Preparation of Chitosan Microcapsules Containing Red Ginger Oleoresin Using Emulsion Crosslinking Method

Background: Encapsulation is one of the methods used to trap active ingredients in the wall material of microparticles. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the encapsulation of red ginger oleoresin using an emulsion crosslinking method with chitosan as the wall material. Methods: Emulsions were formed of red ginger oleoresin with chitosan in concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (w/v), respectively. The emulsions were then mixed with corn oil and stirred for one hour to obtain a second set of emulsions, and glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) was added dropwise in quantities of 20, 10, 6.7, and 5 ml, respectively. This was followed by the addition of 2 ml of 25% glutaraldehyde and the emulsions were stirred for two hours. The resulting microcapsules were washed with petroleum ether followed by hexane and then dried in an oven at 70oC. Results: The emulsion crosslinking method used to trap the red ginger oleoresin in chitosan produced microcapsules of good spherical geometry with the mean diameter ranging from 75.61 ± 11.8 µm to 178.65 ± 40.7 µm. The highest yield was 98.93% and encapsulation efficiency was 83.1%. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis showed that the melting point was at a temperature between 120 and 130oC. Conclusion: Chitosan concentration has little effect on encapsulation yield, whereas the amount of GST tends to strengthen the crosslinking bonds of chitosan and reduces the mean diameter of microspheres.

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Characterization of cross-linked chitosan by ionic and covalent crosslinking agents as wall material of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00588 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3380-3388

Author(s):

Jayanudin Jayanudin ◽

Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽

Fahrurrozi Moh. ◽

Sang Kompiang Wirawan

Keyword(s):

Corn Oil ◽

Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Chitosan Solution ◽

Wall Material ◽

Covalent Crosslinking ◽

Red Ginger ◽

Covalent Interactions ◽

Crosslinking Agents

The aim of this study was to determine the characterization of ionic and covalent interactions to form a crosslinking network with chitosan as a wall material of microcapsules. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsule was prepared by emulsion crosslinking method. Red ginger oleoresin was mixed and stirred with chitosan solution to form an emulsion, then added to corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. Crosslinking agents of glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) or sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) solution was slowly added to the emulsion. When using a crosslinking agent of TPP solution was added glacial acetic acid to adjust pH. Red ginger oleoresin microcapsules were filtered and washed with petroleum ether followed by n-hexane and then dried in an oven. Microcapsules from chitosan that are cross-linked with GST produce higher yield and size of microcapsules compared to TPP. Whereas, the highest encapsulation efficiency produced from chitosan cross-linked with TPP was 91.63±0.02%. Meanwhile, the highest cumulative release was obtained from TPP cross-linked chitosan microcapsules of 63.71% and the lowest was 50.01% from chitosan microcapsules that cross-linked with GST. The conclusion of this study was the differences between ionic and covalent crosslinking agents produce different microcapsule characteristics. Microcapsules from chitosan cross-linked with GST generated more compact with a smoother surface than with TPP.

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Microencapsulation of Polymethoxyflavones in Citrus Oil Emulsion-based Delivery Systems (P17-004-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz038.p17-004-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Guifang Tian ◽

Wenbo Ren ◽

David Julian McClements ◽

Hang Xiao ◽

Jinkai Zheng

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplements ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Smooth Surface ◽

Rational Design ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Particle Breakage ◽

