at each frequency; (2) differentiate conductive from sensorineural defects; (3) differentiate ...

Epidemiology and Health Statistics in the United Kingdom

1964 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
H. C. Ebbing
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Medical Statistics ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

From 6 October to 8 December 1962 the writer of the present report visited medical authorities, universities, research institutes and statistics offices in Great Britain. The journey, which had been sponsored by the European Office of the World Health Organization, was carried out under the technical guidance of the British Ministry of Health. The General Register Office (GRO) for England and Wales welcomed the writer as a colleague and rendered assistance during his stay, while practical questions where handled by the British Council.Medical statistics are the concern of one General Register Office each for England and Wales, for Scotland, and for Northern Ireland. The Ministry of Health has a statistics division of its own.Medical statistics are conducted on a larger scale than in a number of other countries. The birth and death records are thoroughly evaluated from an anthropobiological angle. In addition to the statistics on physicians, nursing personnel and hospitals which are compiled in the United Kingdom there also exists a disease reporting system which inter aha includes morbidity statistics, too. A research project on the frequency of hereditary and congenital diseases is in preparation.The general interest in medical statistics and the value put on them are worthy of emphasis. Courses held for the medical officers of health provide for efficient statistical training. The scientific discipline, epidemiology and health statistics on the one hand and the possibilities of work and research in the field of official statistics on the other are judged in such a way that a number of aims which appear unattainable in Germany at the time being are regarded as natural prerequisites to an efficient health policy. It should be mentioned in this connexion that the recommendations of the World Health Organization and of the European Council have been based on the opportunities provided in the Anglo-Saxon countries.

TIRYAQ-E-ARBA (A POLY HERBAL UNANI FORMULATION) IN FIGHTING AGAINST COVID 19 LIKE CONDITIONS – UNANI PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafisa Qibriya Khan ◽  
A. H. Farooqui ◽  
Syed Ayesha Fatima ◽  
Jalil Ahmad ◽  
Tausif S. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease of modern time with unique and rapid transmission rate and affected almost all the nations without respecting any border. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the biggest health crisis the world has faced in 21st century. It is an infectious disease and declared pandemic by the World Health Organization. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which originated in Wuhan, China, has now spread to 192 countries and administrative regions infecting nearly 800,000 individuals of all ages as of 31 March 2020. Though most infected individuals exhibit mild symptoms including fever, upper respiratory tract symptoms, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea, or are asymptomatic altogether, severe cases of infection can lead to pneumonia, multiple organ failure, and death. Globally, at least 7900 deaths have been directly attributed to COVID19, and this number is expected to rise with the ongoing epidemic. This is particularly crucial as the current outbreak involves a new pathogen (SARS-CoV-2), on which limited knowledge exists of its infectivity and clinical profile. Research is in progress on therapeutic efficacy of various agents including anti-malarials (Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine), antiviral drugs, and convalescent serum of recovered patients. Unani system of medicine is one of the traditional systems of medicine which is being explored for providing preventive, supportive and rehabilitative care to patients. Unani system of medicine has a detailed description of drugs that are utilized in many infectious diseases, including respiratory infections. Immune response is essential to eliminate virus and to preclude disease progression to severe stages. Therefore, it is important to summarize the evidence regarding the preventive measures, control options such as immune-stimulator and prophylactic treatment in Unani medicine against Covid19. This review summarizes various pharmacological actions of Unani formulation Tiryaq-e-Arba in Unani literature and various reported pharmacological activities which can possibly provide prevention, control and reduction of complications of this deadly disease.

scholarly journals Literature Review The Relationship Of Antenatal Class Towards Mothers’ Knowledge Of DangerousSign During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Kurniati ◽  
Enny Fitriahadi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Complication Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

IN 2013, the World Health Organization, released data in the form of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) worldwide, and the number reached 289,000 per 100, 000 live births, which 99% of cases occurred in developing countries. Research aims to discover the relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of the dangerous sign during pregnancy. The result showed that there is a relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy, From this result, the researcher concludes that antenatal class could increase mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy and may decrease the complication risk during the childbirth.

scholarly journals How to Help Children and Adolescents with Austism SprectrumDisorder during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) are distinguished by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. Coronaviruses are an extremely common cause of colds and other upper respiratory infections. COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019”. The fast spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 has sparked alarm worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this rapidly spreading coronavirus outbreak a pandemic. Most of the countries around the world are adopting social distancing to slow the spread of coronavirus. There are several possible impacts of this pandemic on the daily lives of individuals with ASD, such as worsening of dysfunctional behaviors and regression of skills already acquired in different domains of development due to the social isolation. The objective of this article is to provide guidance to parents, health and education professionals that live or work with ASD individuals during the social isolation, on how to manage interventions that can be executed in the home environment, like remote training in language and social communication skills, behavioral strategies and sensory integration activities

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