Epidemiology and economic burden of bronchiectasis requiring hospitalisation in Singapore

Background and objectiveLittle is known about the epidemiology and cost of bronchiectasis in Asia. This study describes the disease burden of bronchiectasis in Singapore.MethodsA nationwide administrative dataset was used to identify hospitalisations with bronchiectasis as a diagnosis. Population statistics and medical encounter data were used to estimate the incidence, mortality, prevalence and direct medical costs associated with hospitalisation-requiring bronchiectasis.ResultsThere were 420 incident hospitalised bronchiectasis patients in 2017, giving an incidence rate of 10.6/100 000. Age-standardised incidence declined on average by 2.7% per year between 2007 and 2017. Incidence rates increased strongly with age in both men and women. Tuberculosis was a secondary diagnosis in 37.5% of incident hospitalisations in 2007, but has declined sharply since then. Patient survival was considerably lower in both men (5-year Relative Survival Ratios (RSR) of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.66)) and women ((5-year RSR of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.78)). The point prevalence of bronchiectasis was 147.1/100,000 in 2017, and increased sharply with age, with more than 1% of people aged 75 years and older having bronchiectasis. Total first-year costs among incident bronchiectasis patients in 2016 varied widely, with an average of $7331 (standard deviation of $8863). About 10% of the patients admitted in 2016 had total first-year costs of more than $14 380.ConclusionBronchiectasis is common and imposes a substantial burden on health care costs and survival rates of patients in Singapore.

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Esophageal Cancer in Canada: Trends according to Morphology and Anatomical Location

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/2012/649108 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 723-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Michael C Otterstatter ◽

James D Brierley ◽

Prithwish De ◽

Larry F Ellison ◽

Maureen MacIntyre ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Anatomical Location ◽

Males And Females

BACKGROUND: Esophageal adenocarcinoma has one of the fastest rising incidence rates and one of the lowest survival rates of any cancer type in the Western world. However, in many countries, trends in esophageal cancer differ according to tumour morphology and anatomical location. In Canada, incidence and survival trends for esophageal cancer subtypes are poorly known.METHODS: Cancer incidence and mortality rates were obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and the Canadian Vital Statistics Death databases for the period from 1986 to 2006. Observed trends (annual per cent change) and five-year relative survival ratios were estimated separately for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and according to location (upper, middle, or lower one-third of the esophagus). Incidence rates were projected up to the year 2026.RESULTS: Annual age-standardized incidence rates for esophageal cancer in 2004 to 2006 were 6.1 and 1.7 per 100,000 for males and females, respectively. Esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence rose by 3.9% (males) and 3.6% (females) per year for the period 1986 to 2006, with the steepest increase in the lower one-third of the esophagus (4.8% and 5.0% per year among males and females, respectively). In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma incidence declined by 3.3% (males) and 3.2% (females) per year since the early 1990s. The five-year relative survival ratio for esophageal cancer was 13% between 2004 and 2006, approximately a 3% increase since the period from 1992 to 1994. Projected incidence rates showed increases of 40% to 50% for esophageal adenocarcinoma and decreases of 30% for squamous cell carcinoma by 2026.DISCUSSION: Although esophageal cancer is rare in Canada, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has doubled in the past 20 years, which may reflect the increasing prevalence of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Declines in squamous cell carcinoma may be the result of the decreases in the prevalence of smoking in Canada. Given the low survival rates and the potential for further increases in incidence, esophageal adenocarcinoma warrants close attention.

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Hysterectomy-Corrected Uterine Corpus Cancer Incidence Trends and Differences in Relative Survival Reveal Racial Disparities and Rising Rates of Nonendometrioid Cancers

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.19.00151 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (22) ◽

pp. 1895-1908 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Megan A. Clarke ◽

