scholarly journals Science, red in tooth and claw: Whaling, purity, pollution and institutions in marine mammal scientists’ boundary work

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 165-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedict E. Singleton ◽  
Rolf Lidskog
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Marine Mammal ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Boundary Work ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Scientific Societies ◽  
Environmental Conflicts ◽  
International Whaling Commission ◽  
Institutional Contexts

The use of lethal research methods on cetaceans has a long and complicated history in cetology (the scientific study of whales, dolphins and porpoises). In the current era, collecting data through the hunting of whales (sometimes referred to as scientific whaling) remains a source of considerable conflict in various fora, including scientific ones. Based on interviews and documents, this article explores how marine mammal scientists articulate the validity of particular practices and research at both the International Whaling Commission and in professional scientific societies. Drawing on cultural theory, the article explores scientists’ boundary work, describing the purity and pollution of particular whaling practices in different institutional contexts. Respondents on either side of the debate argued for the pure or polluted nature of various positions, often utilising particular idealised values of science: objectivity, honesty and openness regarding how conclusions were drawn. The nature of boundary work performed is then related to the institutional context within which it takes place. This article thus highlights how science’s role in environmental conflicts can be assessed through boundary work that denotes who can legitimately speak for science, on what topics and how science is stage-managed.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Professional Boundaries in-Action: Using Reflective Spaces for Boundary Work to Incorporate a New Health Care Role

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872672110103
Author(s):  
Nina Lunkka ◽  
Noora Jansson ◽  
Tuija Mainela ◽  
Marjo Suhonen ◽  
Merja Meriläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Boundary Work ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Professional Role ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Professional Boundaries ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Transformative Potential ◽  
Professional Boundary

Prior research on professional boundary work emphasises the importance of subtle interactions among affected individuals when a new role is inserted into an established professional setting, which inevitably changes the prevalent division of labour. Thus, managers may set reflective spaces for professionals to collaboratively arrange their boundaries and make room for the new professional. This ethnomethodologically oriented study examines boundary arrangements in work development meetings in a university hospital, while professionals made room for a new role, a hospitalist. Examining professionals’ naturally occurring interactions in reflective spaces, the findings depict seven categorisations for the hospitalist. Elaborating on the dynamics of these categorisations, we propose that technically based categorisations sustain stability and context-bound categorisations allow change in work practices, whereas their combination enables transformation within the institutional context. Accordingly, the study adds to the literature on the transformative potential of reflective spaces by illuminating the intertwining of engaged professionals’ boundary talk-in-interaction with the consequences of configurational boundary work in relation to a new professional role.

Commercial Arbitration

2021 ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Soia Mentschikoff
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Context ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Business Relationship ◽  
Commercial Arbitration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Institutional Contexts

This article assesses the structure and the process of commercial arbitration, which are determined by the different institutional contexts in which it arises. The simplest institutional context or setting is when two persons in a contract delineating a business relationship agree to settle any disputes that may arise under the contract by resort to arbitration before named arbitrators or persons to be named at the time of the dispute. A second type of arbitration arises within the context of a particular trade association or exchange. The third setting for commercial arbitration is found in administrative groups, such as the American Arbitration Association, which provide rules, facilities, and arbitrators for any persons desiring to settle disputes by arbitration. The article then distinguishes between those factors that can be said to produce a need for arbitration machinery in commercial groups and those factors that merely make it desirable.

Single episode analysis of extended conflict talk sequences in second language classroom discussion

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Hosoda ◽  
David Aline
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Classroom Interaction ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Classroom Discussion ◽  
Single Episode ◽  
Conflict Talk ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Institutional Contexts

Numerous studies have examined conflict talk from an ethnomethodological perspective, scrutinizing development of conflict talk sequences (e.g., Coulter 1990; Maynard 1985a). We take up this strand of research to examine an extended episode of conflict talk in a second language (L2) classroom. Throughout this study, we conduct a detailed analysis of a single episode, applying previous research findings and using this analysis as a springboard into uncovering distinct aspects of conflict talk in this institutional context that may also be generalizable to other institutional contexts. The focus here is on an extended dispute occurring in a group discussion extracted from a larger corpus of L2 classroom interaction.