Wall Material

Abstract Objectives There is a growing interest in using polymethoxyflavones (PMFs, a unique class of flavonoids found in citrus fruits) as nutraceuticals because of their multiple health-promoting effects. However, their application in food system is restricted by their poor water solubility and emulsion-based delivery systems are potential means to increase food applicability of PMFs. Herein, the properties and encapsulation efficiency of emulsion and re-dispersible emulsion containing PMFs were determined based on citrus oil and corn oil. Methods Emulsions consisting of maltodextrin (25 wt%) and citrus pectin (1 wt%) in oil phase, citrus oil or corn oil (5 wt%) in water phase were produced and spray dried at different outlet temperatures (110 °C, 130 °C, 150 °C, 170 °C, 190 °C) after homogenization (700 MPa). A series of analytical methods were used to characterize these emulsion systems. Results It was shown from the SEM that the microcapsules of citrus oil presented as spheres with concave-convex surface while those of corn oil presented with smooth surface. The wrinkle surface observed in citrus oil capsule might be attributed that high inlet temperature causes the rapid evaporation of citrus oil, and the smooth surface of corn oil capsule were due to the better structural integrity which was resistant to the mechanical stress during spray drying. As the dryer outlet temperature increased, the degree of particle breakage raised and water content, particle size, flavor compounds and encapsulation efficiency of PMFs in powders reduced. PMFs retention was higher in citrus oil powders than that in corn oil ones at the same temperature, which due to the citrus oil has the better solubility of PMFs and the less particle breakage. Moreover, the citrus oil powder had better water-dispersibility and pleasant flavors than corn oil one. Conclusions The encapsulation efficiency of PMFs was optimal by using the citrus oil as carrier oil, the maltodextrin as wall material and the 150 °C as the outlet air temperature. The results may facilitate the rational design of natural delivery systems to prepare PMFs-enriched functional foods and dietary supplements. Funding Sources The encapsulation efficiency of PMFs was optimal by using the citrus oil as carrier oil, the maltodextrin as wall material and the 150 °C as the outlet air temperature. The results may facilitate the rational design of natural delivery systems to prepare PMFs-enriched functional foods and dietary supplements.

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ENCAPSULATION OF RED GINGER OLEORESIN (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE VAR RUBRUM) WITH CHITOSAN AS WALL MATERIAL

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i8.15632 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jayanudin . ◽

Rochmadi .

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Wall Material ◽

Inlet Temperature ◽

Outlet Temperature ◽

Spray Dryer ◽

Red Ginger ◽

Scanning Electron

Objective: This research aims to determine the effect of the spray drying condition against encapsulation efficiency and characterization microcapsules of red ginger oleoresin.Methods: Preparation of encapsulation begun with the formation of emulsions by mixing red ginger oleoresin with chitosan solution which was dissolved with acetic acid 2% (v/v). The weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin was 1: 1, 2: 1 and 3: 1 and then stirred using a homogenizer while added 2 ml tween 80 for 10 min. The size of emulsion droplet was measured using nanoparticle analyzer (NPA). The emulsion is formed and then inserted into the feed tank of a spray dryer. Inlet temperature of the spray dryer used in the 180 °C, 190 °C and 200 °C; and the spray dryer outlet temperature was 85 °C, feed rate at 2 L/h. The microcapsules formed were then analyzed encapsulation efficiency and characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).Results: Based on the research that has been done, the smallest effective diameter of the emulsion droplets was 216.4±1.5 nm and the largest was 2109.2±46.1 nm. The value of encapsulation efficiency ranged between 83.33±0.42%-99.15±0.02%. Increasing the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin and increase the spray drying inlet temperature, the encapsulation efficiency is also increased. The highest encapsulation efficiency was 99.15±0.02% occurred at 200 °C of spray drying inlet temperature and the weight ratio of chitosan with red ginger oleoresin of 3:1. Morphology analysis of the surface of microcapsules using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the inlet temperature of 200 °C was obtained microcapsules with smooth surfaces. The Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis results indicating the absence of new compounds is formed.Conclusion: This research indicates that the spray drying conditions affecting the encapsulation efficiency and morphological characteristics of the red ginger oleoresin microcapsules.

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Persamaan Empiris Sederhana untuk Memprediksikan Ukuran Partikel dari Enkapsulasi Oleoresin Jahe Merah

ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia ◽

10.20961/alchemy.14.2.17076.178-192 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Jayanudin Jayanudin ◽

Rochmadi Rochmadi ◽

Moh. Fahrurrozi ◽

Sang Kompiang Wirawan

Keyword(s):

Corn Oil ◽

Crosslinking Agent ◽

Dimensionless Number ◽

Empirical Equations ◽

Dimensionless Numbers ◽

Chitosan Concentration ◽

Digital Microscope ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Glutaraldehyde Solution ◽

