scholarly journals Adjudicating infrastructure: Treaties, territories, hydropolitics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majed Akhter
Keyword(s):  
River System ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
International Court ◽  
Treaty Interpretation ◽  
Water Treaty ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Indus Waters Treaty ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In 2013, an international Court of Arbitration delivered a two-part decision on the legality of the Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Plant, located in the internationally disputed territory of Kashmir. The court was convened under procedures detailed in the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, a landmark international water treaty between Pakistan and India mediated by the World Bank in the 1950s. The Kishenganga case is part of the ongoing hydropolitical competition between Pakistan and India over the use of Indus waters and the development of new infrastructures on the river system. This paper draws on critical water geography and geopolitical theory to guide a close, critical, and contextual reading of competing interpretations of the purpose and objective of the Indus Waters Treaty made during the Kishenganga case. It argues that two specific geopolitical imperatives powerfully shaped the legal strategies of state elites: downstream territorialism and basin developmentalism. Pakistani lawyers drew on the treaty negotiation archives to argue that its primary objective and purpose was the protection of vulnerable downstream territories. Indian lawyers, however, drew on the text of the treaty and the archives to argue the primary objective was the maximum economic development of the Indus Basin. I also discuss the relationship of these imperatives with David Harvey’s influential understanding of capitalist states acting under the dual pressures of the “territorial” and “capitalist” imperatives. By analyzing how geopolitical imperatives shape strategies of treaty interpretation, the paper develops a legal and geopolitical contribution to critical water geography. The paper also makes a methodological contribution by demonstrating how treaty negotiation archives represent a rich and underutilized resource for hydropolitical analysis.

Zebrafish embryos exposed to deltamethrin exhibit abnormalities despite induced expression of related genes (you, you-too, momo and u-boot)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Kuder Reshma Shabnam ◽  
Dharmapuri Gangappa ◽  
Gundala Harold Philip
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Pericardial Edema ◽  
Eye Pigmentation ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Evaluation of the toxic effects of a widely used synthetic pyrethroid, deltamethrin (DM), was carried out in this study. This pesticide is preferred for pest control because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. We investigated the expression pattern of four genes, namely, you ( you), yot ( you-too), momo ( mom) and ubo ( u-boot) during early development of zebrafish, that is, from 12 hpf to 48 hpf stages. These stages are selected as most of the important developmental aspects take place during this period. All four genes are known to play a vital role in development of notochord and somites. To understand the effect of DM on development, embryos of 4 hpf stage were exposed to two concentrations (100 and 200 µg/L) of DM, and observations were made at 12, 24 and 48 hpf stages. Our earlier studies have shown phenotypic abnormalities such as notochord bending, tail deformation, yolk sac and pericardial edema, lightening of body and eye pigmentation and interfered in somite patterning, during these stages of development. Understanding the relationship of phenotypic abnormalities with these four genes has been our primary objective. These four genes were analyzed by Reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction and intensity of the bands has shown induction in their expression after exposure to the toxicant. In spite of the expression of genes, it was noticed that DM caused abnormalities. It can be said from the results that translational pathway could have been affected.

scholarly journals ENHANCING MILLENNIAL PERFORMANCE THROUGH INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468
Author(s):  
Susanti Dwi Ilhami ◽  
◽  
Armanu Armanu ◽  
Noermijati Noermijati ◽  
Nattharuja Korsakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Media ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study presents a model linking individual characteristics, employee engagement, and employee performance. The primary objective was to investigate the direct effect of individual characteristics on employee performance and its indirect effect through employee engagement. This study used a non-probability sampling technique with a saturation sampling type. The data were obtained by a questionnaire from a sample of 118 respondents of millennial employees in the media and information technologies sector in Yogyakarta. Data were analyzed by used variance-based SEM (SEM-PLS) and found four significant paths models. The result reveals that individual characteristics have a positive and significant effect on improving employee performance. Moreover, individual characteristics are significantly positive in increasing employee engagement, while employee engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The mediation test result indicated that employee engagement could partially mediate the relationship of individual characteristics on employee performance. Further research can incorporate variables that influence millennial performance, such as job characteristics, intention to leave, job satisfaction, and other variables to improve strategies in enhancing millennial performance.