Susan S. Devesa ◽

Summer V. Harvey ◽

Nicolas Wentzensen

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Pacific Islanders ◽

Endometrioid Carcinoma ◽

Histologic Subtype ◽

Uterine Corpus ◽

Cancer Incidence Rates

PURPOSE Uterine corpus cancer incidence rates have been projected to increase, a prediction often attributed to the obesity epidemic. However, correct estimation of these rates requires accounting for hysterectomy prevalence, which varies by race, ethnicity, and region. Here, we evaluated recent trends in hysterectomy-corrected rates by race and ethnicity and histologic subtype and estimated differences in relative survival by race and ethnicity, subtype, and stage. METHODS We estimated hysterectomy prevalence from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Hysterectomy-corrected age-standardized uterine corpus cancer incidence rates from 2000 to 2015 were calculated from the SEER 18 registries. Incidence rates and trends were estimated separately by race and ethnicity, region, and histologic subtype. Five-year relative survival rates were estimated by race and ethnicity, histologic subtype, and stage. RESULTS Hysterectomy-corrected incidence rates of uterine corpus cancer were similar among non-Hispanic whites and blacks and lower among Hispanics and Asians/Pacific Islanders. Endometrioid carcinoma rates were highest in non-Hispanic whites, whereas nonendometrioid carcinoma and sarcoma rates were highest in non-Hispanic blacks. Hysterectomy-corrected uterine corpus cancer incidence increased among non-Hispanic whites from 2003 to 2015 and among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders from 2000 to 2015. Overall incidence rates among non-Hispanic blacks surpassed those of non-Hispanic whites in 2007. Endometrioid carcinoma rates rose among non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders but were stable among non-Hispanic whites; however, nonendometrioid carcinoma rates rose significantly among all women. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest survival rates, irrespective of stage at diagnosis or histologic subtype. CONCLUSION Among all women, rates of nonendometrioid subtypes have been rising rapidly. Our analysis shows profound racial differences and disparities indicated by higher rates of nonendometrioid subtypes and poorer survival among non-Hispanic black women.

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Rising incidence, no change in survival and decreasing mortality from thyroid cancer in The Netherlands since 1989

Endocrine Related Cancer ◽

10.1530/erc-12-0336 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 263-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Olga Husson ◽

Harm R Haak ◽

Liza N van Steenbergen ◽

Willy-Anne Nieuwlaat ◽

Boukje A C van Dijk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Age Groups ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Netherlands Cancer Registry ◽

Rising Incidence ◽

Tumour Node

The incidence of thyroid cancer (TC) is increasing worldwide, partly due to increased detection. We therefore assessed combined trends in incidence, survival and mortality of the various types of TC in The Netherlands between 1989 and 2009. We included all patients ≥15 years with TC, diagnosed in the period 1989–2009 and recorded in The Netherlands Cancer Registry (n=8021). Information on age, gender, date of diagnosis, histological type of tumour and tumour–node–metastasis classification was recorded. Mortality data (up to 1st January 2010) were derived from Statistics Netherlands. Annual percentages of change in incidence, mortality and relative survival were calculated. Since 1989 the incidence of TC increased significantly in The Netherlands (estimated annual percentage change (EAPC)=+1.7%). The incidence rates increased for all age groups (except for females >60 years), papillary tumours (EAPC=+3.5%), T1 and T3 TC (EAPC=+7.9 and +5.8% respectively). Incidence rates decreased for T4 TC (−2.3%) and remained stable for follicular, medullary anaplastic and T2 TC. Five-year relative survival rates remained stable for papillary (88%) and follicular (77%) TC, all age groups and T1–T3 TC (96, 94 and 80% respectively) and somewhat lower for T4 (53%), medullary (65%) and anaplastic TC (5%) in the 2004–2009 period compared with earlier periods. Mortality due to TC decreased (EAPC=−1.9%). TC detection and incidence has been rising in The Netherlands, while mortality rates are decreasing and survival rates remained stable or slightly decreasing.

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Acral lentiginous melanoma: Population-based analysis of incidence and survival in United States from 1993 to 2013.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e22108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e22108-e22108

Author(s):

Nishitha Thumallapally ◽

Ahmed Meshref ◽

Mohammed Mousa

Keyword(s):

Cutaneous Melanoma ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Tumor Thickness ◽

