Urban Commuters in Indian States and Cities: Modes of Transport and Distances

Urbanisation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-107
Author(s):  
Shivakumar Nayka ◽  
Kala Seetharam Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Workforce Participation ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Work Related

A strong urban transport system is crucial for city efficiency, given the need for mobility in cities. This article uses Census of India (2011) data on transport to examine work-related commute among Indians at the state and city levels. At the state level, it finds a strong positive correlation between workforce participation rate and proportion of commuters. It also finds a strong positive correlation between the proportion who commute on foot and those who use bicycles. States characterised by extensive usage of public transport are the ones that account for a greater share of workforce participation. At the city level, the article finds that the smallest cities are most conducive for those who commute on foot or bicycles, whereas cars are preferred by commuters in high-income cities. In mid-sized cities, commuters tend to use two-wheelers. Commuters across all the selected cities walk for long distances spanning between 6 and 10 km. This indicates the need for further examination of public transport and infrastructure in these cities.

Changes in Infrastructural Condition of Slums in India

2017 ◽  
pp. 14-38
Author(s):  
Somenath Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Participation Rate ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Workforce Participation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

Addressing the importance of infrastructure development towards inclusive city, the study aims to see the change in the condition of housing, road, latrine, drainage, sewerage, etc. within the slums across states and over time in India. The study has been done with the help of three rounds (49th, 58th and 69th) of NSSO data on slum. Though the condition of slums seems to have improved over time, but it is not satisfactory. However, it seems the improvement of one infrastructural aspect in slum is very much associated with the improvement of others. The factors like ‘Workforce Participation Rate of slums' and overall infrastructure of the state have a positive influence on the infrastructural condition of slums, whereas, per capita NSDP is affecting it negatively. The ‘associations made by the residents of slum for improvement' within the slums seems to have played no role to improve it.

Hindu–Muslim Fertility Differentials in India: Indirect Estimation at the District Level from Census 2011

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saswata Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
State Level ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Ratio Method ◽  
Fertility Schedule ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Fertility Differentials

This article estimates the total fertility rate (TFR) for the overall population in major Indian states by employing Arriaga variation of the P/F ratio method and the relational Gompertz model. The article uses the 2011 Census data on average parity and the current fertility schedule. Estimation of TFRs at the state level by employing Arriaga variation of the P/F ratio method strongly corresponds with Sample Registration System (SRS) compared to those derived from the relational Gompertz model. Thus, Arriaga variation of the P/F ratio method was retained to estimate the Hindu–Muslim fertility differentials for 618 districts in India from all states except Jammu and Kashmir. Comparing the TFRs obtained from the analyses with indirect estimates of TFRs from the 2001 Census, the analysis reveals that the overall fertility transition in India has been steady during the last decade. Fertility transition has been underway for both Hindus and Muslims, at a varying pace, when compared to the state-level indirect estimates of the 2001 Census. Though the overall convergence of fertility between Hindus and Muslims has been underway, significant regional variations persist.

scholarly journals SUSTAINABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT OF URBAN TRANSPORT SERVICES IN DEVELOPING CITIES

ASTONJADRO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nanang Prayudyanto
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Developing Cities ◽  
Asian Cities

<p>The growth and concentration of motor vehicles in developing cities has led to increased demand for urban mobility. Renewed commitments of Asian cities are required in order to achieve the SDG target on urban mobility as well as to enhance overall sustainability of urban transport systems and services. Cities and countries need to track the progress in improving urban mobility. With a view to support evidence based decision, the paper introduces the Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI) of urban transport services, to help summarize, track and compare the state of urban mobility in Asian cities, as model for developing cities in the world. It also presents the results of pilot application of SUTI in four Asian cities: Greater Jakarta; Kathmandu; Hanoi; and Colombo. The four pilot cities were able to collect data, analyzed and assess the state of urban mobility in their city using SUTI. The assessment result supported policy makers to identify policy gaps, prioritize additional measures and investment strategies required to improve urban transport systems and services in each city. The visual output display in spider diagram was useful to comprehend state of all 10 key indicators in a glace. The pilot study demonstrated the usefulness of SUTI tool and the pilot cities were already using the results of SUTI analysis. In Kathmandu additional efforts are required to improve pedestrian infrastructure and facilities, Colombo needed to improve quality and reliability of public transport system, while Hanoi and Greater Jakarta need to put additional efforts to increase mode share of public transport system.</p>

scholarly journals Victimization on Public Transport in the Moscow Metropolis: The Main Features

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Pavel S. Zhukov ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Moscow Region ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Sociological Studies

