scholarly journals First report of Cryptosporidium viatorum and Cryptosporidium occultus in humans in China, and of the unique novel C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Xu ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Yanyan Jiang ◽  
Jianhai Yin ◽  
Zhongying Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
First Report ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Cryptosporidium is a genus of common intestinal protozoa, members of which cause diarrhea in a wide variety of hosts. Previous studies on Cryptosporidium in China have mainly focused on diarrhea sufferers, children, and immunodeficient individuals such as HIV/AIDS patients. However, the epidemiological characteristics of Cryptosporidium in the population in rural areas remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, Cryptosporidium in rural areas of Binyang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and genetically characterized the Cryptosporidium isolates we obtained. Methods From August to December 2016, two villages in Binyang County, Guangxi, were sampled using a random cluster sampling method. Fresh fecal samples were collected from all eligible residents (residence time > 6 months). Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium was carried out based on its SSU rRNA, gp60, actin and hsp70 gene sequences. Fisher’s exact test were conducted to assess the risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection. Results A total of 400 fecal samples were collected from 195 males (48.8%) and 205 females (51.2%). Two samples (0.5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium and were identified as C. viatorum and C. occultus respectively. Moreover, a new C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h was identified based on the sequence of the gp 60 gene. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. viatorum and C. occultus infections in humans in China and of C. viatorum subtype XVaA3h. The findings provide important information on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the Chinese population, and expand the range of Cryptosporidium species known to infect people in China.

scholarly journals Screening of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension Among Antenatal Women in Rural West India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viral R. Dave ◽  
Bhavik M. Rana ◽  
Kantibhai N. Sonaliya ◽  
Suraj J. Chandwani ◽  
Samkit V. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
History Of

Background: Hypertension and gestational diabetes are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality, especially in rural areas of developing countries with meager health facilities. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, these adverse events can be decreased. The primary aim of this study was to implement a screening program for gestational diabetes and hypertension, and to assess risk factors associated with these conditions among antenatal women in the rural area of the Gujarat province in India.Methods: A cross–sectional study was conducted at one of the rural areas of Gujarat province in India. Following a random  cluster sampling procedure, the village of Davas was selected. A multistage random sampling method was utilized, resulting in a sample of 346 antenatal women. Screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association were followed for gestational diabetes screening.Results: The majority of antenatal mothers (55.50%) were between 21-25 years of age. 242 antenatal women were multigravida, and among them, 85.96% had institutional delivery at their last pregnancy. Of the total 346 women, 17.60% were prehypertensive. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 1.40%, diastolic hypertension was 0.90%, and gestational diabetes was 1.73%.Conclusion: Socioeconomically upper class, a family history of hypertension, and BMI ≥ 25 were strong risk factors for hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Health education should be made readily available to antenatal mothers by paramedical workers regarding symptoms of hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus for early self identification.

scholarly journals Risk factors for triatominae infestation in a municipality of Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 204993612110300
Author(s):  
Gabriel Parra-Henao ◽  
Sandra P. Garzón-Jiménez ◽  
Yuly Bernal-Rosas ◽  
Mario J. Olivera ◽  
Marlon Salgado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Cracked Soil

Background: Identifying risk factors for Triatominae infestation is essential for the development of vector control interventions. Methods: To determine the intra- and peridomiciliary risk factors associated with triatomine infestation, a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out with random cluster sampling in two stages, which included the identification of risk factors by survey and direct observation, as well as the search and capture of triatomines. The detection of trypanosomes in triatomines was carried out by observing the rectal content and then by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: In 21 of the 207 houses inspected, 13 specimens of R. colombiensis and 19 specimens of P. geniculatus were found. Entomological indices included: dispersion 36%, infestation 10%, infection 65%, colonization 4.7%, density 15%, and concentration 152%. An association was found between the presence of Triatominae and the existence of branches and fissures in the floors, as well as with the presence of accumulated objects and with knowledge about Chagas disease. The risk of having triatomines in urban homes is 5.7 times higher than the risk in rural areas [confidence interval (CI) 0.508–67.567]; 6.6 times in houses with cracked soil (CI 0.555–81.994), 6 times in houses located near caneys (CI 0.820–44.781), and 6.16 times with accumulated objects (CI 1.542–39.238). Conclusion: Chagas disease is a complex problem that requires control based on the vector’s elimination or surveillance, which implies identifying species and their distribution, generating alerts, knowledge, and awareness in the population. It is necessary to intensify surveillance activities for the event, especially in changing aspects of Chagas diseases’ transmission dynamics, such as urbanization and the type of housing associated with the vector’s presence.