Attack or Defend? The Role of Institutional Context on Patent Litigation Strategies

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce C. Rudy ◽  
Stephanie L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Institutional Contexts

Research has suggested that firms engage in a number of different patent strategies to protect and even gain competitive advantage. However, we know less about the strategies firms employ when engaging in patent litigation. Using proprietary and defensive generic patent strategies as a starting point, this paper describes two types of patent litigation strategies, the types of institutional contexts that would be expected to motivate firms to engage in each, and the performance outcomes of firms undertaking such strategies. Analyzing patent litigation activity between 2002 and 2008 in the pharmaceutical and semiconductor industries, we find that firms in the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to follow a proactive proprietary patent litigation strategy, while firms in the semiconductor industry are more likely to engage in a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy. Furthermore, firms in the semiconductor industry that followed a proactive defensive patent litigation strategy enjoyed better performance than firms that did not engage in this strategy.

scholarly journals Making as Growth: Narratives in Materials and Process

Design Issues ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lambert ◽  
Chris Speed
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Academic Integrity ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
Research Through Design ◽  
Apply Research ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Research Questions

As an activity, research through design gives rise to new knowledge from both creative processes and, if there are any, resultant artifacts. Arguably, all creative practitioners are researchers of one kind or another, whether through materials, aesthetics, technologies, ethnographies, or cultural theory. It also can be argued that research methods in creative practice have not so much been invented or applied to validate academic integrity, but instead they have unfolded and emerged as enquiry has deepened. In this way, the design researcher has the means to re-position their projects to frame premeditated research questions and objectives within their work, and in some cases, apply research questions after practice has taken place.

scholarly journals Strategi Penanaman Toleransi Beragama Anak Usia Dini

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
Anwar Zain
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Protestant Christianity

Sekolah PAUD Widya Dharma merupakan satu satunya lembaga pendidikan tingkat TK (Taman Kanak-Kanak) yang mempunyai siswa yang berlatar berlakang agama lebih beragam dari sekolah TK. PAUD lainnya di Kota Banjarmasin. Latar belakang agama siswanya tersebut meliputi: agama Islam, Kristen, Katolik, Budha dan Hindu. Prosentasi siswa dari beragam agama tersebut tidak ada jumlah siswa dari beragama yang mendominasi lebih dari 50%. Selain itu juga walaupun para pendiri sekolah ini kebanyakannya dari orang yang beragama Budha, tetapi siswa yang berlatar belakang agama Budha tidak mendominasi secara kuantitas, sedangkan siswa yang beragama Kristen Protestan yang lebih banyak. Secara urutan kuantitas jumlah siswa berdasarkan latar belakang agama terbanyak ialah (1) Kristen Protestan, (2) Islam, (3) Katholik, (4) Budha, dan (5) Hindu. Berdasarkan latar belakang singkat tersebut, maka sangat perlu dan manfaat secara kajian ilmiah untuk diteliti tentang kehidupan toleransi beragama anak dengan anak lainnya yang mempunyai agama berbeda-beda ditingkat TK. PAUD. Oleh karena itu, peneliti memfokuskan penelitian ini kepada strategi penanaman toleransi beragama anak di PAUD Widya Dharma Kota Banjarmasin.  Pendekatan Penelitian menggunakan metode  penelitian  kualitatif  yang dilakukan  dengan  penelitian  lapangan, informan dalam menggali penelitian ditujukan kepada guru-guru agama, dan objek penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi penanaman toleransi beragama kepada anak-anak yang berbeda-beda agamanya. Teknik penelitiannya dengan melakukan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Kemudian untuk memvalidasi tingkat kebenaran data tersebut maka dalam hal ini menggunakan teknik triangulasi metode dan sumber. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa strategi penanaman toleransi beragama pada anak usia dini melalui 5 (lima) kegiatan, yaitu (1) Guru mengenalkan sifat-sifat baik. (2) Guru mengenalkan sifat toleransi beragama. (3) Guru memberikan stimulus agar  anak berpikir tentang sifat-sifat baik, 4) Guru memberikan stimulus agar anak berpikir tentang toleransi beragama. (5) Guru membuat anak merasakan  manfaat sifat toleransi beragama. Kata kunci: Strategi Penanaman, Toleransi Beragama, Anak Usia Dini.   Abstract PAUD Widya Dharma School is the only kindergarten level educational institution (Kindergarten) which has students with more diverse religious backgrounds than kindergarten schools. Other PAUD in Banjarmasin City. The students' religious backgrounds include: Islam, Christianity, Catholicism Buddhism and Hinduism. The percentage of students from various religions does not have the number of students from that religion which dominates more than 50%. In addition, even though the founders of this school were mostly Buddhist, students with Buddhist backgrounds did not dominate in quantity, while students who were Protestant Christians were more numerous. In order of quantity, the highest number of students based on religious backgrounds is (1) Protestant Christianity, (2) Islam, (3) Catholic, (4) Buddhist, and (5) Hinduism. Based on this brief background, it is very necessary and beneficial in a scientific study to study the religious tolerance of children with other children who have different religions at the kindergarten level. PAUD. Therefore, the researcher focuses this research on the strategy of internalization children's religious tolerance in PAUD Widya Dharma Banjarmasin City. The research approach used qualitative research methods carried out by field research, informants in exploring research aimed at religious teachers, and the object of this study was to find out how to cultivate religious tolerance strategies for children of different religions. The research technique is by conducting interviews, observation and documentation. Then to validate the level of correctness of the data, in this case using the triangulation technique methods and sources. The results of the study state that the strategy of internalization religious tolerance in early childhood through 5 (five) activities, namely: (1) The teacher introduces good traits, (2) The teacher introduces the nature of religious tolerance; (3) The teacher provides a stimulus so that the child thinks about good traits; (4) Tthe teacher provides a stimulus so that the child thinking about religious tolerance, (5) Teachers make children feel the benefits of religious tolerance. Keywords: Strategy of Internalization, Religious Tolerance, Early Childhood

scholarly journals Conducting sexualities research: an outline of emergent issues and case studies from ten Wellcome-funded projects

