scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species isolated from subclinical mastitis cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lufuno Phophi ◽  
Inge-Marie Petzer ◽  
Daniel Nenene Qekwana
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background Increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, treatment failure, and financial losses have been reported in dairy cows with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) clinical mastitis, however, studies on CoNS infections are limited in South Africa. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns and biofilm formation in CoNS isolated from cow milk samples submitted to the Onderstepoort Milk Laboratory. Results A total of 142 confirmed CoNS isolates were used for this study. Biofilm formation was identified in 18% of CoNS tested. Staphylococcus chromogenes (11%) had the highest proportion of biofilm formation followed by S. haemolyticus (4.0%), S. epidermidis, S. hominis, S. xylosus, and S. simulans with 1% respectively. Ninety percent (90%) of CoNS were resistant to at least one antimicrobial (AMR) and 51% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance among CoNS was the highest to ampicillin (90%) and penicillin (89%), few isolates resistant to cefoxitin and vancomycin, 9% respectively. Similarly, MDR-S. haemolyticus (44%), MDR-S. epidermidis (65%), and MDR-S. chromogenes (52%) were mainly resistant to penicillins. The most common resistance patterns observed were resistance to penicillin-ampicillin (16%) and penicillin-ampicillin-erythromycin (10%). Only 42% of biofilm positive CoNS were MDR. Conclusion The majority of CoNS in this study were resistance to penicillins. In addition, most isolates were β-lactam resistant and MDR. Biofilm formation among the CoNS in this study was uncommon and there was no significant difference in the proportion of MDR-CoNS based on the ability to form a biofilm.

Comparison of Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES ◽  
SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽  
W. E. MORGAN MORROW
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
On Farm

Conventional swine production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in swine production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 pigs and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P < 0.05). Antimicrobial resistance was detected against 10 of the 12 antimicrobials tested. The highest frequency of resistance was found against tetracycline (80%), followed by streptomycin (43.4%) and sulfamethoxazole (36%). Frequency of resistance to most classes of antimicrobials (except tetracycline) was significantly higher among conventional farms than antimicrobial-free farms, with ORs ranging from 2.84 for chloramphenicol to 23.22 for kanamycin at the on-farm level. A total of 28 antimicrobial resistance patterns were detected. A resistance pattern with streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (n = 130) was the most common multidrug resistance pattern. There was no significant difference in the proportion of isolates with this pattern between the conventional (19.5%) and the antimicrobial-free systems (18%) (OR = 1.8; P > 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.

scholarly journals Enterotoxins production, biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from refrigerated raw cow milk

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e45231
Author(s):  
Camila Lampugnani ◽  
Maike Taís Maziero Montanhini ◽  
Maria Emilene Martino Campos‐Galvão ◽  
Luis Augusto Nero ◽  
Luciano dos Santos Bersot
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Adherence Ability

This study aimed to isolate Staphylococcus aureus in refrigerated raw cow milk, and identify the presence of enterotoxin-expression genes, enterotoxin production and adherence ability, and antimicrobial resistance potential of the isolated strains. Fifty raw milk samples obtained in different dairy farms were analyzed for S. aureus and evaluated in the isolates the presence of genes associated with the production of major staphylococcal enterotoxins and biofilm formation. In vitro assays were also performed to evaluate the production of enterotoxins and adherence ability, and the antimicrobial resistance. One half (25/50) of raw milk samples presented coagulase-positive staphylococci and 95.2% of the isolates were confirmed to be S. aureus. Among them, 42.4% were carrying genes for enterotoxins production; however, only one isolate was able to produce enterotoxins. All S. aureus isolates were carrying at least two genes associated with biofilm formation and 95.2% isolates was able to adhere upon the in vitro assay. All isolates demonstrated antimicrobial resistance potential to one or more of the tested antibiotics.

