Infrastructure, wildlife tourism, (il)legible populations: A comparative study of two districts in contemporary Botswana

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1095
Author(s):  
Annette Alfina LaRocco
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
State Power ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Wildlife Tourism ◽  
The North ◽  
Relationship Of

This article interrogates how the provision (or absence) of state infrastructure such as roads, bridges, permanent buildings, water reticulation, electricity, and transport facilities in regions hosting the lucrative tourism industry is linked to state control and regulation of the use of space, as well as the daily lives of conservation-adjacent citizens. Using the dialectic of legibility and illegibility in the context of Botswana’s expansive wildlife tourism industry, it examines how ambiguous government expansions and retractions of infrastructure function as mechanisms of state-building in relation to the natural environment. In Botswana’s western region, the provision of infrastructure draws out previously sparsely populated and seasonally mobile people from “the bush” to live in state-sanctioned villages, pulling them into a relationship of “legibility” with the state. However, in the north, where the bulk of the tourism industry is based, the calculus is different. The allocation of infrastructure is delayed or denied in order to maintain the fiction of a people-free wilderness that appeals to foreign tourist consumers—pushing local people into “illegibility”. The myth of a people-less wilderness produces highly differentiated modes of state intervention in rural areas, shifting local peoples’ ability to interface with the state, the tourism industry, and other citizens. This article conceptualizes illegibility not as a form of resistance to, or avoidance of, state power but in the unique context produced by enclave wildlife tourism, an alternative manifestation of state power.

scholarly journals Qualitative perspectives of the North Carolina healthy food small retailer program among customers in participating stores located in food deserts

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Haynes-Maslow ◽  
Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts ◽  
Kathryn A. Boys ◽  
Jared T. McGuirt ◽  
Sheila Fleischhacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Food Access ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Food Deserts ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
The State ◽  
The North

Abstract Background The North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program (NC HFSRP) was established through a policy passed by the state legislature to provide funding for small food retailers located in food deserts with the goal of increasing access to and sales of healthy foods and beverages among local residents. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine perceptions of the NC HFSRP among store customers. Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 customers from five NC HFSRP stores in food deserts across eastern NC. Interview questions were related to shoppers’ food and beverage purchases at NC HFSRP stores, whether they had noticed any in-store efforts to promote healthier foods and beverages, their suggestions for promoting healthier foods and beverages, their familiarity with and support of the NC HFSRP, and how their shopping and consumption habits had changed since implementation of the NC HFSRP. A codebook was developed based on deductive (from the interview guide questions) and inductive (emerged from the data) codes and operational definitions. Verbatim transcripts were double-coded and a thematic analysis was conducted based on code frequency, and depth of participant responses for each code. Results Although very few participants were aware of the NC HFSRP legislation, they recognized changes within the store. Customers noted that the provision of healthier foods and beverages in the store had encouraged them to make healthier purchase and consumption choices. When a description of the NC HFSRP was provided to them, all participants were supportive of the state-funded program. Participants discussed program benefits including improving food access in low-income and/or rural areas and making healthy choices easier for youth and for those most at risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Conclusions Findings can inform future healthy corner store initiatives in terms of framing a rationale for funding or policies by focusing on increased food access among vulnerable populations.

scholarly journals (M.A. thesis) Migration schedules by age and characterization of migrants in the micro-regions of Goiás and the Federal District, 1975–1979 and 1986–1990

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The State ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The North ◽  
High Level

Title in Portuguese: Funções de migração por idade e caracterização de migrantes das microrregiões de Goiás e Distrito Federal, 1975-1979 e 1986-1990(Dissertação de Mestrado)(M.A. Thesis)Since the 70’s, the Brazilian Middle-West Region has experienced an important modernization process in agricultural and industrial activities, which has led to an employment retraction and migration flows, especially from rural areas to the major metropolitan cities of the region. In this research the focus of analysis are the State of Goiás and the Federal District, which encompasses Brasília, the capital of Brazil. In order to understand the new population configuration, the region was divided into four sub-areas (micro-region of Goiânia, micro-region of Entorno de Brasília, the Federal District, and a group of 16 micro-regions of Goiás) and the patterns of migration, by age and sex, were estimated for the periods 1975-1979 and 1986-1991. In addition, differences between native and migrant population of each sub-area, according to the participation in the labor force, income, education and type of migration were investigated. The analysis was performed on the basis of the 1980 and 1991 Brazilian Census data.In the intra-state migration, the fluxes between the micro-region of Goiânia and the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás, and between the Federal District and the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília were the most important. In the inter-state migration, the flux from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and the North region to the 16 micro-regions of Goiás, as well as the flux from Northeast, Southeast and South to the Federal District were significant. But there was a decline in the migration to the Federal District, between 1975-1979 and 1986-1991, while, in the same period, the migration to the Entorno of Brasília increased.The chance of the migrant population in the micro-region of Goiânia and in the Federal District to have worked in the last 12 months prior to census interview was lower than that of the native population. However, those who migrated from the Federal District to the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had higher chance to have worked in the formal sector than those who did not migrate. Migrants who moved from the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília and the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás to the micro-region of Goiânia had lower wages than the non-migrant population. The lowest level of wages was recorded for the migrants to the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás. Migrants living in the Federal District had high level of education, while those migrants living in the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had low level of education.In 1986-1990, the micro-regions of Goiânia and Entorno de Brasília, as well as the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás, presented a high percentage of returned migrants. In the same period, a major proportion of migrants to the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had first moved from Southeast or from the Federal District to others regions. In addition, there was a considerable proportion of migrants with low income who had moved from Northeast to the Federal District and then to the micro-region of the Entorno de Brasília.Future research could focus other areas or regions of Brazil, and could also explore the same kind of analysis, on the basis of the incoming 2000 Brazilian Census, which requires the development of new techniques, as it did not collect information on the city of previous residence, but only on the state of residence.