Pacific Islanders ◽

Acral Lentiginous Melanoma ◽

Asian Pacific Islanders ◽

Asian Pacific ◽

Adjusted Incidence

e22108 Background: Acral Lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a rare form of cutaneous melanoma with aggressive nature. This study investigates the incidence and survival patterns in patients diagnosed with ALM in USA from 1993-2013 using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry. Methods: The 18 cancer registries of SEER program were used to identify patients diagnosed with ALM according to international classification of diseases for oncology (ICDO-3) codes. Age adjusted incidence rates in addition to 5 and 10-year relative survival rates were calculated. Results: 2189 patients were included in this retrospective study.The age-adjusted incidence rate of ALM was 2.11 per million person-years.Hispanic whites had highest incidence rates of ALM among all racial subgroups ( 2.58, p = 0.005). Incidence of ALM was higher between 2003-2013 compared to 1993-2003 (2.3 vs 1.9).Median age at diagnosis was 61.68 years. 53.9 % were female. Our study population was dominated by Non-Hispanic Whites (69.2%) followed by Hispanic Whites (13.5%), Blacks (8.2%), Asians or Pacific Islanders (7.3%) and other races (1.8%). stage III was the most frequent (24.7%) followed by stage I (20.9%). In terms of tumor thickness, 43.2 % presented with T3 thickness at the time of diagnosis. The ALM 5 - and 10-year survival rates were highest in age < 40, females, T1, non ulcerated, lymph node negative lesions ( p < 0.05). Among racial subgroups, non Hispanic whites had highest survival rates (83 vs 74 % ). Asian/Pacific Islanders (75.1%vs 49.8%) had lowest survival rates followed Hispanic whites ( 76.4 % vs 63.9 ) and Blacks (74.7 vs 71.5 %) ( p = 0.19). Conclusions: ALM is rare subtype of cutaneous melanoma with increased incidence in people of color. Patients present with increased tumor thickness and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Poor survival rates are seen among Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanic whites.

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Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival: A Population-Based Study of Patients Diagnosed between 1978 and 2002

ISRN Oncology ◽

10.5402/2012/207263 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dyego Leandro Bezerra de Souza ◽

María Milagros Bernal ◽

Javier Jerez Roig ◽

Maria Paula Curado

Keyword(s):

Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽

Cancer Survival ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Age Groups ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Population Based ◽

First Year ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

One Year

Objective. This paper aims at studying oropharyngeal cancer survival from the Population-Based Cancer Registry of Zaragoza, Spain, for the 1978–2002 period. Methods. The survival rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the automated calculation method of the Catalan Institute of Oncology was utilized to obtain the relative survival. Results. The oropharyngeal cancer survival rate was 61.3% in the first year and 33.9% in the fifth year. One-year relative survival was 62.2% (CI 95%: 57.4–67.4), and five-year relative survival was 36.6% (CI 95%: 31.8–42.1). Comparison of survival rates by sex revealed statistically significant differences (P value = 0.017) with better survival in women. There were no differences when comparing the three age groups and the three studied time periods 1978–1986, 1987–1994, and 1995–2002. Conclusions. The data suggests that there were no significant changes in oropharyngeal cancer survival in the province of Zaragoza throughout the years.

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Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma High Incidence And Poor Survival In Finnish Population-Based Analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1158262/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Inka Puhakka ◽

Hanne Kuitunen ◽

Pekka Jäkälä ◽

Eila Sonkajärvi ◽

Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽

Relative Survival ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Relative Survival Rate

Abstract Background: We report here the first population-based incidence rates and prognosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in Finland. Methods: Finnish Cancer Registry data by histological diagnosis and tumor location (2007-2017) for cases with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Results: During 2007–2017, 392 new cases of PCNSL were reported (195 males, 197 females). The average age-adjusted incidence was 0.68/100.000 person-years. Incidence for males was 0.74/100.000 and for females 0.63/100.000, respectively. The incidence was highest, 2.93/100.000, among people aged 75–79 years. Concerning all cases in 2007-2017 the 2-year age-adjusted relative survival rate was 35% and the corresponding 5-year survival rate was 28%. Among patients under the age of 70, the age-adjusted 5-year relative survival rate increased from 36% in 2007-2012 to 43% for 2013-2017. Among patients aged 70+ the corresponding survival rates were poor, 7% and 9%.Conclusions: PCNSL incidence in Finland is among the highest reported in the world. The annual increase in incidence was 2.4%. The prognosis is still dismal, especially in elderly patients.