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Kneale ◽  
Robert French ◽  
Helen Spandler ◽  
Ingrid Young ◽  
Carrie Purcell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Funded Research ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Sexual Orientations ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Diverse Groups

This letter seeks to synthesise methodological challenges encountered in a cohort of Wellcome Trust-funded research projects focusing on sexualities and health. The ten Wellcome Trust projects span a diversity of gender and sexual orientations and identities, settings; institutional and non-institutional contexts, lifecourse stages, and explore a range of health-related interventions.  As researchers, we originate from a breadth of disciplinary traditions, use a variety of research methods and data sources. Despite this breadth, four common themes are found across the projects: (i) inclusivity, representations and representativeness, (ii) lumping together of diverse groups, (iii) institutions and closed settings (iv) ethical and governance barriers.

Meditation, Buddhism, and Science

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Mindfulness Meditation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Buddhist Studies ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Humanistic Study ◽  
Institutional Contexts

This volume discusses modern transformations of Buddhist and Buddhist-derived meditation and the scientific studies of these practices from the humanistic perspective of scholars in the interdisciplinary field of Buddhist Studies. Meditation, particularly “mindfulness” meditation, has garnered enormous attention in recent years as the object of scientific study, to the point of redefining the very conception of meditation in the popular imagination and the academy. For millennia, these practices occurred almost exclusively in monastic contexts for soteriological purposes. Yet today, the institutional settings, goals, and the practices themselves have undergone momentous changes. Contemporary practice often focuses on practical matters, such as health, relationships, and work life, with little to no consideration given to the beliefs, values, or cosmologies that underpin such practice from the Buddhist point of view. Moreover, meditation’s institutional homes have gone from the monastery to some of the most powerful institutions in the world, including public universities, hospitals, multinational corporations, and the US military, as well as many non-institutional settings. The plethora of scientific studies conducted in recent years have, in fact, not only undergirded these transformations, but have helped to create them. The contributors to this volume seek to understand these changes within their broader historical, cultural, and institutional contexts. Their chapters show the importance of the humanistic study of the complex interrelations between Buddhism and the scientific study of meditative practices.

Research Methods and Methodologies Used in Studies on Social Accounting

2022 ◽  
pp. 32-52
Author(s):  
Maria da Conceição da Costa Tavares ◽  
Alcina Portugal Dias
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social Accounting ◽  
Subjective Reality ◽  
Accounting Research ◽  
Accounting Practice ◽  
The Social

Accounting as a social science considers an objective and subjective reality that must be seen and understood under the institutional context where it is developed. Thus, this chapter discusses the roles and effects of the paradigms in accounting research, in general, and social accounting research, in particular, aiming to know and understand the research lines that better define a theoretical scope of analysis for the social accounting practice. This research tries to better fit the answers to some questions about social accounting. The results argue for the importance of keeping a theoretical paradigm alive in order to foster multidimensional openness and true scholarship in accounting research and application. A multi-disciplinary appreciation with different perspectives will enrich the research in social accounting.

scholarly journals Global Philanthropy: Does Institutional Context Matter for Charitable Giving?

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402198944
Author(s):  
Pamala Wiepking ◽  
Femida Handy ◽  
Sohyun Park ◽  
Michaela Neumayr ◽  
René Bekkers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Professional Standards ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
Philanthropic Organizations ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Institutional Contexts

In this article, we examine whether and how the institutional context matters when understanding individuals’ giving to philanthropic organizations. We posit that both the individuals’ propensity to give and the amounts given are higher in countries with a stronger institutional context for philanthropy. We examine key factors of formal and informal institutional contexts for philanthropy at both the organizational and societal levels, including regulatory and legislative frameworks, professional standards, and social practices. Our results show that while aggregate levels of giving are higher in countries with stronger institutionalization, multilevel analyses of 118,788 individuals in 19 countries show limited support for the hypothesized relationships between institutional context and philanthropy. The findings suggest the need for better comparative data to understand the complex and dynamic influences of institutional contexts on charitable giving. This, in turn, would support the development of evidence-based practices and policies in the field of global philanthropy.

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