scholarly journals First Detection and Genetic Characterization of New Equine Parvovirus Species Circulating among Horses in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Jungho Yoon ◽  
Taemook Park ◽  
Ahram Kim ◽  
Heeeun Song ◽  
Byung-Joo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Equine parvovirus-cerebrospinal fluid (EqPV-CSF) and eqcopivirus (EqCoPV) are new parvovirus species (EqPVs) identified from various tissues (CSF, blood, and respiratory swabs) in horses with neurologic and respiratory diseases. In this study, we described the prevalence rate of EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV in 133 and 77 serum and fecal samples, respectively, using polymerase chain reaction. Further, we analyzed the potential risk factors for infection. We calculated the nucleotide and amino acid similarity and constructed phylogenetic trees. There was a moderate-to-high prevalence rate (EqPV-CSF: 3.8%; EqCoPV 9.8%) of each virus in serum; moreover, age, country of foaling, and clinical colic signs were significantly associated with the EqPVs infection. The newly identified EqPV-CSF/EqCoPV genomes had high nucleotide and amino acid identities with previously isolated strains in the USA. In phylogenetic analysis, they clustered and formed a new subgroup in the genus Copiparvovirus. To our knowledge, this is the first field epidemiologic study on EqPV-CSF and EqCoPV using both serum and fecal samples. Our findings demonstrate the risk factors for infection and could facilitate the development of disease prevention strategies.

scholarly journals 1134Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Coxiella burnetti infection in the general population of Senegal

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Nguipdop Djomo ◽  
Sylvie Nyafouna Diop ◽  
Ndeye Licka Dieye ◽  
Amélé-Nyedzie Wotodjo ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Urban Centre

Abstract Background Coxiella burnetti, the causal agent of Q-fever, contributes to aetiologies of fevers of unknown origin (FUO) in West Africa. We compared its seroprevalence between Dakar, the largest urban centre in Senegal, and Niakhar, a rural area, and investigated the association to contacts with livestock and dairy products consumption. Methods Large cross-sectional surveys; households randomly selected using a two-stage cluster sampling. Within households, 1-2 participants were randomly selected using a Kish grid. A small blood sample was collected to detect phase 1 and 2 Coxiella burnetti IgG using ELISA, and a questionnaire was administered. Random effect logistic regression models were used to measure the association with risk factors. Results Overall, 2102 participants recruited in Dakar and 1156 in Niakhar. The prevalence of C. burnetti was high in both settings, but higher in rural Niakhar (37%) than urban Dakar (30%), even after adjusting for age, sex and socio-economic status (difference=7%; 95%CI [1.1% to 13%]; p = 0.02). In Dakar, ownership of sheep was associated with greater risk (OR = 1.26; 95%CI[1.00-1.59]; p = 0.048). Livestock contact was associated with higher risk in rural areas, but not in urban areas (helping cattle’s parturition (OR = 2.10; 95%CI [1.38-3.22]; p < 0.01 and abortion (OR = 1.95; 95%CI[1.18-3.23]; p = 0.009). There was no association between dairy products’ consumption and Q-fever in both settings. Conclusions The high seroprevalence in urban and rural settings suggest that Q-fever should be seriously considered by clinicians when investigating fevers in both settings. The observed association with livestock contact is consistent with the lack of use of personal protection equipment. Key messages Clinicians should consider Q-fever among differential diagnosis when investigating non-specific fevers in West Africa.

Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in China: a multicenter population-based survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyu Song ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
xiyu li ◽  
Meilin Zhang ◽  
Xiaodan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sleep Behavior

ABSTRACT Objective: Few data are available on the current prevalence of Parkinson's disease in China. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Chinese individuals aged 65 years and older and to analyze associated risk factors. Methods: We performed a population-based cross-sectional survey with a multistage cluster sampling design. Residents aged 65 and over were drawn from 11 urban districts and 10 rural counties across China. Data were entered into spreadsheets, and imported and analyzed using Statistical Package SPSS 24. Results: We identified 151 patients with Parkinson's disease among 8124 residents aged 65 and over, including 75 men (49.67%) and 76 women (50.33%). The overall prevalence of PD in the study population was 1.86% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6%–2.2%), and the standardized prevalence of PD was 1.60%. The crude prevalence in men (2.12%) was higher than in women (1.66%), and standardized prevalence in urban areas (1.98%) was higher than in rural areas (1.48%). Logistic regression analysis showed that independent risk factors for PD were older age, heavy metal or pesticide exposure (odds ratio [OR]=3.83; 95% CI: 2.021–7.256), urban residence (OR=1.307; 95% CI: 1.041–1.642), rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (OR=1.450; 95% CI: 1.021–2.059), and heart disease (OR=2.431; 95% CI: 1.481–4.990). Conclusion：The prevalence of Parkinson's disease in individuals aged 65 and older in China has not increased significantly in recent years. The prevalence of Parkinson's disease is higher in men than in women and higher in urban areas than in rural areas.

scholarly journals “Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium: a cross-sectional study conducted throughout Thailand”

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rapeepun Prasertbun ◽  
Hirotake Mori ◽  
Yaowalark Sukthana ◽  
Supaluk Popruk ◽  
Teera Kusolsuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Intestinal Protozoa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. are prevalent zoonotic parasites associated with a high burden among children. To date only limited molecular epidemiological data on E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. in humans living in Thailand has been published. Methods PCR-based tools were used to detect and characterize E. bieneusi and Cryptosporidium spp. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene was used to investigate E. bieneusi, and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was used to investigate Cryptosporidium spp., and 697 fecal samples from villagers and school children in rural areas in Thailand were analyzed. Results The infection rates were 2.15% (15/697) for E. bieneusi and 0.14% (1/697) for Cryptosporidium spp. The prevalence of E. bieneusi was significantly high in Loei province. Sequence analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium isolate was C. parvum. Nine E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, EbpC, Peru12, TMH6, TMH3, TMH7, H, D, and two novel genotypes TMLH1 and TMLH2. E. bieneusi prevalence was significantly higher in male participants than in female participants, and in children aged 3–15 years than in participants aged > 15 years. Conclusions The prevalence, genotypes, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi were found to vary significantly high even in one country. Transmission routes and key animal carriers of E. bieneusi may be associated with differences in hygiene, sanitation, and cultural behaviors. Further molecular studies including longitudinal studies will be required to unveil epidemiological characteristics of these opportunistic intestinal protozoa in all over the countries.

scholarly journals First Report on Detection and Molecular Characterization of Adenoviruses in the Small Indian Mongoose (Urva auropunctata)

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2194
Author(s):  
Kerry Gainor ◽  
Anne A. M. J. Becker ◽  
Yashpal S. Malik ◽  
Souvik Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
First Report ◽  
Brown Anole ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Dietary Origin ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
Sequence Identities ◽  
Small Indian Mongoose