Red Ginger

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan persamaan empiris dari bilangan tak berdimensi untuk memprediksikan ukuran mikrokapsul oleoresin jahe merah. Metode enkapsulasi yang digunakan adalah crosslink emulsi dengan kitosan sebagai penyalut dan glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) sebagai agen crosslink. Oleoresin jahe merah dan kitosan dengan konsentrasi 1, 2, 3 dan 4% (w/v) diaduk dengan kecepatan 10.000 rpm untuk membentuk emulsi, kemudian dimasukan dalam minyak jagung dan diaduk kembali untuk membentuk emulsi kedua. Sebanyak 10 mL glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) sebagai agen crosslink ditambahkan secara bertahap. Setelah itu, ditambahkan larutan glutaraldehida 25% dan terus diaduk selama 2 jam. Mikrokapsul dipisahkan dan dicuci dengan petroleum eter dan heksan, kemudian dikeringkan dalam oven dengan suhu 70 °C. Dengan cara yang sama digunakan untuk membuat mikrokapsul pada kecepatan pengadukan 5.000, 8.000 dan 15.000 rpm. Ukuran diameter mikrokapsul dianalisis menggunakan mikroskop digital. Persamaan empiris dari bilangan tak berdimensi Reynolds (Re) dan Ohnesorge (Oh) dibuat untuk memprediksikan diameter mikrokapsul. Data dari variabel perubahan konsentrasi kitosan dan kecepatan pengadukan dapat menghasilkan persamaan empiris dari bilangan Reynolds (Re) dan Ohnesorge (Oh). Konstanta yang dihasilkan adalah = 422,06, = 0,37 dan = -0,18. Berdasarkan perbandingan antara data diameter penelitian dan hasil perhitungan didapat % kesalahan sebesar 8,05% untuk pengaruh konsentrasi kitosan dan 7,52% untuk pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan.A Simple Empirical Equation for Predicting Particle Size from Encapsulation of Red Ginger Oleoresin. This study aims to determine the empirical equations of the dimensionless number to predict the diameter size of red ginger oleoresin microcapsules. The encapsulation method used is crosslinking emulsion with chitosan as coating and glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as a crosslinking agent. Red ginger oleoresin and chitosan with concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v) were stirred at 10,000 rpm to form emulsions, and then added to the corn oil and stirred again to form a second emulsion. The 10 mL of glutaraldehyde saturated toluene (GST) as a crosslinking agent was added gradually. After that, a 25% glutaraldehyde solution was added and stirred for 2 hour. Microcapsules were separated and washed with petroleum ether and hexane, then dried in an oven at a temperature 70 °C. The same step, the microcapsules were made at stirring speed of 5,000; 8,000; and 15,000 rpm. The size of the microcapsule diameter was analyzed using a digital microscope. The empirical equations of the dimensionless numbers Reynolds (Re) and Ohnesorge (Oh) are made to predict the microcapsule diameter. The data from the chitosan concentration change and stirring speeds could produce the empirical equations of the Reynolds and Ohnesorge numbers. The resulting constants were = 422.06, = 0.37 dan = -0.18. By comparing the data diameter of the research and calculation results obtained % error of 8.05% for the influence of chitosan concentration and 7.52% for the effect of stirring speed.<div> </div>

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Zeolites Fit For A Crown: Probing Host-Guest Interactions with Thermogravimetric Methods

10.26434/chemrxiv.7429961 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Asel Sartbaeva ◽

Paul R. Raithby ◽

Remi Castaing ◽

Antony Nearchou

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Thermal Analysis ◽

Differential Thermal Analysis ◽

Petrochemical Industry ◽

Rational Use ◽

New Methodologies ◽

First Time ◽

Kinetics Of

Through a combination of thermogravimetry, mass spectrometry and differential thermal analysis, we demonstrate for the first time that all four zeolites show experimental differences in their host-guest interactions with 18C6. In addition, we have estimated the kinetics of 18C6 decomposition, which is a technique that has not been applied to zeolites previously. Using these findings as a toolkit, a more rational use of OSDAs can be utilised to prepare designer zeolites. Furthermore, the new methodologies presented herein can be applied to current zeolites, such as MFI-type zeolites used in the petrochemical industry.

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PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE AS2TE3-TM2TE3 SYSTEM.