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) as an aetiological factor of mastitis in cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bochniarz ◽  
W. Wawron ◽  
M. Szczubiał
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Clinical Forms

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the proportions of individual coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species in clinical and subclinical mastitis. The material consisted of 100 CNS isolates obtained from 223 milk samples collected from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. Coagulase- negative staphylococci constituted 44.8% of all isolated microorganisms. CNS were isolated from the mammary gland secretions of 86 cows from farms in the Lublin region (Poland). Clinical mastitis was found in 20 whereas subclinical mastitis in 66 study cows (23.3% and 76.7%, respectively). The symptoms of clinical mastitis were mild. The clinical forms of mastitis concerned mainly the first or second lactation.Subclinical mastitis was most commonly observed during the second lactation. Four CNS species (S. xylosus, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus and S. sciuri ) were isolated from clinical and subclinical mastitis. S. xylosus was the commonest CNS species isolated from cows with clinical mastitis whereas S. chromogenes was the most prevalent one in subclinical mastitis cases. The three CNS species (S. warneri, S. hominis and S. saprophyticus) caused only subclinical mastitis.

Characterization of biofilms and antimicrobial resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species involved with subclinical mastitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Márcia Silva Francisco ◽  
Ciro César Rossi ◽  
Maria Aparecida Vasconcelos Paiva Brito ◽  
Marinella Silva Laport ◽  
Elaine Menezes Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dairy Animals

Abstract Biofilm formation is a central feature to guarantee staphylococcal persistence in hosts and is associated with several diseases that are difficult to treat. In this research paper, biofilm formation and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated in staphylococcal strains belonging to several species. These strains were isolated from the milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and most of them were coagulase-negative, with the prevalence of Staphylococcus chromogenes. High genetic diversity was observed among the strains by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by disk diffusion and more than 50% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G, with multi-resistance profiles (13.6%) also being observed. Most strains (65.9%) formed biofilms when cultivated in BHI supplemented with 1% glucose. Most strains (72.7%) carried the intercellular adhesion gene (icaA), while less than half (36.3%) carried the biofilm-associated protein gene (bap). Concentrations of up to 10xMIC of erythromycin and tetracycline were not sufficient to suppress cell viability in preformed biofilms. Our results revealed that a genetically diverse group of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus species can be involved in subclinical mastitis. Since high antimicrobial concentrations cannot eradicate biofilm cells in vitro, their use in dairy animals may be ineffective in controlling infections, while supporting selection of resistant microorganisms. These data reinforce the need for alternative therapies aiming at disrupting biofilms for effective disease control.

N-acetyl -β-D-glucosaminidase activity in cow milk as an indicator of mastitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Hovinen ◽  
Heli Simojoki ◽  
Reeta Pösö ◽  
Jenni Suolaniemi ◽  
Piret Kalmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Level ◽  
Accurate Indicator

Activity of lysosomal N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) in milk has been used as an indicator of bovine mastitis. We studied NAGase activity of 808 milk samples from healthy quarters and quarters of cows with spontaneous subclinical and clinical mastitis. Associations between milk NAGase activity and milk somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis causing pathogen, quarter, parity, days in milk (DIM) and season were studied. In addition, the performance of NAGase activity in detecting clinical and subclinical mastitis and distinguishing infections caused by minor and major bacteria was investigated. Our results indicate that NAGase activity can be used to detect both subclinical and clinical mastitis with a high level of accuracy (0·85 and 0·99). Incomplete correlation between NAGase activity and SCC suggests that a substantial proportion of NAGase activity comes from damaged epithelial cells of the udder in addition to somatic cells. We therefore recommend determination of NAGase activity from quarter foremilk after at least six hours from the last milking using the method described. Samples should be frozen before analysis. NAGase activity should be interpreted according to DIM, at least during the first month of lactation. Based on the results of the present study, a reference value for normal milk NAGase activity of 0·1–1·04 pmoles 4-MU/min/μl for cows with ≥30 DIM (196 samples) could be proposed. We consider milk NAGase activity to be an accurate indicator of subclinical and clinical mastitis.

scholarly journals Bacterial Etiology of Bloodstream Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Malé, Maldives

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Aishath Maharath ◽  
Mariyam Shabeena Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Healthcare Setting ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Culture Positive

