scholarly journals Delivery of nanovaccine towards lymphoid organs: recent strategies in enhancing cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Cai ◽  
Huina Liu ◽  
Shun Zhang ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Lingxiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Dynamic Structures ◽  
Future Direction

AbstractWith the in-depth exploration on cancer therapeutic nanovaccines, increasing evidence shows that the poor delivery of nanovaccines to lymphoid organs has become the culprit limiting the rapid induction of anti-tumor immune response. Unlike the conventional prophylactic vaccines that mainly form a depot at the injection site to gradually trigger durable immune response, the rapid proliferation of tumors requires an efficient delivery of nanovaccines to lymphoid organs for rapid induction of anti-tumor immunity. Optimization of the physicochemical properties of nanovaccine (e.g., size, shape, charge, colloidal stability and surface ligands) is an effective strategy to enhance their accumulation in lymphoid organs, and nanovaccines with dynamic structures are also designed for precise targeted delivery of lymphoid organs or their subregions. The recent progress of these nanovaccine delivery strategies is highlighted in this review, and the challenges and future direction are also discussed. Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals Water Infrastructure Asset Management Is Evolving

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Assela Pathirana ◽  
Frank den Heijer ◽  
Paul B Sayers
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Poor State ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Relevant Education ◽  
Infrastructure Asset Management

Infrastructure Asset Management (IAM) is the process by which decisions are made and resources allocated to ensure organisational or societal assets continue to deliver, as required. IAM is an evolving field. We discuss this evolution and present our perspectives on the future direction of IAM. IAM was born as a response to the poor state of maintenance of infrastructure, largely due to lack of resources, and emphasizes the need to prioritize maintenance and renewal using risk-based approaches. The demands on IAM have also continued to evolve as asset systems have become more complex, with multifunctionality, adaptative capacity and nature-based infrastructure, all issues that IAM must now consider. These challenges underpin the changing context of Water Infrastructure Asset Management (WIAM) and the opportunity for WIAM to harness new technical developments from other IAM domains. WIAM will need to continue to evolve, responding to these challenges and take advantage of these opportunities through research and application in collaboration with a relevant education and capacity development agenda.

scholarly journals The Role and Mechanism of Pyroptosis and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Sepsis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangtao Zheng ◽  
Weiwei Chen ◽  
Fangchen Gong ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Erzhen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Organ Dysfunction ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Future Direction

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Recently was been found that pyroptosis is a unique form of proinflammatory programmed death, that is different from apoptosis. A growing number of studies have investigated pyroptosis and its relationship with sepsis, including the mechanisms, role, and relevant targets of pyroptosis in sepsis. While moderate pyroptosis in sepsis can control pathogen infection, excessive pyroptosis can lead to a dysregulated host immune response and even organ dysfunction. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets underlying pyroptosis in sepsis identified in recent decades, looking forward to the future direction of treatment for sepsis.

scholarly journals Corrective effects of original bioflavonoid complex in the cyclophosphamide-induced immunity disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120
Author(s):  
I. A. Goldina ◽  
E. V. Markova ◽  
I. A. Orlovskaya ◽  
L. B. Toporkova ◽  
V. A. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Hematopoietic Progenitors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cellular Immune

Our aim was to evaluate immunomodulatory properties of an original bioflavonoid complex in experimental immune disturbances induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy). We have studied morphometric indexes of thymus and spleen, as well as blood leukocyte counts, cell proliferative activity in lymphoid organs, delayed hypersensitivity responses to T cell-dependent antigen, along with differentiation activity of bone marrow stem cells in experimental animals during Cy-induced immune suppression after a course of bioflavonoid treatment. Suspension of the bioflafonoid complex was introduced to the male mice (СВАхC57Bl/6)F1 aged 12- 14 weeks at a daily dose of 2 mg/animal (80 mg/kg), per os, using gastric catheter, over 14 days. Cytostatic immunosuppression was produced by a single intraperitoneal Cy injection. Proliferative activity of spleen and thymic cells was determined by standard method with Н3 -thymidine incorporation in the 72-h cell culture. Cellular immune response was assayed by the degree of delayed-type hypersensitivity development in response to sheep erythrocytes. The number of hematopoietic progenitors was evaluated by culturing bone marrow cells in methylcellulose-based medium. The experiments have shown mitigation of immunosuppressive effects induced by Cy, in the course of bioflavonoid complex treatment, with respect to absolute and relative mass of lymphoid organs and leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood. Moreover, we have demonstrated decreased effects of Cy treatment upon the spontaneous activity of spleen cells, mitogen-induced thymocyte and splenocyte proliferation, intensivity of delayed-type hypersensitivity response that reached the values of intact animals. Following the course of bioflavonoids, we have revealed an increase in early hematopoietic progenitors. Alleviation of Cy-induced suppressive effects upon cellular immune response, proliferation rates of immune cells, as well as stimulation of hematopoietic stem cell functions suggest a sufficient capacity of the original bioflavonoid complex for modulation of immunity and hematopoiesis, thus presenting experimental proofs for its potential usage as an adjuvant treatment of the patients with malignant diseases.