Using a broad-range nested PCR assay targeting the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase (pol) gene, we detected adenoviruses in 17 (20.48%) out of 83 fecal samples from small Indian mongooses (Urva auropunctata) on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. All 17 PCR amplicons were sequenced for the partial pol gene (~300 bp, hereafter referred to as Mon sequences). Fourteen of the 17 Mon sequences shared maximum homology (98.3–99.6% and 97–98.9% nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequence identities, respectively) with that of bovine adenovirus-6 (species Bovine atadenovirus E). Mongoose-associated adenovirus Mon-39 was most closely related (absolute nt and deduced aa identities) to an atadenovirus from a tropical screech owl. Mon-66 shared maximum nt and deduced aa identities of 69% and 71.4% with those of atadenoviruses from a spur-thighed tortoise and a brown anole lizard, respectively. Phylogenetically, Mon-39 and Mon-66 clustered within clades that were predominated by atadenoviruses from reptiles, indicating a reptilian origin of these viruses. Only a single mongoose-associated adenovirus, Mon-34, was related to the genus Mastadenovirus. However, phylogenetically, Mon-34 formed an isolated branch, distinct from other mastadenoviruses. Since the fecal samples were collected from apparently healthy mongooses, we could not determine whether the mongoose-associated adenoviruses infected the host. On the other hand, the phylogenetic clustering patterns of the mongoose-associated atadenoviruses pointed more towards a dietary origin of these viruses. Although the present study was based on partial pol sequences (~90 aa), sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis suggested that Mon-34, Mon-39, and Mon-66 might represent novel adenoviruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of adenoviruses from the mongoose.

scholarly journals Analysis of factors influencing the network teaching effect of college students in a medical school during the COVID-19 epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Yu ◽  
Long Huang ◽  
Hao-ru Tang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Ting-ting Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Psychological Pressure

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to understand the influencing factors of Chinese college students’ satisfaction with online teaching and psychological pressure on learning during the novel coronavirus epidemic. Methods We assessed the effect of online teaching of 7084 medical students from wannan medical college in March 5 to April 2, 2020 using cluster sampling. The respondents were asked to complete a 7-item self-compiled online teaching satisfaction questionnaire. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis are used. Results Sex is female (OR = 1.257, 95%CI: 1.132 ~ 1.396), grades are second and third grades (second grades: OR = 1.228, 95%CI: 1.080 ~ 1.397; third grades: OR = 1.197, 95%CI: 1.048 ~ 1.367), normal/unfamiliar learning platform operation (OR = 3.692, 95%CI: 3.321 ~ 4.103) were risk factors for satisfactory teaching effect. In addition, students whose school year system is four-year (OR = 0.870, 95%CI: 0.781 ~ 0.969) and grade 4 and above (OR = 0.594, 95%CI: 0.485 ~ 0.727) were more satisfied with the teaching effect of teachers. And, during the period of the COVID-19 epidemic, the risk factors for college students to have psychological stress were: female (OR = 1.258, 95%CI: 1.096 ~ 1.442), from rural areas (OR = 1.511, 95%CI: 1.312 ~ 1.740), and the academic year system is four-year system (OR = 1.191, 95%CI: 1.028 ~ 1.380), using mobile phones and other learning tools (OR = 1.388, 95%CI: 1.205 ~ 1.600), general/unfamiliar with learning platform operations (OR = 2.273), 95%CI: 1.888 ~ 2.735). While the protective factors for college students’ psychological stress included: grade three and four and above (OR = 0.463, 95%CI: 0.387 ~ 0.554; OR = 0.232, 95%CI: 0.187 ~ 0.286), and they think that the teaching effect is satisfactory (OR = 0.314, 95%CI: 0.261 ~ 0.379). Conclusion This survey shows that compared with male college students, female college students were more dissatisfied with the teaching effect of teachers and havd greater psychological pressure on learning. Psychological counseling should be strengthened for students in rural areas and those who were not familiar with the operating platform to relieve their psychological pressure on learning.