Background. Bloodstream infections pose a significant health problem worldwide and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries. It is important to have country-specific data for major pathogens causing bloodstream infections, in light of emerging resistance patterns of common bacterial isolates. Due to the scarcity of reports in this area, the aim of this study was to identify bacterial pathogens causing bloodstream infections among the study population. Methods. A retrospective analysis of blood culture samples received at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Malé, Maldives, was performed for reports between January 2016 and December 2017. Results. Out of the 471 culture-positive samples, 278 (59%) were males and 193 (41%) were females. Amongst the culture-positive samples, 338 (71.8%) Gram-positive organisms were isolated and 133 (28.2%) Gram-negative organisms were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) was the most frequently isolated blood-borne bacterial pathogen in this study, accounting for 53.6% and 50.9% of the isolates in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Other frequently isolated pathogens included Staphylococcus aureus (15.9% and 10.3%), Klebsiella spp. (10.5% and 16.4%), and Escherichia coli (7.1% and 10.8%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) revealed high percentage of resistance among the tested antimicrobials, ampicillin, cephalexin, cefotaxime, and gentamicin. Over the two years, a significant difference between the percentage resistance among paediatric and adult patients was observed for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) isolate resistance to ampicillin p ≤ 0.001 , cephalexin p ≤ 0.001 , cefotaxime p ≤ 0.001 , gentamicin p = 0.008 , and cotrimoxazole (SXT) p ≤ 0.001 . When comparing the significant antimicrobial resistance trends, it can be seen that Enterobacteriaceae isolates also demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin and gentamicin as well as second- and third-generation cephalosporins. Conclusions. This study highlights the major bacterial pathogens involved in bloodstream infections in the healthcare setting of Malé, Maldives, and antibiotic resistance patterns. The results indicate that further characterization of bacteremia and its resistance patterns is needed to combat bloodstream infections.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Widodo Suwito ◽  
WIDAGDO SRI NUGROHO ◽  
AGNESIA ENDANG TRI HASTUTI WAHYUNI ◽  
BAMBANG SUMIARTO
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract. Suwito W, Nugroho WS, Wahyuni AETH, Sumiarto B. 2021. Antimicrobial resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from subclinical mastitis in Ettawa Crossbred goat (PE) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3418-3422. Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in Ettawa Crossbred Goat (PE) is most frequently caused by staphylococci with a significant reduction in milk yield. The aim of this study is to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from PE goat SCM. A total of 36 CoNS isolates originating from PE goat SCM were collected in semisolid tube use in this study. All CoNS isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility of CoNS isolated samples according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The CoNS isolates showed the highest resistance rate against sulfamethoxazole (65%), ampicillin (55.56%), penicillin (45%), cefoxitin (33.33%), erythromycin (25%), oxytetracycline (20%), tetracycline (15%), gentamicin and neomycin (11.11%), while oxacillin was sensitive. The highest of multiple antimicrobials resistance observed 15% in ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline, then 5-10% in ampicillin, penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. The majority of CoNS in this study were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and then, followed by ampicillin, penicillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, gentamicin and neomycin. In addition, most isolates were penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR).

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes isolated from mastitic milk and humans in El-Behira, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77
Author(s):  
Mohamed S. Diab ◽  
Nermin A. Ibrahim ◽  
Yasser F. Elnaker ◽  
Sherif A. Zidan ◽  
Marwa A. Saad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Mastitic Milk

Background and Aim: Milk is a chief source of many nutrients. However, we must also bear in mind that it is a potential source for many cases of food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of cow mastitis and evaluate the presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and contact humans in El-Behira Province, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 680 milk samples from 170 cows and 86 human samples consisting of 43 hand swabs and 43 nasal swabs were analyzed. The milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test. Results: The general occurrence was 23.1% (157/680) where 48 quarters had clinical mastitis and 109 had subclinical mastitis. Subsequently, S. aureus was isolated in Baird-Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 48 samples of mastitic milk studied, 16 (33.3%) showed contamination by S. aureus whereas 109 samples of subclinical mastitis showed contamination in only 18 (16.5%). On the opposite hand, of the 86 human samples, 33 revealed S. aureus contamination, corresponding to 38.37% of the samples. Furthermore, multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting nuc and the staphylococcal enterotoxin-encoding genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were performed after culture, revealing that 88.2% (30/34) of milk samples and 93.9% (31/33) of human samples were variably positive to those genes. Conclusion: The use of nuc gene based PCR is an accurate and rapid method for S aureus isolates detection. A high prevalence of multiple drug-resistant isolates of S. aureus recovered from both human and milk represents further evidence for possible veterinary hazards as well as public hazards, especially to those that consume milk from this region.