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Incidence and Survival Outcomes Of Myelodysplastic Syndrome In The United States: A SEER Analysis 2001 - 2010

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v122.21.5205.5205 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 122 (21) ◽

pp. 5205-5205

Author(s):

Hari Prasad Ravipati ◽

Srinadh Annangi ◽

Vamsi Kota

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Median Survival ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Large Population ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Relative Survival ◽

The United States ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Metropolitan Counties

Abstract Introduction Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of hematological disorders leading to ineffective hematopoiesis and excess blast formation. We aimed to establish the incidence rates and median survival periods in MDS by gender, race and geographic location in a large population cohort. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the United States (US) SEER database for MDS cases diagnosed between 2001 and 2010 using ICD-0-3 histology codes 9980/3, 9982/3, 9983/3, 9984/3 and 9986/3. Incidence rates were calculated using the 2000 US standard population. Five-year relative survival rates were measured using the Kaplan-Meier method after excluding cases diagnosed by death certificate and autopsy. Results 14,920 cases were identified of which 87.2 % (n = 13,009) were present in age group sixty years and above. Age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000) for males were 14.8, 10.0, and 12.7 for white, black and other races respectively. The rates for females were 7.7, 7.1, and 7.0. On US county wise MDS case analysis, 11296 (86.8%) of cases were diagnosed in metropolitan counties and 1694 (13%) cases in nonmetropolitan counties. Median relative survival for white, black and other males were 27 months, 36 months and 24 months respectively ; 35 months, 38 months and 37 months for females. Five-year relative survival for white, black, and other males were 32.5% (95% CI 30.7- 34.3), 36.1% (95% CI 28.3 - 43.9) and 30% (95% CI 24.2 - 36.0) vs. 36.2% (95%CI 34.1 - 38.3), 41.1% (95% CI 34.4 - 47.8) and 37.3% (95% CI 30.2 - 44.5) for females. Median relative survival for cases from metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties were 31 months and 31 months respectively. Five-year relative survivals were 35.1% (95% CI 33.7-36.5) and 32.6% (95% CI 29.1-36.0) for metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties MDS cases respectively. Conclusion The incidence of MDS was higher in males compared to females with the highest rate in white males. Survival rates were similar in both sexes. No significant difference in survival rates were seen among the racial groups. No significant difference in the median survival and five-year relative survival rates were noticed between metropolitan and non-metropolitan groups. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2017

Cancer Research and Treatment ◽

10.4143/crt.2020.206 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 335-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Seri Hong ◽

Young-Joo Won ◽

Young Ran Park ◽

Kyu-Won Jung ◽

Hyun-Joo Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Incidence ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Comprehensive Cancer Control ◽

Dramatic Improvement ◽

Cancer Statistics ◽

Incidence And Mortality

PurposeThis study reports the cancer statistics and temporal trends in Korea on a nationwide scale, including incidence, survival, prevalence, and mortality in 2017.Materials and MethodsThe incidence, survival, and prevalence rates of cancer were evaluated using data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database from 1999 to 2017 with follow-up until December 31, 2018. Deaths from cancer were assessed using cause-of-death data from 1983 to 2017, obtained from Statistics Korea. Crude and age-standardized rates (ASRs) for incidence, mortality, and prevalence, and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated and trend analysis was performed.ResultsIn 2017, newly diagnosed cancer cases and deaths from cancer numbered 232,255 (ASR, 264.4 per 100,000) and 78,863 (ASR, 76.6 per 100,000), respectively. The overall cancer incidence rates increased annually by 3.5% from 1999 to 2011 and decreased by 2.7% annually thereafter. Cancer mortality rates have been decreasing since 2002, by 2.8% annually. The 5-year relative survival rate for all patients diagnosed with cancer between 2013 and 2017 was 70.4%, which contributed to a prevalence of approximately 1.87 million cases by the end of 2017.ConclusionThe burden of cancer measured by incidence and mortality rates have improved in Korea, with the exception of a few particular cancers that are associated with increasing incidence or mortality rates. However, cancer prevalence is increasing rapidly, with the dramatic improvement in survival during the past several years. Comprehensive cancer control strategies and efforts should continue, based on the changes of cancer statistics.

