Mineralogical investigations of the first package of the alternative buffer material test – I. Alteration of bentonites

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kaufhold ◽  
R. Dohrmann ◽  
T. Sandén ◽  
P. Sellin ◽  
D. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Material Test ◽  
Buffer Material ◽  
Set Up ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Iron Tube ◽  
Almost All

AbstractBentonite, which is envisaged as a promising engineered barrier material for the safe disposal of highly radioactive waste, was and is investigated in different large scale tests. The main focus was and is on the stability (or durability) of the bentonite. However, most countries concentrated on one or a few different bentonites only, regardless of the fact that bentonite performance in different applications is highly variable. Therefore, SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering) set up the first large scale test which aimed at a direct comparison of different bentonites. This test was termed the ‘alternative buffer material test’ and considers eleven different clays which were either compacted (blocks) or put into cages to keep the material together. One so-called package consisted of thirty different blocks placed on top of each other. These blocks surrounded a heated iron tube 10 cm in diameter. Altogether three packages were installed in the underground test laboratory Äspö, Sweden. The first package was terminated 28 months after installation and the bentonite had been exposed for the maximum temperature (130°C) for about one year.Almost all geochemical and mineralogical alterations of the different bentonites (apart from exchangeable cations) were restricted to the contact between iron and bentonite. The increase of the Fe2O3 content was attributed to corrosion of the tube. However, the typical 7 or 14 Å smectite alteration product was not found. At the contact of one sample, siderite was precipitated. Some samples showed anhydrite and organic carbon accumulation and some showed dissolution of clinoptilolite and cristobalite. IR spectroscopy, XRD, and XRF data indicated the formation of trioctahedral minerals/domains in the case of some bentonites. Even more data has to be collected before unambiguous conclusions concerning both alteration mechanisms and bentonite differences can be drawn.

Mineralogical investigations of the first package of the alternative buffer material test – II. Exchangeable cation population rearrangement

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Dohrmann ◽  
S. Olsson ◽  
S. Kaufhold ◽  
P. Sellin
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Exchangeable Cation ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Material Test ◽  
Buffer Material ◽  
Iron Tube

AbstractBentonites are candidate materials for the encapsulation of radioactive waste. In the ‘Alternative Buffer Material test’ (ABM), compacted ring-shaped blocks of eleven different buffer materials (mainly bentonites) were packed vertically on top of each other with an iron tube as heater in the centre. These buffer materials started with various exchangeable cation populations (ECpopulation). The first ‘ABM package’ was terminated 28 months after installation and the bentonites had been exposed to the maximum temperature (130°C) for about one year. The aim of the present study is first: to describe modification of the cation exchange population, and second to understand the influence of the groundwater on cation exchange at different scales. No significant horizontal variation of any exchangeable cation (EC) was detected between 1 and 7 cm distance from contact with the iron tube. Large total differences of the ECpopulations, however, were observed for the individual blocks after the field experiment (n = 21 blocks) with respect to the composition of the reference materials. The average cation exchange capacity (CEC) values of the analysed bentonites (n = 9 blocks) decreased by 5.5 meq/100 (1.1 – 8.8 meq/100 g) after the experiment. Exchangeable Na+ and Mg2+ decreased on average, whereas Ca2+ increased. This trend was pronounced in the top region of the parcel (upper seven blocks). Although most changes occurred on the large scale of the whole test parcel, small but important changes were also recorded in the vertical direction on the centimetre scale. The observed differences cannot be explained assuming simply that a bentonite reacts only with neighbouring blocks, which would mean that the system was more or less closed. The differences are much larger and the only conclusion from this observation is that the whole package seems to be influenced by the groundwater which was added from a water tank at the experiment site, enabling at least partial equilibration between the different blocks.

scholarly journals EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL WAVE SET-UP AT POROUS PBA REVETMENTS ON A SAND FOUNDATION

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Gisa Foyer ◽  
Hocine Oumeraci
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Large Scale Model ◽  
Internal Set ◽  
Deep Water Wave ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Almost All

Wave set-up is generally considered for the stability analysis of beaches, but not or not explicitly for the design of revetments. Based on large-scale model results with regular and irregular waves, it is shown in this paper that this is not justified. For this purpose, the wave set-up on a porous bonded revetment and the related internal set-up in the sand foundation below the revetment are analysed for different breaker types. The results particularly show that (i) considerable set-up values are obtained for almost all breaker types, (ii) a good correlation exists with the deep water wave length for both external and internal set-up and (iii) the internal set-up is significantly affected by the wave set-up on the slope. Empirical formulae for the prediction of the external and internal set-up are also proposed for both regular and irregular waves.