Alcohol and Politics in France

1957 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
The State ◽  
State Agency ◽  
The North ◽  
State Monopoly ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

“On jongle trop avec la structure d'un Pays qui a été, dans le monde, le défenseur de l'individu, de la liberté, du sens de la mesure. Un petit paysan sur sa terre, n'est-il pas humainement autre chose que le chômeur de demain ou l'ouvrier qui sera condamné à fabriquer toute sa vie des boulons?”Le Betteravier Français, September 1956, page 1.Large-scale state intervention in the alcohol market in France dates from World War I, when the government committed itself to encourage the production of alcohol. Two chief reasons then lay back of this decision: a huge supply of alcohol was needed for the manufacture of gunpowder, and the devastation of the beet-growing regions of the north had severely limited production of beet alcohol, thereby throwing the domestic market out of balance. A law of 30 June 1916, adopted under emergency procedure, established a state agency empowered to purchase alcohol. At the end of the war, a decree of 1919 accorded the government the right “provisionally” to maintain the state monopoly. In 1922 the beetgrowers and winegrowers gave their support to the principle of a state monopoly which, in effect, reserved the industrial market for beet alcohol and the domestic market for viticulture. In 1931 the state was authorized to purchase alcohol distilled from surplus wine.

Settler Farmers and Coerced African Labour in Southern Rhodesia, 1936–46

1992 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Johnson
Keyword(s):  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
The North ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Face ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Agrarian Crisis ◽  
Second World

This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on the socio-economic impact of the Second World War on Africa. The focus is on the inter-relationship between the state, settler farmers and African labour in Southern Rhodesia. The war presented an opportunity for undercapitalized European farmers to enlist state support in securing African labour that they could not obtain through market forces alone. Historically, these farmers depended heavily on a supply of cheap labour from the Native Reserves and from the colonies to the north, especially Nyasaland. But the opportunities for Africans to sell their labour in other sectors of the Southern Rhodesian economy and in the Union of South Africa, or to at least determine the timing and length of their entry into wage employment, meant that settler farmers seldom obtained an adequate supply of labour. Demands for increased food production, a wartime agrarian crisis and a diminished supply of external labour all combined to ensure that the state capitulated in the face of requests for Africans to be conscripted into working for Europeans as a contribution to the Imperial war effort. The resulting mobilization of thousands of African labourers under the Compulsory Native Labour Act (1942), which emerged as the prize of the farmers' campaign for coerced labour, corrects earlier scholarship on Southern Rhodesia which asserted that state intervention in securing labour supplies was of importance only up to the 1920s. The paper also shows that Africans did not remain passive before measures aimed at coercing them into producing value for settler farmers.

scholarly journals The Recovery of Rural Green Tourism in COVID-19 Conditions as an Instrument for the Renovation of the Agrarian Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (513) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
O. V. Kovalova ◽  
◽  
V. V. Samsonova ◽  
T. O. Gakal ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Current System ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Agrarian Economy ◽  
Green Tourism

The article proves that modern globalization challenges create unique opportunities for the recovery of rural green tourism, outlining the prospects for its attribution to strategically important sectors of the national economy on the grounds of priority, resilience and responsibility. However, achieving such results is impossible without appropriate organizational and economic provision for the development of infrastructure of enterprises of rural green tourism, where the State-based levers and instruments play a special role, because due to the sudden, unprecedented drop in demand, the travel and tourism sector will require, first of all, financial incentives with regard to support and recovery. The article is aimed at determine the potential for the recovery of green rural tourism in the conditions of COVID-19 as an instrument for the renovation of the agrarian economy. It is specified that the development of normative and legal provision for the activation of economic activity in the sphere of rural green tourism is a basic condition for the formation of a legal framework for the development of this type of tourism and attraction of investments in this industry. The main determinants of infrastructure development of rural green tourism in Ukraine have been identified and priority measures for the development of rural green and gastronomic tourism in rural areas for the future period are proposed. According to the authors, the active development of rural green tourism in Ukraine necessitates the following: carrying out an analysis of the current system of railway communication between cities and adjusting it to the tourist map of the country; increasing the level of responsibility of carriers for their activities and create conditions for safe passage through the territory; to carry out repairs not only of nationally important roads, but to maintain local roads in good condition as well; improving the quality of road infrastructure, with a focus on placing the appropriate identifying signs for both historical tourist sites and objects of rural green tourism; increasing the efficiency of the State regulation in this sphere. Prospects for further research are to determine the feasibility of implementing the world experience of recovering the tourism industry, particularly rural green tourism.

