scholarly journals Ten years of China’s new healthcare reform: a longitudinal study on changes in health resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Chen ◽  
Zhuochen Lin ◽  
Li-an Li ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Yuyao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Reform ◽  
Resource Distribution ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Spatial Aggregation ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Health Resource ◽  
Moran's I ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global And Local

Abstract Background China launched a new round of healthcare-system reform in 2009 and proposed the goal of equal and guaranteed essential medical and health services for all by 2020. We aimed to investigate the changes in China’s health resources over the past ten years after the healthcare reform. Methods Data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook and China Health Statistics Yearbook from 2009 to 2018. Four categories and ten indicators of health resources were analyzed. A descriptive analysis was used to present the overall condition. The Health Resource Density Index was applied to showcase health-resource distribution in demographic and geographic dimensions. The global and local Moran’s I were used to assess the spatial autocorrelation of health resources. Concentration Index (CI) was used to quantify the equity of health-resource distribution. A Geo-Detector model and Geographic Weighted Regression (GWR) were applied to assess the association between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and health resources. Results Health resources have increased over the past ten years. The global and local Moran’s I suggested spatial aggregation in the distribution of health resources. Hospital beds were concentrated in wealthier areas, but this inequity decreased yearly (from CI=0.0587 in 2009 to CI=0.0021 in 2018). Primary medical and health institutions (PMHI) and their beds were concentrated in poorer areas (CI remained negative). Healthcare employees were concentrated in wealthier areas (CI remained positive). In 2017, the q-statistics indicated that the explanatory power of GDP per capita to beds, health personnel, and health expenditure was 40.7%, 50.3%, and 42.5%, respectively. The coefficients of GWR remained positive with statistical significance, indicating the positive association between GDP per capita and health resources. Conclusions From 2009 to 2018, the total amount of health resources in China has increased substantially. Spatial aggregation existed in the health-resources distribution. Health resources tended to be concentrated in wealthier areas. When allocating health resources, the governments should take economic factors into account.

scholarly journals Productivity and Institutions

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Gylfi Zoega
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Past Century ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita

Differences in productivity account for differences in output per capita between countries as well as changes in output and the standard of living for each country over long periods of time. During the first industrial revolution, one could already see the emergence of two groups of countries: the high- and the low-GDP per capita countries. The list of countries belonging to the highproductivity group has not changed much over the past century. Differences in institutions separate the two clubs. The high-productivity group is, amongst many other differences, characterized by less corruption, a better legal system, superior enforcement of contracts, a lower cost of starting a business and lower tariffs. Historical output series for Britain going back to the mid-19th century show that productivity has increased greatly and improved the standard of living.

The Potential and Obstacles for Waste-to-Energy in Island Settings

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Diaz Barriga ◽  
Nickolas J. Themelis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sanitary Landfills ◽  
One Step ◽  
Per Capita

Rapid economic development and also population growth of urban centers in developing island nations have resulted in the generation of large amounts of MSW that in the past were dumped at uninhabited areas indiscriminately. Also, islands have very limited space for new, sanitary landfills. This study examines islands where WTE has been implemented successfully (Bermuda, Martinique, St. Barth) and several others (Jamaica, Mauritius, Rhodes) where WTE has been considered and is in various stages of implementation. The study showed that the per capita generation of MSW increases as GDP per capita increases. Also, it is usually recommended that the waste management system be improved one step at a time, that is, to go from dumps to sanitary landfills, to waste to energy; it is interesting to note that the three islands examined in this study went directly from dumps to WTE. This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the scarcity of land for new landfills, but may also be due to the desire to develop a local and renewable energy source.

scholarly journals Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-528
Author(s):  
Karel Tomšík ◽  
Luboš Smutka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Other World ◽  
High Level

The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value ​​and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe.

scholarly journals Measurability of Social Development. Reflections on the Applicability of Social Progress Indices with Reference to Brexit

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
János Ivanyos ◽  
Éva Sándor-Kriszt
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global And Local

Abstract The question is how the global and local economic actors’ innovation-based local social and environmental objectives and results can modify the social cohesion strategies, how the disparities in economic and social development can be measured and evaluated at regional level in addition to a comparison across countries. We have seen that any one indicator in itself is not enough since it does not provide sufficient explanation for either the development disparities or their reasons. Anyway, in addition to GDP per capita, it is worth applying - and it is important to apply - such indicators as SPI and Well-Being, and various indices of social progress.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE FOR ECONOMIC CONVERGENCE IN THE EU: THE ANALYSIS OF PAST EU ENLARGEMENTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wadim STRIELKOWSKI ◽  
Felix HÖSCHLE
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Real Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

This paper discusses the evidence of economic convergence in the European Union during the past several decades and consecutive EU enlargements. We cluster different member states of the European Union by groups representing countries that joined the EU together and analyze whether these clusters converge against each other. In addition, we analyse whether there is a convergence within different groups of countries. We employ real GDP per capita in its seasonally adjusted version as the measure of convergence. Our results reveal that there is not much evidence about the existence of economic convergence within the European Union.

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The West ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

Atlas of economic complexity, Russian regional pages

2018 ◽  
pp. 71-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L. Lyubimov ◽  
M. V. Lysyuk ◽  
M. A. Gvozdeva
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Diversification Strategies ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Well-established results indicate that export diversification might be a better growth strategy for an emerging economy as long as its GDP per capita level is smaller than an empirically defined threshold. As average incomes in Russian regions are likely to be far below the threshold, it might be important to estimate their diversification potential. The paper discusses the Atlas of economic complexity for Russian regions created to visualize regional export baskets, to estimate their complexity and evaluate regional export potential. The paper’s results are consistent with previous findings: the complexity of export is substantially higher and diversification potential is larger in western and central regions of Russia. Their export potential might become larger if western and central regions, first, try to join global value added chains and second, cooperate and develop joint diversification strategies. Northern and eastern regions are by contrast much less complex and their diversification potential is small.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

Economic Performance and Public Finance in Kenya, 1960-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kempe Ronald Hope
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Emerging Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Private Savings ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Real Growth

Countries with positive per capita real growth are characterised by positive national savings—including government savings, increases in government investment, and strong increases in private savings and investment. On the other hand, countries with negative per capita real growth tend to be characterised by declines in savings and investment. During the past several decades, Kenya’s emerging economy has undergone many changes and economic performance has been epitomised by periods of stability, decline, or unevenness. This article discusses and analyses the record of economic performance and public finance in Kenya during the period 1960‒2010, as well as policies and other factors that have influenced that record in this emerging economy. 

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

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