Determining the Stability of Collaborative R&D Networks

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Altfeld ◽  
Johannes Hinckeldeyn ◽  
Jochen Kreutzfeldt ◽  
Peter Gust
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Project Networks ◽  
Centrality Index ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
High Betweenness ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Betweenness Centrality

To reduce the likelihood that R&D projects fail, companies tend to perform collaborative R&D activities in networks. A fundamental characteristic of networks is stability. This paper introduces a novel approach that theoretically determines the stability of R&D networks and combines the analysis of network topology with a two-layer simulation model. Graph theory and measures from social network analysis are used to analyze the topology of collaborative R&D project networks. Our study enables us to identify the companies that play a key role in R&D networks. To ensure the right outcome of the collaborative R&D project, participants with a high betweenness centrality index should be monitored. These participants influence the stability of collaborative networks on a large scale. With these insights, an improved risk management approach can be set up.

scholarly journals SARS-COV2 VARIANTS AND VACCINES MRNA SPIKES FIBONACCI NUMERICAL UA/CG METASTRUCTURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 349-396
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Perez
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
World Population ◽  
Synonymous Codons ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

In this paper, we suggest a biomathematical numerical method for analysing mRNA nucleotides sequences based on UA/CG Fibonacci numbers proportions. This method is used to evaluate then compare the spike genes related to the main SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS currently circulating within the world population. The 10 main results proposed to be reproduced by peers are: SARS-CoV2 genome and spike evolution in one year 2020-2021. SARS-CoV2 Origins. Comparing 11 reference variants spikes. Analysing 32 CAL.20C California variant patients’ spikes. Toward a meta mRNA Fibonacci gene end message code. Analysing S501 UK, S484 South Africa and « 2 mutations » INDIA variants. Suggesting a possible variants spike mRNA palindrome symmetry metastructure improving mRNA stability then infectiousness. Analysing Fibonacci Metastructures in the mRNA coding for the vaccines PFIZER and MODERNA. Does the CG-rich modification of the synonymous codons of the spikes of the 2 mRNA vaccines affect the expression and quantity of SARS-CoV2 antibodies? The exceptional case of the Brazilian variant P.1. Particularly, we suggest the following conjecture at mRNA folding level: CONJECTURE of SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS: The growth of long Fibonacci structures in the shape of "podiums" for almost all of the variants studied (UK, California, South Africa, India, etc.) suggests the probable folding of the Spike mRNA in the form of a "hairpin", which can strengthen the cohesion and the lifespan of this mRNA. Finally, we show that these kinds of Fibonacci matastructures disapear TOTALLY by analysing the published mRNA sequences of PFIZER and MODERNA vaccines. One fact is certain, the two mRNAs of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines will result in a low functionality of the spike vaccine. This is because their designers by seeking greater stability, have doped to build CG rich sequences   which, as soon as they are inserted into the human host, will, paradoxically, seek to mutate, like SARS-CoV2 variants, towards CG ==> UA forms in order to improve their STABILITY and LIFETIME. We conclude using new biomathematics theoretical methods (Master code and numerical standing waves), and comparing the Spikes of the two vaccines Moderna and Pfizer, that there will be very probable differences in stability and shelf life of the two respective mRNAs vaccines. However, “State of the Art” analyzes will disclose that their two protein sequences are strictly identical. By modified their synonymous codons using different strategies, no one can guarantee that the quantity of antibodies generated will be identical in the two cases. We wish to draw attention to the great ADAPTATION power - at the global scale of their genomes - of the most infectious VARIANTS, such as the BRAZIL 20J / 501Y.V3 variant (P.1). This is very worrying for the VACCINES <==> VARIANTS run: We demonstrate how the Brazilian variant P.1 which becomes uncontrollable in Brazil in April 2021 has a level of organization of long metastructures of 17,711 bases covering the genome which is 3.6 more important than that of the 2 reference genomes SARS-CoV2  and worldwide D614G. We suggest that this high level of overall structure of this variant contributes to the stability of this genome and, might explain its greater contagiousness. To complete this article, an ADDENDUM by Nobelprizewinner Luc Montagnier vas added at the end of this paper.