Public transport in Moscow is the most affordable and popular among the population of the Moscow region. The state of victimization of citizens on public transport in the Moscow metropolis is the most relevant for studying due to the expansion of the urban transport infrastructure, due to the formation of new territorial formations within the capital. Sociological studies, along with official statistics, are important sources of information about the victimization of the population. In the article, based on the results of a sociological survey conducted to study the state of victimization of the population on public transport in Moscow in January 2021, the main features of victimization were reflected, its factors, causes and conditions were considered, and some problematic issues of its measurement were noted. The main definitions of the concept of victimization given by various authors are considered. Proposals were made to consider victims of administrative offenses as potential victims of victimization.

scholarly journals Nursing staff fatigue and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-105
Author(s):  
Christos Sikaras ◽  
◽  
Ioannis Ilias ◽  
Athanasios Tselebis ◽  
Argyro Pachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physical Impact

<abstract><sec> <title>Introduction</title> <p>The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) is an unprecedented global health crisis with emotional and physical impact on health care workers.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Objective</title> <p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of fatigue and burnout in nursing staff during the pandemic.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The present study involved nursing staff from hospitals in Greece in February 2021, who completed the Fatigue (FAS) and Burnout (CBI) questionnaires. Gender, age, years of work experience, workplace (COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 wards) and SARS-CoV-2 infection status were recorded.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The sample included 593 women and 108 men, with a mean age ± SD: 42.9 ± 9.9 years and 18.14 ± 10.8 years work experience. Slightly more than half, (367, 52.4%) worked in COVID-19 departments. Fifty-six (8%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 14 of them needed to be treated. The mean ± SD FAS and CBI scores were 25.6 ± 7.4 and 46.9 ± 18.8, respectively (67.9% and 42.9% had scores suggestive of fatigue and burnout, respectively). Women showed higher values in both scales (p &lt; 0.01). Subjects working in COVID-19 wards scored significantly higher on both the FAS and CBI scales; they were also younger and with less work experience (p &lt; 0.01). Staff treated for COVID-19 scored higher on the burnout scale (p &lt; 0.01) than the uninfected staff. Fatigue showed a strong positive correlation with burnout (p &lt; 0.01, r = 0.70). Stepwise multiple regression showed that the variation of fatigue was explained by 47.0% and 6.1% by the scores on the subscales of personal and work-related burnout, respectively.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>In conclusion, high rates of fatigue and burnout were found in the studied population. Nurses working with COVID-19 patients had higher rates of fatigue and burnout compared to those working elsewhere. There was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.70) between burnout and fatigue. Particular attention should be paid to staff who became ill and need to be treated.</p> </sec></abstract>

scholarly journals THE APPLICATION OF FOREIGN METHODS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE GOVERNANCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnara Baikushikova ◽  
Mukhamed al-Hoderi ◽  
K. S. Mukhtarova ◽  
Z. B. Balgabayeva ◽  
Y. S. Chukubayev
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Transport Management

Within the framework of the public administration system effectiveness in the provision of services to the population, the authors consider topical issues of improving the quality of the work of such a social sector as public transport. It is noted that the state reform of public transport demonstrates high efficiency in implementing a set of tasks (development of digitalization of the industry, renovation of transport parks, etc.). However, in the field of transport services, there are still open meta related to the need to optimize their practical activities. An important point in the study is the analysis of the features in assessing the degree of satisfaction with transport services consumers. These features are largely due to the quality of the driver himself, who is the subject of providing services to vehicle users, and the key role of passengers who are able to objectively assess the work of social services. The article discusses various methods of increasing efficiency, including in the field of transport management. The Kazakhstani experience of research and application of these and other approaches to improving the efficiency of public transport management is considered. Having considered this practice, it is proposed to introduce an assessment of the satisfaction of public transport passengers; to implement the research objectives, the authors proposed a methodology based on the results of a survey of the population in an online format. In the presence of an integrated mobile application, this methodology will make it possible to introduce an estimated indicator of passenger satisfaction with completed trips. The result of these measures should be an improvement in the quality of services provided by public transport, which, in turn, will stimulate the abandonment of private vehicles in favor of public ones, significantly improve the environmental situation in the city, and also be able to relieve the traffic of city streets during almost all working hours. In the context of the state program for the implementation of the "smart" urban transport project, the maximum optimization of the existing system and the achievement of the ultimate goal of ensuring comfortable and safe travel by public transport is possible. Keywords: public administration, efficiency, key performance indicators, KPI system, KPI system algorithm, customer satisfaction, efficiency assessment, quality of services to the population, social work.

