An Analysis of the U.S. Environmental Policy: A Typology of Environmental Problem for Government Action

The purpose of this study is to examine the selection of policy tools for environmental problems under the incremental tradition, concentrating on the regulatory role. Our aim is to propose a typology composed of political significance and detection of source. This typology implies that the problem decides its own policy tool. This argument is discussed by reviewing different types of environmental problems, and suggests that for successful enforcement, the selected policy tool is expected to match the problem. The possibility of hypothesis building on the policy's success/failure is considered. The expansion of the U.S. EPA's role is recommended for environmental policy whose goal should be ecological stability. Finally, the necessity and usefulness of environmental group as a policy tool is considered.

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To Trade or Not To Trade? Criteria for Applying Cap and Trade

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2001.376 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 953-957 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Stephanie Benkovic ◽

Joseph Kruger

Keyword(s):

Emissions Trading ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cap And Trade ◽

Policy Tool ◽

Effective Manner ◽

Effective Policy ◽

Foreign Governments ◽

Trading Program ◽

The U.S

The use of emissions trading (cap and trade) is gaining worldwide recognition as an extremely effective policy tool. The U.S. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions Trading Program has achieved an unprecedented level of environmental protection in a cost-effective manner. The successful results of the program have led domestic and foreign governments to consider the application of cap and trade to address other air quality issues. Certain analyses are particularly important in determining whether or not cap and trade is an appropriate policy tool. This paper offers a set of questions that can be used as criteria for determining whether or not cap and trade is the preferred policy approach to an environmental problem.

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Erasmus+ Project «Integrated Doctoral Program For Environmental Policy, Management And Technology – Intense»: Progress Information And Planned Activity

Man and Environment. Issues of Neoecology ◽

10.26565/1992-4224-2019-32-09 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Environmental Policy ◽

Doctoral Program ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

Academic Excellence ◽

Doctoral Training ◽

Policy Management ◽

Research Institutions ◽

Building Capacity ◽

Management Actions ◽

Selection Of

Erasmus+ project “Integrated Doctoral Program for Environmental Policy, Management and Technology – INTENSE” (586471-EPP-1-2017-1-EE-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP) stated in 2017. The project addresses such root causes of environmental problems in Mongolia, Ukraine and Vietnam, as poorly formulated policies, inadequate selection of management actions and the lack of suitable technology, by building capacity for academic excellence in doctoral training in environmental studies in partner countries (PCs) and beyond. Consortium consists of universities and research institutions from Ukraine, Estonia, Austria, Latvia, Mongolia and Vietnam.

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Some issues of environmental problem integration in sustainable development strategies

Glasnik srpskog geografskog drustva ◽

10.2298/gsgd0602207m ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 207-222

Author(s):

Dragana Miljanovic

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Environmental Policy ◽

Development Policy ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

Development Strategies ◽

Environmental Dimension ◽

Coordination Development

This article treats theoretical-methodological positions of interdependence economic and environmental dimension of development. Approaches to the environmental problems in process of defining development strategies in Serbia are presented. It was pointed that introduction of integrated approach in coordination development policy with environmental policy is necessary.

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Impact of Environmental Degradation on Human Health

International Research Journal of Management IT and Social Sciences ◽

10.21744/irjmis.v3i1.82 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

_______ Archana ◽

Charu Datta ◽

Pratibha Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Environmental Degradation ◽

Human Population ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

Population Increase ◽

Human Beings ◽

The People ◽

Wide Range ◽

Different Types ◽

Economic Institute ◽

Day By Day

Degradation of environment is one of the most serious challenges before the mankind in today’s world. Mankind has been facing a wide range of problem arising out of the degradation of environment. Not only the areas under human inhabitation, but the areas of the planet without human population have also been suffering from these problems. As the population increase day by day, the amenities are not improved simultaneously. With the advancement of science and technologies the needs of human beings has been changing rapidly. As a result different types of environmental problems have been rising. Environmental degradation is a wide- reaching problem and it is likely to influence the health of human population is great. It may be defined the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil. The destruction of ecosystem and extinction of wildlife. Environmental degradation has occurred due to the recent activities in the field of socio-economic, institute and technology. Poverty still remains a problem as the root of several environmental problems to create awareness among the people about the ill effect of environmental pollution. In the whole research it is clear that all factors of environmental degradation may be reduced through- Framing the new laws on environmental degradation, Environment friend policy, Controlling all the ways and means of noise, air, soil and water pollution, Through growing more and more trees and by adapting the proper sanitation policy.