scholarly journals Simulink-Based Analysis for Coupled Metabolic Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shinq-Jen Wu ◽  
Cheng-Tao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dynamic Behaviour ◽  
Canonical Systems ◽  
Metabolic Systems ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Interactive Behaviour

Stability analysis and dynamic simulation are important for researchers to capture the performance and the properties of underling systems. S-systems have good potential for characterizing dynamic interactive behaviour of large scale metabolic and genetic systems. It is important to develop a platform to achieve timely dynamic behaviour of S-systems to various situations. In this study, we first set up the respective block diagrams of S-systems for module-based simulation. We then derive reasonable theorems to examine the stability of S-systems and find out what kinds of environmental situations will make systems stable. Three canonical systems are used to examine the results which are carried out in the Matlab/Simulink environments.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV2 Variants and Vaccines mRNA Spikes Fibonacci Numerical UA/CG Metastructures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Perez
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Standing Waves ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Synonymous Codons ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Reference Genomes

In this paper, we suggest a biomathematical numerical method analysing mRNA nucleotides sequences based on UA/CG Fibonacci numbers proportions. This method is used to evaluate then compare the spike genes related to the main SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS circulating presently within the world. The 9 main results proposed to be reproduced by peers are: 1/ SARS-CoV2 genome and spike evolution in one year 2020-2021. 2/ SARS-CoV2 Origins. 3/ Comparing 11 reference variants spikes. 4/ analysing 32 CAL.20C california variant patients spikes. 5/ Toward a meta mRNA Fibonacci gene end message code. 6/ analysing S501 UK, S484 South Afrika and &laquo; 2 mutations &raquo; IINDIA variants. 7/ Suggesting a possible variants spike mRNA palindrome symmetry metastructure improving mRNA stability then infectuosity. 8/ Analysing Fibonacci Metastructures in the mRNA coding for the vaccines PFIZER and MODERNA. 9/ Does the CG-rich modification of the synonymous codons of the spikes of the 2 mRNA vaccines affect the expression and quantity of SARS-CoV2 antibodies? Particularly, we suggest the following conjecture at mRNA folding level : CONJECTURE of SARS-CoV2 VARIANTS: The growth of long Fibonacci structures in the shape of "podiums" for almost all of the variants studied (UK, California, South Afrika, India, etc.) suggests the probable folding of the Spike mRNA in the form of a "hairpin", which can strengthen the cohesion and the lifespan of this mRNA. Finally, we show that this kind of Fibonacci matastructures disapears TOTALLY analysing the published mRNA sequences of PFIZER and MODERNA vaccines. One fact is certain, the 2 mRNAs of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines will result in a low functionality of the spike vaccine because by doping these sequences in CG rich, their designers, in search of greater STABILITY of these RNAs will have built, according to us , sequences which, as soon as they are inserted into the human host, will seek to mutate, like SARS-CoV2 variants, towards CG ==&gt; UA forms in order to improve, paradoxically, their STABILITY and probably also their LIFETIME.. Particularly, using new biomathematics theoretical methods (Master code and numerical standing waves), and comparing the Spikes of the 2 vaccines Moderna and Phizer, we conclude a very probable difference in stability and shelf life of the 2 respective mRNAs of these 2 vaccines. However, the &ldquo;State of the Art&rdquo; will tell you that their 2 protein sequences are strictly identical. However, by having modified their synonymous codons using different strategies, no one can guarantee that the quantity of antibodies generated will be identical in the 2 cases. We can only note the great ADAPTATION power - at the global scale of their genomes - of the most infectious VARIANTS such as the BRAZIL 20J / 501Y.V3 variant (P.1). This is very worrying for the VACCINES &lt;==&gt; VARIANTS run: We demonstrate how the Brazilian variant P.1 which becomes uncontrollable in Brazil in April 2021 has a level of organization of long metastructures of 17,711 bases covering the genome which is 3.6 more important than that of the 2 reference genomes SARS-CoV2 Wuhan and worldwide D614G. We suggest that this high level of overall structure of this variant contributes to the stability of this genome and, possibly, to its greater contagiousness.