Challenge and response in the Indus Basin

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. 58-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madison Condon ◽  
Don Kriens ◽  
Anjali Lohani ◽  
Erum Sattar
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
River System ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basin Irrigation ◽  
Indus Waters Treaty ◽  
Institutional Architecture

The authors examine the complex history of the development of the Indus Basin and the challenges faced by Pakistan during the evolution of the Indus Basin Irrigation System and the country's responses to date. The Indus river system must meet the multiple needs of agriculture, energy and flood security. Pakistan's constitutional structure, in which the federation shares overall responsibility for the operation of the Indus with the provinces, poses unique management and implementation challenges. What are the institutional arrangements Pakistan needs to address the challenges to the Indus Waters Treaty it signed with India in 1960? How is the country going to regulate the use of over-abstraction in the basin with the increased reliance on groundwater to maintain agricultural productivity? What are the institutional mechanisms in place to manage increased river flow variations from glacial melt as a result of climate change and for coping with devastating floods? At the same time, is the country maintaining adequate environmental flows to its delta? Provincial mistrust and a lack of institutional capacity underpins the history of the Indus in Pakistan with the Interprovincial Water Accord 1991 serving as a ray of hope on which to build a new institutional architecture of cooperation.

scholarly journals Indus Water Treaty: Past Present and Future

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-86
Author(s):  
Shahnawaz Mantoo
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Water Treaty ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Indus Waters Treaty ◽  
Irrigation Waters

Natural resources are fundamental and imperative for the existence and evolution of human civilizations. Water being most important scarce natural resource has become a contentious political issue in the world. South Asia being a less connected and conflict ridden region, Water related conflicts have been a dominant area of concern. At the time of independence, the boundary line between the two newly created independent countries, i.e. Pakistan and India was drawn right across the Indus Basin, leaving Pakistan as the lower riparian. Dispute thus arose between the two countries regarding the utilization of irrigation waters from existing facilities. The negotiations held under the World Bank, culminated in the signing of Indus Waters Treaty in 1960. The paper will examine the historical background of the treaty; the contentious developments which have arose over the years and will also discuss the Kashmir perspective on the treaty. The paper will also evaluate the present disagreeing arguments of both states over the treaty.

scholarly journals Timeliness and Relevance of Financial Reporting in Nigerian Quoted Firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ohaka ◽  
Fyneface N. Akani
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Board Independence ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Financial accounting standards emphasize timeliness as one of the key components of decision-driven informationalrelevance. Accordingly, if information is not available as and when due but rather made available so late that it bears novalue for future action, then it is operationally irrelevant. To fulfil their primary objective and be useful, therefore,financial reports are expected to be characterized by relevance, reliability, completeness, and timeliness. Against thisbackground, this study examined the relationship of firm size and board independence respectively to the timeliness offinancial reporting in companies quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Secondary data pertaining to the firmswere derived from their annual reports and the NSE Fact Book for 12 years (2000-2011). Analysis of the research datainvolved test of multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation; while the multiple regression techniquefacilitated the test of research hypotheses. The results established a significant relationship between firm size andtimeliness of financial reporting; while in the case of board independence, the relationship was not significant.Consequently, it is recommended that regulatory bodies should ensure better of enforcement of standards relating totimeliness so that financial reports of the firms will be of higher value to key stakeholders.

scholarly journals Social-family development: integral culture for the formation of the children of the zero program always in the municipality of Pamplona

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Fredy Andrés Cruz - Vega ◽  
Luz Eliana Figueroa - Granados
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The research makes it possible to recognize the judgments of the users who are enrolled in the zero to always family modality and, in turn, establish the relationship they give to the program in the training of their children. The use of qualitative research for this proposal contributes or it establishes the relationship of describing and giving points of view to problems of the social educational and experiential context, the primary objective was to determine the degree of use by users of the program from zero to always family modality, in the municipality of Pamplona. It can be said that the application of this research contributes in part to diagnosing from a personal point of view the impact generated by the program in the training of minors, evidencing in it the theoretical, political and real positions in order to make them aware of the importance of training of children. The instruments used for families in certain rural areas who are the objects of study were semi-structured interviews; validated by experts from the area, they managed to produce key information for the analysis and triangulation. Thanks to the analysis units and the categories established in the interview, it was possible to focus and provide solutions to the objectives set, demonstrating the perception that the beneficiaries of the program of zero They always have in relation to the operation in rural areas of Pamplona. With the information obtained it is clear to establish the conformity of the operation of the program in terms of the role of care for families, the training of minors and the integration of society is thus how the show is getting on the right tide.