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The Long Road to Sustainability

10.1093/oso/9780198819516.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexander Gillespie

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Social Sustainability ◽

Good News ◽

Correct Selection ◽

The Third ◽

Positive Indicators ◽

Laws And Policies ◽

Developed World ◽

Selection Of

This book examines the idea of sustainable development, made up of economic, social, and environmental parts over the period of human history. This work suggests humanity has been unsustainable in all three areas for most of its history, although in the last few hundred years the scale of unsustainability has increased, while, simultaneously, answers have started to emerge. This conclusion can be seen in two parts, namely the economic and social sides of sustainable development and then the environmental ones. This work suggests that, with the correct selection of tools, solid and positive foundations for the economic and social sides of sustainable development is possible as the world globalizes. This is not, however, a foregone conclusion. Despite a number of recent positive indicators in this area, there are still very large unanswered questions with existing mechanisms and other gaps in the international architecture which, if not fixed, could quickly make problems of economic and social sustainability worse, not better. With the third leg of sustainable development, that for the environment, the optimism is not as strong. The good news is that science, laws, and policies have evolved and expanded to the level that, in theory, there is no environmental problem which cannot be solved. In many areas, especially in the developed world, success is already easy to measure. Where it is not easy to measure, and pessimism creeps in, is in the developing world, which is now inheriting a scale and mixture of environmental difficulties which are simply unprecedented.

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Multi-Criteria Selection of Additives in Porous Asphalt Mixtures Using Mechanical, Hydraulic, Economic, and Environmental Indicators

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2146

Author(s):

Anik Gupta ◽

Carlos J. Slebi-Acevedo ◽

Esther Lizasoain-Arteaga ◽

Jorge Rodriguez-Hernandez ◽

Daniel Castro-Fresno

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Environmental Indicators ◽

Asphalt Mixtures ◽

Environmental Benefits ◽

Modified Bitumen ◽

Porous Asphalt ◽

Different Types ◽

Product Assessment ◽

Polymer Modified Bitumen ◽

Selection Of

Porous asphalt (PA) mixtures are more environmentally friendly but have lower durability than dense-graded mixtures. Additives can be incorporated into PA mixtures to enhance their mechanical strength; however, they may compromise the hydraulic characteristics, increase the total cost of pavement, and negatively affect the environment. In this paper, PA mixtures were produced with 5 different types of additives including 4 fibers and 1 filler. Their performances were compared with the reference mixtures containing virgin bitumen and polymer-modified bitumen. The performance of all mixes was assessed using: mechanical, hydraulic, economic, and environmental indicators. Then, the Delphi method was applied to compute the relative weights for the parameters in multi-criteria decision-making methods. Evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), technique for order of the preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) were employed to rank the additives. According to the results obtained, aramid pulp displayed comparable and, for some parameters such as abrasion resistance, even better performance than polymer-modified bitumen, whereas cellulose fiber demonstrated the best performance regarding sustainability, due to economic and environmental benefits.

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Methods for Preventing Visual Attacks in Convolutional Neural Networks Based on Data Discard and Dimensionality Reduction

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115235 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5235

Author(s):

Nikita Andriyanov

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Convolutional Neural Network ◽

Network Inference ◽

Recognition Accuracy ◽

Network Architectures ◽

Reduced Dimensions ◽

Different Types ◽

Rectangular Area ◽

Noise Impulse ◽

Selection Of

The article is devoted to the study of convolutional neural network inference in the task of image processing under the influence of visual attacks. Attacks of four different types were considered: simple, involving the addition of white Gaussian noise, impulse action on one pixel of an image, and attacks that change brightness values within a rectangular area. MNIST and Kaggle dogs vs. cats datasets were chosen. Recognition characteristics were obtained for the accuracy, depending on the number of images subjected to attacks and the types of attacks used in the training. The study was based on well-known convolutional neural network architectures used in pattern recognition tasks, such as VGG-16 and Inception_v3. The dependencies of the recognition accuracy on the parameters of visual attacks were obtained. Original methods were proposed to prevent visual attacks. Such methods are based on the selection of “incomprehensible” classes for the recognizer, and their subsequent correction based on neural network inference with reduced image sizes. As a result of applying these methods, gains in the accuracy metric by a factor of 1.3 were obtained after iteration by discarding incomprehensible images, and reducing the amount of uncertainty by 4–5% after iteration by applying the integration of the results of image analyses in reduced dimensions.

