scholarly journals Psychological Spacetime

SAGE Open ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401667451
Author(s):  
Lucian Gideon Conway ◽  
Meredith A. Repke ◽  
Shannon C. Houck
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Scientific Fact ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Existing Data

It has been an accepted scientific fact in physics for almost 100 years that time speeds up and slows down for an observer based on factors—such as motion and gravity—that affect space. Yet this fact, drawn from the theory of relativity, has not been widely integrated into the study of the psychology of time. The present article helps to fill in this gap between physics and psychology by reviewing evidence concerning what a psychological spacetime processor—one that accounted for the theory of relativity’s empirically validated predictions of the compensatory relationship between time and space—would look like. This model of the spacetime processor suggests that humans should have a psychological mechanism for slowing time down as motion speeds up, a prediction that already has widespread research support. We also discuss several novel hypotheses directly suggested by the spacetime model and a set of related speculations that emerge when considering spacetime (some of which have already received empirical support). Finally, we compare and contrast three very different potential reasons why we might have developed a spacetime processor in the first place. We conclude that the spacetime model shows promise for organizing existing data on time perception and generating novel hypotheses for researchers to pursue. Considering how humans might process spacetime helps reduce the existing gap between our understanding of physics and our understanding of human psychology.

The Bias of Individuals (In Crowds): Why Implicit Bias is Probably a Noisily-Measured Individual-Level Construct

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Robert Connor ◽  
Ellen Riemke Katrien Evers
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Substantial Error

Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg’s bias-of-crowds model proposes that a number of empirical puzzles can be resolved by conceptualizing implicit bias as a feature of situations rather than a feature of individuals. In the present article we argue against this model and propose that, given the existing evidence, implicit bias is best understood as an individual-level construct measured with substantial error. First, using real and simulated data, we show how each of Payne and colleagues’ proposed puzzles can be explained as being the result of measurement error and its reduction via aggregation. Second, we discuss why the authors’ counterarguments against this explanation have been unconvincing. Finally, we test a hypothesis derived from the bias-of-crowds model about the effect of an individually targeted “implicit-bias-based expulsion program” within universities and show the model to lack empirical support. We conclude by considering the implications of conceptualizing implicit bias as a noisily measured individual-level construct for ongoing implicit-bias research. All data and code are available at https://osf.io/tj8u6/.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Lewens
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Potential Functions ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current State ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Many evolutionary theorists have enthusiastically embraced human nature, but large numbers of evolutionists have also rejected it. It is also important to recognize the nuanced views on human nature that come from the side of the social sciences. This introduction provides an overview of the current state of the human nature debate, from the anti-essentialist consensus to the possibility of a Gray’s Anatomy of human psychology. Three potential functions for the notion of species nature are identified. The first is diagnostic, assigning an organism to the correct species. The second is species-comparative, allowing us to compare and contrast different species. The third function is contrastive, establishing human nature as a foil for human culture. The Introduction concludes with a brief synopsis of each chapter.

Emotional Computer

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikha Jain ◽  
Krishna Asawa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Human Psychology ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
Emotion Model ◽  
Emotion Modeling ◽  
Rational Reasoning

Extensive studies established the existence of a close interaction between emotion and cognition with remarkable influence of the emotion on all sorts of cognitive process. Consequently, technologies that emulate human intelligent behavior cannot be thought completely intelligent without incorporating interference of emotional component in the rational reasoning processes. Recently, several researchers have been started working in the field of emotion modeling to cater the need of interactive computer applications that demand human-like interaction with the computer. However, due to the absence of structured guidelines, the most challenging task for the researcher is to understand and select the most appropriate definitions, theories and processes governing the human psychology to design the intended model. The objective of the present article is to review the background scenario and necessary studies for designing emotion model for a computer machine so that it could generate appropriate synthetic emotions while interacting with the external environmental factors.

The Bias of Individuals (in Crowds): Why Implicit Bias Is Probably a Noisily Measured Individual-Level Construct

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Connor ◽  
Ellen R. K. Evers
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Substantial Error

Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg’s bias-of-crowds model proposes that a number of empirical puzzles can be resolved by conceptualizing implicit bias as a feature of situations rather than a feature of individuals. In the present article we argue against this model and propose that, given the existing evidence, implicit bias is best understood as an individual-level construct measured with substantial error. First, using real and simulated data, we show how each of Payne and colleagues’ proposed puzzles can be explained as being the result of measurement error and its reduction via aggregation. Second, we discuss why the authors’ counterarguments against this explanation have been unconvincing. Finally, we test a hypothesis derived from the bias-of-crowds model about the effect of an individually targeted “implicit-bias-based expulsion program” within universities and show the model to lack empirical support. We conclude by considering the implications of conceptualizing implicit bias as a noisily measured individual-level construct for ongoing implicit-bias research. All data and code are available at https://osf.io/tj8u6/ .

Personhood in Classical and Process-Oriented Metaphysics

Horizons ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Bracken
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Process Philosophy ◽  
Sexual Ethics ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Pro Life ◽  
Pro Choice

One major source of conflict in contemporary sexual ethics (e.g., artificial contraception and abortion) is the implicit difference in the worldviews represented by the terms “pro-life” and “pro-choice.” Those who are pro-life support the notion of human personhood as a fixed and unchanging reality from conception to death; those who are pro-choice, in contrast, support the notion of human personhood as developmental, never fully realized. The pro-life position basically reflects the worldview of classical metaphysics; the pro-choice position is logically grounded in process philosophy and theology. The aim of the present article is to compare and contrast these two worldviews so as to see whether or not there is unexpected common ground between the two that could logically justify a consensus position on the more specific moral issues.