Buddhism in the history of China in Southern and Northern kingdoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Author(s):  
Leonid Yangutov ◽  
Marina Orbodoeva
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eastern Jin ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
North And South

The article is devoted to the history of Buddhism in China during the period of the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (Nanbeichao, 386-589). The features of the development of Buddhism in the North and South are shown. Three aspects were identified: 1) the attitude of emperors of kingdoms to Buddhism; 2) the relationship of the state apparatus and the Buddhist sangha; 3) the process of further development of Buddhism in China in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, formed on the basis of the traditional worldview. It was revealed that Buddhism in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, both in the North and in the South, developed with the traditions of Buddhism of the Eastern Jin period to the same extent.

Property Rights on Credit and State Control of Money: The Irrelevance of the Origin of Money

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos T. Soldatos
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Matter

Abstract Looking briefly at the anthropological and sociological findings regarding the emergence of money in primordial times, and at the relationship between money and the state in historical times after the emergence of money, this article makes the point that credit money is associated with externalities justifying state intervention even if money did not emerge as debt money. The extent of state intervention is eventually a political matter given that money is needed in addition to finance public goods.

scholarly journals The Pseudo-Schick Reaction and the Intradermol Toxoid Test of Moloney: their Relationship and Significance

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Mitman
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fever Hospital ◽  
New Members ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of

A total of 212 new members of the staff of the North-Eastern Fever Hospital were Schick and Moloney tested. The Schick-positive reactors were immunised with formol toxoid and post-Schick and Moloney tests were performed. The following conclusions were reached:(1) The intradermal toxoid test of Moloney or Zoeller corresponds exactly with the pseudo response in the Schick test.(2) The pseudo response is as efficient as the Moloney for detecting possible reactors to immunising doses of toxoid, and is a more accurate control of the Schick test. The Moloney therefore appears redundant.(3) A positive MP (Moloney or pseudo) reaction accurately indicates those who will react to immunisation; but a negative MP is no guarantee that the subject will not react.(4) The MP-reaction is evidence of bacterial hypersensitiveness to specific products of the body of the diphtheria bacillus.(5) Zoeller's theory that hypersensitiveness is a half-way stage between susceptibility and immunity, is incorrect.(6) MP-reactions usually, but not invariably, develop pari passu with immunity. Because of this parallelism tests of hypersensitiveness give information as to the state of immunity.The significance of tests of infection, hypersensitiveness and immunity are considered; and the possible relationship of MP-reactions with bacterial immunity suggested.

scholarly journals Comments on Wojciech Dzieduszycki’s Reflections on the State and Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Łukasz Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Life ◽  
State Power ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Evolutionary Conservatism ◽  
The Law ◽  
Concept Of Law

<p>Conservatives in Galicia during the Austro-Hungarian monarchy exerted an overwhelming influence on political and social life. Among the conservative groups and parties, there were the so-called Podolaks, to which Wojciech Dzieduszycki belonged, writer, politician and philosopher. He wrote about the genesis and concept of law, the functions of the state and the scope of state power. He spoke against the law that regulates all manifestations of human life, because social relations are also regulated by moral and religious norms. Dzieduszycki was critical of socialism and all excessive forms of state intervention because he was against excessive state power. Based on Dzieduszycki’s reflections on the state and law, it can be concluded that he was an advocate of evolutionary conservatism.</p>

scholarly journals Discourse and Practice of REDD+ in Ghana and the Expansion of State Power

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11358
Author(s):  
Shannon Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Power ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
State Control ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Ecological Responsibility ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Land Policies

Green market mechanisms, as part of the architecture of climate finance, have become key components of international environmental frameworks. One of the most widely known mechanisms for climate change mitigation has been the creation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). The purpose of this paper is to trace global discourses and narratives throughout REDD+ official documents and compare them to the implementation on the ground to determine the extent that REDD+ meets its stated objectives in the Ghanaian context. Then, given the gaps in discourse and practice, this paper aims to define the inexplicit consequences, or rather instrumental effects, of REDD+. Discourse analysis of official REDD+ documents and land policies combined with qualitative interviews and focus groups to determine the linkages between discourse and practice of REDD+ and the impacts of these gaps. While critical civic environmentalism, highlighting environmental justice as a core principle, was somewhat incorporated into official discourse from the international to the national level, the depoliticization of the discourse and the apolitical nature of interventions make these justice concerns negligible and create gaps in discourse and practice. These gaps create disjointed, infeasible policies that establish REDD+ as a fad to bring in financial resources that expand state control of forest resources under the veil of social-ecological responsibility. As a result, state power expands into rural areas, allowing for greater control over land and forests at the expense of local communities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document