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Increasing University Competitiveness through Assessment of Green Content in Curriculum and Eco-Labeling in Higher Education

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020712 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 712

Author(s):

Andrea Okanović ◽

Jelena Ješić ◽

Vladimir Đaković ◽

Simonida Vukadinović ◽

Andrea Andrejević Panić

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Environmental Problems ◽

Green Jobs ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The World ◽

Different Types ◽

Novi Sad ◽

The University

Growing environmental problems and increasing requirements of green jobs force universities around the world not only to transform their curricula but also to enrich existing ones with contents related to the promotion of sustainable development. This paper aims to show the importance of measuring and monitoring the share of green contents in all university activities, as only in that way it is possible to monitor trends and give realistic assessments of their effect and importance. The paper presents a comparative analysis of different types of methodologies for assessing sustainable activities at universities as well as research conducted at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and its comparison with the University of Gothenburg (Sweden). This research aims to point out the importance of increasing competitiveness in higher education through assessment of green content in a curriculum and its promotion. In this way, through eco-labeling methodology, it would be easier to identify those contents that, in a certain share, contribute to the promotion of sustainable development. Furthermore, this methodology can easily be extended across the country and the region, which would bring positive effects to all stakeholders in higher education.

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An algebraic approach to N-soft sets with application in decision-making using TOPSIS

Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems ◽

10.3233/jifs-202717 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Muhammad Shabir ◽

Rimsha Mushtaq ◽

Munazza Naz

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Mathematical Models ◽

Real World ◽

Algebraic Approach ◽

Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽

Commutative Monoids ◽

Soft Sets ◽

Algebraic Properties ◽

Different Types ◽

Selection Of

In this paper, we focus on two main objectives. Firstly, we define some binary and unary operations on N-soft sets and study their algebraic properties. In unary operations, three different types of complements are studied. We prove De Morgan’s laws concerning top complements and for bottom complements for N-soft sets where N is fixed and provide a counterexample to show that De Morgan’s laws do not hold if we take different N. Then, we study different collections of N-soft sets which become idempotent commutative monoids and consequently show, that, these monoids give rise to hemirings of N-soft sets. Some of these hemirings are turned out as lattices. Finally, we show that the collection of all N-soft sets with full parameter set E and collection of all N-soft sets with parameter subset A are Stone Algebras. The second objective is to integrate the well-known technique of TOPSIS and N-soft set-based mathematical models from the real world. We discuss a hybrid model of multi-criteria decision-making combining the TOPSIS and N-soft sets and present an algorithm with implementation on the selection of the best model of laptop.

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Outlier Detection at the Parcel-Level in Wheat and Rapeseed Crops Using Multispectral and SAR Time Series

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 956

Author(s):

Florian Mouret ◽

Mohanad Albughdadi ◽

Sylvie Duthoit ◽

Denis Kouamé ◽

Guillaume Rieu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Outlier Detection ◽

Experimental Validation ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Multispectral Images ◽

Vegetation Indexes ◽

Crop Development ◽

Different Types ◽

Selection Of ◽

Sentinel 2

This paper studies the detection of anomalous crop development at the parcel-level based on an unsupervised outlier detection technique. The experimental validation is conducted on rapeseed and wheat parcels located in Beauce (France). The proposed methodology consists of four sequential steps: (1) preprocessing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and multispectral images acquired using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites, (2) extraction of SAR and multispectral pixel-level features, (3) computation of parcel-level features using zonal statistics and (4) outlier detection. The different types of anomalies that can affect the studied crops are analyzed and described. The different factors that can influence the outlier detection results are investigated with a particular attention devoted to the synergy between Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data. Overall, the best performance is obtained when using jointly a selection of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 features with the isolation forest algorithm. The selected features are co-polarized (VV) and cross-polarized (VH) backscattering coefficients for Sentinel-1 and five Vegetation Indexes for Sentinel-2 (among us, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and two variants of the Normalized Difference Water). When using these features with an outlier ratio of 10%, the percentage of detected true positives (i.e., crop anomalies) is equal to 94.1% for rapeseed parcels and 95.5% for wheat parcels.

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