Family Resemblances? Ligand Binding and Activation of Family A and B G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Poyner ◽  
M. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Ligand Binding ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Present Article ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Society Meeting ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
Present Meeting

In April 2007, the Biochemical Society held a meeting to compare and contrast ligand binding and activation of Family A and B GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors). Being the largest class, Family A GPCRs usually receive the most attention, although a previous Biochemical Society meeting has focused on Family B GPCRs. The aim of the present meeting was to bring researchers of both families together in order to identify commonalities between the two. The present article introduces the proceedings of the meeting, briefly commenting on the focus of each of the following articles.

scholarly journals Three Steps Towards Sustainability: Spreadsheets as a Data Collection Analysis System for non-Profit Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Joseph Shapiro ◽  
Vivian Oystrick
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Non Profit Organizations ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
Analyze Data

Many non-profits face barriers developing systems to collect and analyze data that can leverage the type of information that their funders and stakeholders require. Constraints such as limited evaluation expertise, time, and money make this virtually impossible to achieve without a viable solution. In an increasingly competitive environment, it is imperative that non-profits find innovative ways to track and measure their work within their evaluative capabilities. There are different ways in which evaluators can help even the most constrained non-profit organizations capture their reach and make the most of their existing data. This article proposes a three-step framework for the development of a data-collection and -analysis system through the use of spreadsheets. Not only is this proposed system feasible within the constraints of the non-profit sector, but it is also valuable for the sustainability of their services over time.De nombreuses organisations à but non-lucratif font face à des obstacles en ce qui concerne la mise en place de systèmes de collecte et d’analyse de données pour offrir des informations pertinentes pour leurs bailleurs de fonds et parties prenantes. Le fait d’avoir une expertise limitée en évaluation, des contraintes de temps et financières sont des obstacles qui rendent impossible l’implantation de solutions viables. Dans un environnement de plus en plus concurrentiel, il est impératif que les organisations à but non-lucratif trouvent des moyens innovants pour monitorer leur travail en respectant leur capacité évaluative. Les évaluateurs disposent de divers moyens pour aider les organisations à but non-lucratif, même celles disposant de très minces ressources, à évaluer leur portée et à tirer le meilleur parti des données dont elles disposent. Le présent article propose une procédure en trois étapes pour l’élaboration d’un système de collecte et d’analyse des données faisant appel à des chiffriers. Non seulement il est possible d’implanter un tel système compte tenu des contraintes du secteur à but non lucratif, mais il apporterait beaucoup pour la pérennité des services.

Hybrid Threats on NATO’s Eastern Flank- A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Oana Elena Brânda ◽  
Adriana Livia Sauliuc
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Security ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Eastern Flank ◽  
Western Flank ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Compare And Contrast

AbstractThe aim of the present article is to analyze, in a compare and contrast perspective, the manner in which national security strategies all over NATO’s Eastern Flank perceive and relate to hybrid threats. Due to space constraints, the analysis shall focus mainly on national security strategies, aiming to correlate the countries’ perception of which vulnerabilities could lead to hybrid threats and the assorted response. In addition to this, the analysis shall also emphasize, wherever possible (given the need for English-translated documents) the place that the tackling of hybrid threats takes both in relation to the country’s main security policy, as well as in connection with the country’s position within NATO, regarding the particular issue of hybrid threats. The choice of the Eastern Flank countries to illustrate the evolution of hybrid threats and of security strategies devised to manage them, stems from the existing disbalance between the Alliance’s Western Flank where such threats are less likely to manifest given the complexity of individual national policies in tackling such vulnerabilities, whereas the Eastern Flank has proven itself to be rather feeble in addressing risks and vulnerabilities residing in the field of critical infrastructures, ergo becoming prone to hybrid attacks.

The Gendered Economics of Synchronized Retirement

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 623-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Register Data ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Number Of Factors

Women generally receive lower pensions than men, and research on gender and pensions has identified a number of factors underlying this pattern. The present article examines one factor that has largely gone unnoticed—synchronized retirement. In most married couples, the husband is older than his wife, yet many couples prefer to retire together. At the same time, pension systems are increasingly designed to discourage early retirement and reward late retirement. If younger wives and older husbands tend to synchronize their retirement, this may reinforce gendered income inequalities among older persons. Analyses of register data on Swedish married couples provide empirical support for this argument. Comparisons of their pre- and postretirement incomes show that women who synchronized retirement with their husbands had, in relative terms, lower postretirement incomes than other women, whereas men who synchronized had higher postretirement incomes than other men.

scholarly journals THEODORO AUGUSTO RAMOS - A BRAZILIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE MODEL OF THE ATOM

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Lavinel G. IONESCU ◽  
Luis Alcides Brandini De Boni
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The present article discusses the contribution of Theodoro Augusto Ramos, A Brazilian mathematician, to the model of the atom. In a paper entitled "The Theory of Relativity and the Spectral Lines of Hydrogen", presented to the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in November 1923, Theodoro Ramos analyzed the fine spectra of the hydrogen atom using the principles of the general theory of relativity. His results represent an improvement of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model.

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