Frailty and Associated Risk Factors in Elderly People with Health Examination in Rural Areas of China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie GU ◽  
Haiying CHEN ◽  
Xiaoqing GU ◽  
Xiaomin SUN ◽  
Zhigang PAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Health Examination ◽  
Frailty Phenotype ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Background: Frailty is a common syndrome in elderly people, but has not been fully studied in China. We aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of frailty and analyze its risk factors in elderly people in rural areas of China. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between September and October 2016. Overall, 4323 elderly people over 60 yr were enrolled by cluster random sampling method from the Fengxian District of Shanghai, China. These subjects voluntarily participated in the health examination of the 2016 National Basic Public Health Service Program. In addition to regular examination items, frailty assessment was performed on the basis of Fried frailty phenotype criteria. Results: The prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty was 49.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Advanced age (OR=1.44 for pre-frailty and OR=2.01 for frailty, 65-74 years old; OR=3.02 for pre-frailty and OR=14.13 for frailty,75-84 years old; OR=8.17 for pre-frailty and OR=71.71 for frailty, ≥85 years old), female (OR=1.32 for pre-frailty and OR=1.97 for frailty), stroke history (OR=1.75 for pre-frailty and OR=2.43 for frailty), vision decrease (OR=1.98 for pre-frailty and OR=2.70 for frailty), and anemia (OR=1.95 for pre-frailty and OR=3.64 for frailty) were common risk factors for both pre-frailty and frailty. Conclusion: Healthy elderly people in the rural areas of Shanghai have relatively high prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty. Advanced age, female, stroke history, decreased vision, and anemia are the risk factors for pre-frailty and frailty.

scholarly journals Risk factors of anemia among preschool children in Ethiopia: a Bayesian geo-statistical model

BMC Nutrition ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Shikur Endris ◽  
Geert-Jan Dinant ◽  
Seifu H. Gebreyesus ◽  
Mark Spigt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Maternal Anemia ◽  
Spurious Association

Abstract Background The etiology and risk factors of anemia are multifactorial and varies across context. Due to the geospatial clustering of anemia, identifying risk factors for anemia should account for the geographic variability. Failure to adjust for spatial dependence whilst identifying risk factors of anemia could give spurious association. We aimed to identify risk factors of anemia using a Bayesian geo-statistical model. Methods We analyzed the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 data. The sample was selected using a stratified, two- stage cluster sampling design. In this survey, 9268 children had undergone anemia testing. Hemoglobin level was measured using a HemoCue photometer and the results were recorded onsite. Based on the World Health Organization’s cut-off points, a child was considered anaemic if their altitude adjusted haemoglobin (Hb) level was less than 11 g/dL. Risk factors for anemia were identified using a Bayesian geo-statistical model, which accounted for spatial dependency structure in the data. Posterior means and 95% credible interval (BCI) were used to report our findings. We used a statistically significant level at 0.05. Result The 9267 children in our study were between 6 and 59 months old. Fifty two percent (52%) of children were males. Thirteen percent (13%) of children were from the highest wealth quintile whereas 23% from the lowest wealth quintile. Most of them lived in rural areas (90%). The overall prevalence of anemia among preschool children was 57% (95% CI: 54.4–59.4). We found that child stunting (OR = 1.26, 95% BCI (1.14–1.39), wasting (OR = 1.35, 95% BCI (1.15–1.57), maternal anemia (OR = 1.61, 95% BCI (1.44–1.79), mothers having two under five children (OR = 1.2, 95% BCI (1.08–1.33) were risk factors associated with anemia among preschool children. Children from wealthy households had lower risk of anemia (AOR = 0.73, 95% BCI (0.62–0.85). Conclusion Using the Bayesian geospatial statistical modeling, we were able to account for spatial dependent structure in the data, which minimize spurious association. Childhood Malnutrition, maternal anemia, increased fertility, and poor wealth status were risk factors of anemia among preschool children in Ethiopia. The existing anaemia control programs such as IFA supplementation during pregnancy should be strengthened to halt intergenerational effect of anaemia. Furthermore, routine childhood anaemia screening and intervention program should be part of the Primary health care in Ethiopia.

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