scholarly journals Stability analysis of pigeon pea genotypes by deployment of AMMI model under rainfed environment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jogendra Singh ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Abdul Fiyaz R ◽  
Muneendra Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Sum Of Squares ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Almost All

Twenty one genotypes of pigeon pea were evaluated in a randomized complete block design during the Kharif season of 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 based upon number of primary branches per plant, pod length, number of grains per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant. The stability was studied by deploying AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) model. The significant differences among the years were observed and measured more than 50% of the treatment sum of squares. First principal component axis (PCA1) of the interaction captured more than 60% of the interaction sum of squares for almost all the traits studied. The mean seed yield per plant was found highest (39.15 g) and at par similar in all the three years. Nine stable and high yielding genotypes viz., PUSA 2003-1; CORG-2001-5; WREG- 28; PANT-A-286; H-94-6; GT 101; ICPL-99004; ICPL-85010 and UPAS-120 exhibited stable performance under the rainfed environmental conditions for more than one traits studied and also under more than one year.

scholarly journals Long-term Fertilization Enhances Soil Carbon Stability by Increase the Ratio of Passive Carbon: Evidence From Four Typical Croplands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Shilin Wen ◽  
Yunlong Zhang ◽  
Andrew S. Gregory ◽  
Minggang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Active Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Response Ratio ◽  
Soil Carbon Accumulation ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Aims Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in improving soil quality, however how long-term fertilization influences SOC and contrasting active carbon (AC) and passive C (PC) pools at large scale remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of long-term fertilization on SOC, including AC and PC, across four typical croplands in China and to explore the potential relationships and mechanism. Methods We assessed the effect of different fertilization (standard and 1.5 × standard of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) with or without manure (M), with a control for comparison) at soil depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm) on SOC, AC and PC. Results We found that SOC, AC and PC increased in the order Control < NPK < NPKM < 1.5NPKM. 1.5NPKM resulted in a significant increase in SOC, AC and PC, of 76.3%, 53.0% and 108.5% respectively across the soil profile (0-60 cm) compared with Control. The response ratio of PC to long-term fertilization was 2.1 times greater than that of AC across four sites on average. In addition, Clay was identified as the most important factor in explaining the response of AC and PC to different fertilization application, respectively. Conclusions Long-term fertilization enhanced both AC and PC, but the greater response of PC suggests that fertilization application could enhance the stability of carbon and thus the potential of cropland for soil carbon accumulation.

Large scale buffer material test: Mock-up experiment at CIEMAT

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.L. Martín ◽  
J.M. Barcala
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Material Test ◽  
Buffer Material

scholarly journals Ronald Harry Ottewill OBE FRS. 8 February 1927 — 4 June 2008

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 157-184
Author(s):  
Brian Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Dispersions ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Colloid Science ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
Assistant Director ◽  
Set Up ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The University

Ron Ottewill was educated at Southall County School and at Queen Mary College, London, where he obtained a first-class honours degree in chemistry and then a PhD, under the supervision of Dr D. C. Jones. He moved to Cambridge (Fitzwilliam College) in 1952 on a Nuffield Fellowship, and joined the famous Colloid Science Department, which had been founded by Eric Rideal FRS. There Ron worked with Paley Johnson on antibody–antigen interactions, before becoming an assistant director of research in 1958. After a six-month spell in Theo Overbeek's laboratory in Utrecht during 1956, Ron's research interests turned to what was to become his main research theme over the years, namely the preparation, characterization and properties of model colloidal dispersions. In particular, he became interested in the interactions between particles, which underpin the stability of particulate dispersions. In 1964 Ron Ottewill was invited to move to Bristol University, in the main to set up a new one-year postgraduate MSc course in surface chemistry and colloids. At Bristol, Ron's research group expanded greatly, as did his international reputation. He was promoted to Reader in 1966 and to a personal chair in 1971. In 1982 he became the fourth Leverhulme Professor and Head of the Department of Physical Chemistry. He also served periods as Chair of the School of Chemistry and as Dean of Science. He received many prizes and honours, the two greatest being his election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1982 and the award of an OBE in 1989. He was invited to give seminars and to collaborate with academia and with industry, all around the world. Outside the university he served on many committees and was involved in the foundation of several academic societies. Ron Ottewill supervised 99 successful PhD students and published more than 300 scientific papers. He formally retired in 1992 but retained an active interest in science till the last.

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