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.5.77.985 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (8(77)) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Teymur Mammad Ilyasly ◽

Rahman Hasanaga Fatullazade ◽

Zakir Islam Ismailov ◽

Nigar Nadir Jafarova

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Solid Solution ◽

Differential Thermal Analysis ◽

Phase Equilibrium ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Thermal Effects ◽

Isothermal Annealing ◽

Intermediate Phase ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

Two Phases

The synthesis of alloys of the system was carried out stepwise in rotary furnaces. The synthesis mode was selected based on the physicochemical properties of the elementary components. For homogenization, the alloys were subjected to isothermal annealing at 750 and 1275 K, depending on the Tm2Te3 concentration, for 250 h after homogenization of the alloys, they were subjected to physicochemical analysis. The results of differential thermal analysis showed that reversible thermal effects are observed in the alloys of the system. In alloys in a 1: 1 ratio, a new intermediate phase is formed with a composition corresponding to the TmAsTe3 compound. The homogeneity area is observed in the concentration range 52.5-47.5. It was found that in the concentration range 98.5-52.5 Tm2Te3 there are two phases - a mixture of β and of the solid solution, and in the concentration range of 47.51 mol% Tm2Te3 phases and α are in equilibrium. ) 66 The eutectic has coordinates of 11.5 mol Tm2Te3 at a temperature of 575 K.

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PENINGKATAN LAJU DISOLUSI ACYCLOVIR DENGAN METODE SISTEM DISPERSI PADAT MENGGUNAKAN POLOXAMER 188

SCIENTIA : Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan ◽

10.36434/scientia.v5i1.61 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Budi Setiawan ◽

Erizal Zaini ◽

Salman Umar

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thermal Analysis ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Fourier Transform ◽

Differential Thermal Analysis ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Poloxamer 188 ◽

X Ray ◽

Scanning Electron

Sebuah penelitian tentang sistem dispersi padat dari asiklovir dengan poloxamer 188 telah dilakukan formulasi dengan pencampuran secara fisika dengan rasio 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5 dan dispersi padat 1 : 1, 1 : 3, 1 : 5 dan penggilingan 1:1 sebagai pembanding. Dispersi padat dibuat menggunakan metode pencairan (fusi), yang digabung dengan poloxamer 188 pada hotplate kemudian asiklovir dimasukkan ke dalam hasil poloxamer 188 lalu di kocok hingga membentuk masa homogen. Semua formula yang terbentuk termasuk asiklovir poloxamer 188 murni dianalisis karakterisasinya dengan Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), kemudian pengambilan dilakukan (penentuan kadar) mengunakan spektrofotometer UV pada panjang gelombang 257,08 nm dan uji laju disolusi dengan aquadest bebas CO2 menggunakan metode dayung. Hasil pengambilan (penentuan kadar) menunjukkan bahwa semua formula memenuhi persyaratan farmakope Amerika edisi 30 dan farmakope Indonesia edisi 4 yaitu 95-110%. Sedangkan hasil uji laju disolusi untuk campuran fisik 1: 1, dan dispersi padat 1: 1, dan penggilingan 1: 1 menunjukkan peningkatan yang nyata dibandingkan asiklovir murni. Hal ini juga dapat dilihat dari hasil perhitungan statistik menggunakan analisis varian satu arah SPSS 17.

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Kinetics of temperature-programmed reactivation of a hydrodesulphurization catalyst

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19833340 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 48 (12) ◽

pp. 3340-3355 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pavel Fott ◽

Pavel Šebesta

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Thermal Analysis ◽

Differential Thermal Analysis ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Kinetic Parameters ◽

Diffusion Region ◽

Reaction Heat ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Temperature Programmed ◽

Kinetics Of

The kinetic parameters of reactivation of a carbonized hydrodesulphurization (HDS) catalyst by air were evaluated from combined thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) data. In addition, the gaseous products leaving a temperature-programmed reactor with a thin layer of catalyst were analyzed chromatographically. Two exothermic processes were found to take part in the reactivation, and their kinetics were described by 1st order equations. In the first process (180-400 °C), sulphur in Co and Mo sulphides is oxidized to sulphur dioxide; in the second process (300-540 °C), in which the essential portion of heat is produced, the deposited carbon is oxidized to give predominantly carbon dioxide. If the reaction heat is not removed efficiently enough, ignition of the catalyst takes place, which is associated with a transition to the diffusion region. The application of the obtained kinetic parameters to modelling a temperature-programmed reactivation is illustrated on the case of a single particle.

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