Rivers Divided

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haines
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
River System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Development Politics ◽  
New Research ◽  
Indus Waters Treaty ◽  
First Time

The Indus Waters Treaty is considered a key example of India–Pakistan cooperation, but less has been said about its critical influence on state-making in both countries. This book reveals the importance of the Indus Basin river system, and thus control over it, for Indian and Pakistani claims to sovereignty after South Asia’s Partition in 1947. Securing water flows was a key aim for both governments. In 1960 the Indus Waters Treaty ostensibly settled the dispute, but in fact failed to address critical sources of tension. Examples include the role of water in the Kashmir conflict and the riverine geography of Punjab’s militarized border zone. Despite the recent resurgence of disputes over water-sharing in South Asia, the historical causes and consequences of the region’s flagship natural resources treaty remain little understood. Based on new research in South Asia, the United States and United Kingdom, this book places the Indus dispute, for the first time, in the context of decolonization and Cold War-era development politics. Using perspectives from environmental history, political geography, and international relations, it examines the discord over riparian rights at local, national and international levels, arguing that we can only explain its importance and longevity in light of India and Pakistan’s state-building initiatives after independence. In the process, it puts forward a new reading of territoriality in South Asia.

How the crust meets the mantle: Lithoprobe perspectives on the Mohorovičić discontinuity and crust–mantle transitionThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick A. Cook ◽  
Donald J. White ◽  
Alan G. Jones ◽  
David W.S. Eaton ◽  
Jeremy Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Seismic Reflectivity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mohorovičić Discontinuity

Application of regional geophysical and geological methods throughout two decades of Canada’s Lithoprobe project provides new opportunities to analyze the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and crust–mantle transition. The transect format employed during Lithoprobe, in which 10 specified regions of Canada were targeted for approximately a decade each, between 1984 and 2003, permitted teams of scientists to focus on geological, geophysical, and tectonic issues for each transect. As a primary objective was to enhance knowledge of the structure of the crust and lithosphere, an obvious target in each transect was the nature and origin of the Moho and crust–mantle transition. Accordingly, the combined results provide new perspectives on the Moho and the relationship of the Moho to the crust–mantle transition. Perhaps the most important result is that the continental geophysical Moho is a deceptively simple feature; it has a variety of signatures at different scales that preclude a single, universally applicable interpretation. In methods that provide large-scale information, such as regional seismic studies, it is a relatively abrupt refraction velocity contrast that often displays a dramatic downward decrease in seismic reflectivity. However, its origin in a geological or tectonic sense is perhaps best determined by careful analyses of structural details near the geophysical Moho, which are complex and varied. In some areas within Canada, it appears that the geophysical Moho may be old and perhaps remains from the time the crust formed; in other areas, it appears to be a relatively young feature that was superimposed onto older crustal fabrics.

scholarly journals Relative deprivation in income, tobacco chewing and bidi smoking among Indian adults: Findings from a cross-sectional national study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Joya Sharma ◽  
Malavika Ambale Subramanyam
Keyword(s):  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
National Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tobacco Chewing

The robust relationship of income with health outcomes is widely documented and there is a rich body of work examining the direct impact of income on health. However, researchers have also extensively studied the relationship of an individuals relative socioeconomic position with their wellbeing, frequently explained by the relative deprivation (RD) hypothesis. Despite the high socioeconomic inequality, research on RD in the Indian context is scarce. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to assess the relationship of RD in income with the risk of tobacco chewing and bidi smoking in a sample of Indian adults. We drew data from the second round of the nationally representative India Human Development Survey for our analysis. Using data on annual household equivalized income from 26,529 adults, we created the Yitzhaki index to operationalize RD in income. We then fitted survey adjusted logistic regression models accounting for age, gender, absolute household equivalized income, education, place of residence, caste, and religion. Odds ratios from fully adjusted models for the third tertile (greatest relative deprivation) versus the first tertile (lowest relative deprivation) ranged between 1.32 (95% CI=1.15, 1.50) and 1.63 (95% CI=1.40, 1.89) for tobacco chewing and varied between 0.99 (95% CI=0.86, 1.14) and 1.32 (95% CI=1.15, 1.51) for bidi smoking, depending on the reference group used to compute the RD measure. Our findings suggested that with higher RD, the risk of consumption of smokeless tobacco and bidi smoking was higher. These results point to the health hazard of relative deprivation in a society that has enjoyed rapid economic growth coupled with rising income inequality in the last few decades. Our findings call for a comprehensive assessment of the socioeconomic inequality in income and health observed in India and the implementation of efficient programs to narrow the gap.

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