Changes in Infrastructural Condition of Slums in India

2018 ◽  
pp. 1326-1353
Author(s):  
Somenath Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Participation Rate ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Workforce Participation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Over Time

Addressing the importance of infrastructure development towards inclusive city, the study aims to see the change in the condition of housing, road, latrine, drainage, sewerage, etc. within the slums across states and over time in India. The study has been done with the help of three rounds (49th, 58th and 69th) of NSSO data on slum. Though the condition of slums seems to have improved over time, but it is not satisfactory. However, it seems the improvement of one infrastructural aspect in slum is very much associated with the improvement of others. The factors like ‘Workforce Participation Rate of slums' and overall infrastructure of the state have a positive influence on the infrastructural condition of slums, whereas, per capita NSDP is affecting it negatively. The ‘associations made by the residents of slum for improvement' within the slums seems to have played no role to improve it.

scholarly journals Blebbing of the Lymphocyte Plasma Membrane as a Pathogenetic Marker of Critical Ischemia of the Lower Extremities

2020 ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
Yuriy S. Vinnik ◽  
Svetlana S. Dunaevskaya ◽  
Dar’ya A. Antyufrieva
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
The State ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Critical Ischemia ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Homocysteine ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Class Iib ◽  
Significant Factors

The increasing interest in studying obliterating atherosclerosis of vessels of the lower extremities (OAVLE) has been triggered by the growing incidence of the disease and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to diagnostics and treatment of OAVLE. Patients with OAVLE had the following tests: lipid profile, the state of the coagulation component of hemostasis, total homocysteine, the state of arterial lumens, and blebbing of the lymphocyte plasma membrane. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (30 patients) – patients with class IIB ischemia, according to Pokrovsky-Fontaine’s classification, and Group 2 (30 patients) – patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities. The tests revealed a strong positive correlation between the total blebbing of lymphocytes and the development of critical ischemia (rS=0.85, p<0.001) and a very strong positive correlation between the number of lymphocytes in the state of terminal blebbing and the development of critical ischemia (rS=0.96, p<0.001). Other significant factors were a decrease in LPHD, an increase in total homocysteine, and development of hypercoagulation. The data obtained in the present study confirm the importance of assessing the blebbing of the lymphocyte plasma membrane in patients with critical ischemia of the lower extremities

Low-emission vehicles in public transport - selected aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Dariusz Pyza ◽  
Monika Buczkowska ◽  
Marek Ziembicki
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Urban Public Transport ◽  
Zero Emission

The European Union's transport policy assumes limiting the negative impact of transport on the environment. In this aspect, several actions are undertaken to achieve this goal. One of the priorities in this area is developing zero-emission transport systems in urban public transport. The article presents selected aspects of low-emission vehicles and their use in urban transport systems. Besides, the state of development of low-emission transport systems in public transport in Poland was presented, with particular emphasis on the system in the Warsaw agglomeration.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Additionality: The Impact of Central Grants for Primary Healthcare on State-Level Spending on Primary Healthcare in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Bowser ◽  
Rajesh Jha ◽  
Manjiri Bhawalkar ◽  
Peter Berman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthcare Expenditures ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Eag States ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Level

Background: In planning for universal health coverage, many countries have been examining their fiscal decentralization policies with the goal of increasing efficiency and equity via "additionalities." The concept of "additionality," when the government of a lower administrative level increases the funding allocated to a particular issue when extra funds are present, is often used in these contexts. Although the definition of "additionality" can be used more broadly, for the purposes of this paper we focus narrowly on the additional allocation of primary healthcare expenditures. This paper explores this idea by examining the impact of central level primary healthcare expenditure, on individual state level contributions to primary healthcare expenditure within 16 Indian states between 2005 and 2013. Methods: In examining 5 main variables, we compared differences between government expenditures, contributions, and revenues for Empowered Action Group (EAG) states, and non-EAG states. EAG states are normally larger states that have weaker public health infrastructure and hence qualify for additional funding. Finally, using a model that captured the quantity of central level primary healthcare expenditure distributions to these states, we measured its impact on each state’s own contributions to primary healthcare spending. Results: Our results show that, at the state level, growth in per capita central level primary healthcare expenditure has increased by 110% from 2005-2013, while state’s own contributions to primary healthcare expenditure per capita increased by 32%. Further analyses show that a 1% change disbursement from the central level leads to a -0.132%, although not significant, change by states in their own expenditure. The effect for wealthier states is -0.151% and significant and for poorer states the effect is smaller at -0.096% and not significant. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that increases in central level primary healthcare expenditure to states have an inverse relationship with primary healthcare expenditures by the state level. Furthermore, this effect is more pronounced in wealthier Indian states. This finding has policy implications on India’s decision to increase block grants to states in place of targeted program expenditures.

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