scholarly journals Central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection and colonization: the impact of insertion site and distribution of multidrug-resistant pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassiliki Pitiriga ◽  
Petros Kanellopoulos ◽  
Ioannis Bakalis ◽  
Elsa Kampos ◽  
Ioannis Sagris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Catheter Insertion ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Placement of central-venous catheters (CVCs) is an essential practice in the management of hospitalized patients, however, insertion at the commonly used sites has often the potential of inducing major complications. Neverthelss, the impact of specific site central line catheter insertion on catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) has not been clarified yet in the literature. Objective The aim of the study was to compare CLABSIs and catheter colonization rates among the three catheter insertion sites: subclavian (SC), internal jugular (IJ) and femoral (FEM) in hospitalized patients. Moreover, to analyze the distribution of pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance profiles at these three sites, concurrently. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from all catheterized patients at a tertiary care Greek hospital from May 2016 to May 2018. Data was collected on 1414 CVCs and 13,054 CVC-days. Results Τhe incidence of CLABSIs among the three sites was as follows: SC:5.1/1000 catheter/days, IJ: 3.73/1000 catheter/days and FEM: 6.93/1000 catheter/days (p = 0.37). The incidence of colonization was as follows: SC:13.39/1000 catheter/days; IJ:7.34/ 1000 catheter/days; FEM:22.91/1000 catheter/days (p = 0.009). MDROs predominated in both CLABSIs and tip colonizations (59.3 and 61%, respectively) with Acinetobacter baumanii being the predominant pathogen (16/59, 27.1% and 44/144, 30.5%, respectively). The incidence of CLABSIs due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) was as follows: SC:3.83/1000 catheter days; IJ:1.49/1000 catheter days; FEM:5.86/1000 catheter days (p = 0.04). The incidence of tip colonization by MDROs among the 3 sites was as follows: SC:8.93/1000 catheter/days; IJ:4.48/1000 catheter/days; FEM:12.79/1000 catheter/days (p = 0.06). There was no significant difference in the type of pathogen isolated among site groups for both CLABSIs and tip colonizations. Conclusions FEM site of catheter insertion was associated with a higher rate of bloodstream infection and catheters’ colonization compared to IJ and SC sites. Furthermore, this survey highlights the changing trend of the distribution of frequent pathogens and resistance patterns towards MDR Gram-negative pathogens, underscoring the need for consistent monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns of these specific infections.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance inStaphylococcus aureusand Coagulase Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Goats with Subclinical Mastitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Virdis ◽  
Christian Scarano ◽  
Francesca Cossu ◽  
Vincenzo Spanu ◽  
Carlo Spanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Antimicrobial resistance patterns and gene coding for methicillin resistance (mecA) were determined in 25S. aureusand 75 Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) strains isolates from half-udder milk samples collected from goats with subclinical mastitis. Fourteen (56.0%)S. aureusand thirty-one (41.3%) CNS isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents.S. aureusshowed the highest resistance rate against kanamycin (28.0%), oxytetracycline (16.0%), and ampicillin (12.0%). The CNS tested were more frequently resistant to ampicillin (36.0%) and kanamycin (6.7%). Multiple antimicrobial resistance was observed in eight isolates, and oneStaphylococcus epidermidiswas found to be resistant to six antibiotics. ThemecAgene was not found in any of the tested isolates. Single resistance againstβ-lactamics or aminoglicosides is the most common trait observed while multiresistance is less frequent.

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