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Changing prevalence of indolent lymphoid malignancies among the elderly

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.7579 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽

pp. 7579-7579

Author(s):

W. T. Swenson

Keyword(s):

Disease Burden ◽

Large Population ◽

Survival Rates ◽

The Elderly ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Lymphoid Malignancies ◽

Diagnostic Codes

7579 Background: Reported changes in incidence rates and improved survival rates among patients with common indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancies have potential implications for increased disease burden among the elderly. This study examines incidence, survival, and prevalence rates of elderly patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) and CLL/SLL using a large population based database. The indolent and incurable nature of these diseases makes the prevalence rate a good indicator of total disease burden. Methods: The SEER 9 public use database was analyzed using SEER*Stat software version 6.1.4. Subjects were identified by ICD-O-3 diagnostic codes. Incidence rates and trends (from 1973 to 2002) were calculated (per 100,000 population) and were age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population. Survival rates were calculated for patients diagnosed during the periods 1980–1985 and 1990–1995. Prevalence rates include patients diagnosed within 15 years prior to the prevalence date (15-year limited prevalence). Results: Annual percent change of incidence rate (per 100,000) among patients ≥65 years (from 1973 to 2002) was 2.76 (95% CI: 1.92, 3.60) for FL and -0.18 (95% CI: -0.47, 0.11) for CLL/SLL. Survival rates for patients ≥65 years was improved for both FL and CLL/SLL. Among patients with FL diagnosed between 1975–1980 and 1990–1995, 5-year survival rates were 42.2% (95% CI: 38.8, 45.6) and 50.3% (95% CI: 47.9, 52.7). Among patients with CLL diagnosed between 1975–1980 and 1990–1995, 5-year survival rates were 40.6% (95% CI: 38.8, 42.4) and 50.4% (95% CI: 48.9, 51.9). Prevalence percent increased for FL patients among ages 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and ≥85 years. Prevalence percents were unchanged among CLL/SLL patients. Conclusions: Increased FL incidence and increased survival rates have resulted in a growing disease burden among the elderly over the last decade; the prevalence of CLL/SLL has remained static. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Long-term time trends in incidence, survival and mortality of Hodgkin lymphoma in the United States: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database study 1975-2015.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e19014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e19014-e19014

Author(s):

Samia Asif ◽

Shahzad Raza

Keyword(s):

Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Bimodal Distribution ◽

The United States ◽

Underlying Disease ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Stage Iii ◽

First Year ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Epidemiological Trends

e19014 Background: We examined epidemiological trends and patient characteristics such as age, gender, race, incidence and survival in Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) using the updated largest population-based cancer registry in the US. Methods: Patients diagnosed with HL between 1975-2015 were identified in SEER registries. We incorporated SEER 9 registries to calculate incidence, race, disease characteristics and relative survival. Age-standard incidence rates (AI) were calculated using SEER 18 data and overall survival (OS) trends compared among different groups. Results: Rates for HL cases have been falling on average 1.8% per year and mortality rates (MR) have been falling on average 2.8% per year from 2006-2015. Males had higher incidence rates than females (3/100000 vs.2.3/100000). Bimodal distribution with prominent peaks at ages 20-24 and 75-79 years were noted among all groups except black (B) men. AI for women are higher at age of 20-24 years, but for men, higher at the later peak of 75-79 years. The AI for B men was highest at 50-54 years. The 10-year OS is 83.1% (Cl 82.3-83.9) in women with no significant difference between B, non-Hispanic white (NHW) or Asian Pacific Islander (API). In men, 10-year OS was 79.3% (Cl 78.4-80.1); lowest for B compared to NHW and API (72.6% vs. 80.0% vs.78.6). B patients had higher proportion of cases diagnosed with stage III/IV HL than NHW and API (48%. vs.40.6% and 39.9%, p < 0.001). Males and patients > 50 years were more frequently diagnosed with stage III/IV HL. The 10-year OS was only 40.8% for patients > 65 years (CI 38.2-43.5) in contrast to 86.8% for patients < 65 year (CI 86.3-87.4, p < 0.001). Interestingly, first year MR was 33.1% (CI 34.7-31.7) for patients > 65 years compared to 4.1% (CI 3.9-4.3) to those < 65 year. Conclusions: Epidemiological trends show improved OS in HL among all groups. B men, patients with advanced age and stage III/IV have poor outcomes. First year MR are exceptionally high in patients > 65years among all groups. Since B men have poor survival than B women, we postulate underlying disease biology may be a potential factor for worse outcome in this group.

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