Service Delivery Strategies for Alleviating Pandemic Suffering While Maintaining Profitability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omkar Palsule-Desai ◽  
Vikrant Vaze ◽  
Gang Li ◽  
Srinagesh Gavirneni
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Customer Segmentation ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Product Assortment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Service Option ◽  
Delivery Strategies

The postpandemic world requires a renewed focus from service providers on ensuring that all customer segments receive the essential services (food, healthcare, housing, education, etc.) that they need. Philanthropic service providers are unable to cope with the increased demand caused by the social, economic, and operational challenges induced by the pandemic. For-profit service providers offering no-pay services to customers, allowing them to self-select a service option, is becoming a popular strategy in various settings. Obtaining insights into how to efficiently balance societal and financial goals is critical for a for-profit service provider. We develop and analyze a quantitative model of customer utilities, vertically differentiated product assortment, pricing, and market size to understand how service providers can effectively use customer segmentation and serve the poor in the lowest economic strata. We identify conditions under which designing the service delivery to be accessible to the poor can simultaneously benefit the for-profit service provider, customers, and the entire society. Interestingly, we observe that the increasing customer valuation of the no-pay option because of a superior quality service offered by a service provider need not benefit customers. Our work provides a framework to obtain operational, economic, and strategic insights into socially responsible service delivery strategies.

Nanomaterials for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavna Choudhary ◽  
Pubalee Sarmah
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Developing Area

: Application of nanomaterials in drug delivery is a rapidly developing area of interest. The main intention in the development of these drug delivery vehicles is to successfully know the targeted delivery-related efforts and carrying drugs to the required sites of therapeutic action with reduction in adverse side effects. The task for targeted drug delivery to reach pathological are-as has increased advances in nanomedicine. But the high toxicity of uncoated nanoparticles restricts the use in humans. So, to reduce toxicity, the encapsulation of nanoparticles is done with bio compatible materials. There are many efficient delivery systems thathave been developed in which nanoparticles are loaded with the cancer drug involvingbi-layer molecules. The fields of nanotechnology has always played a crucial role in electronics, biology and medicine. Its application can be ap-praised, as it involves the materials to be designed at atomic and molecular level.This article reviews different types of nano- materials used as delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents and their mechanism of action that improve the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs. The recent scientific advances in the area of chemotherapy are also discussed with emphasizingthe fu-ture prospects in cancer treatments.

Is Zakat Capable of Alleviating Poverty and Reducing Income Inequality?

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-185
Author(s):  
Maizaitulaidawati Md Husin ◽  
Nor Aiza Mohd Zamil ◽  
Zarina Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Direction

This chapter aims to discuss the role of zakat in alleviating poverty and reducing income inequality, specifically in Malaysia. To achieve its objective, this chapter elaborates on the interlinkages between the institution of zakat and Maqasid-al-Shari'ah, deliberate Malaysian zakat institution as well as discuss the strategies and policies implemented by the Malaysia government in poverty eradication and income inequality reduction. Further, this chapter also discusses the role of Malaysian zakat institutions in supporting government poverty eradication and income inequality reduction initiatives. This chapter offers practical help to practitioners in providing a direction for zakat institutions in supporting the daily living of the poor. In addition, this chapter suggests an agenda for the future direction of the zakat institutions.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Delivery of Therapeutics into the Brain: The Potential of Aptamers for Targeted Delivery

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bakhtiar Bukari ◽  
Rasika M. Samarasinghe ◽  
Jinjutha Noibanchong ◽  
Sarah L. Shigdar
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Therapeutic Delivery ◽  
Macromolecular Drugs ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Alternative Delivery ◽  
The Brain

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialised network of blood vessels that effectively separates the brain environment from the circulatory system. While there are benefits, in terms of keeping pathogens from entering the brain, the BBB also complicates treatments of brain pathologies by preventing efficient delivery of macromolecular drugs to diseased brain tissue. Although current non-invasive strategies of therapeutics delivery into the brain, such as focused ultrasound and nanoparticle-mediated delivery have shown various levels of successes, they still come with risks and limitations. This review discusses the current approaches of therapeutic delivery into the brain, with a specific focus on non-invasive methods. It also discusses the potential for aptamers as alternative delivery systems and several reported aptamers with promising preliminary results.

scholarly journals Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles at a Crossroads of Vaccines and Immunotherapies

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 4620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Routes Of Administration

Vaccines and immunotherapies involve a variety of technologies and act through different mechanisms to achieve a common goal, which is to optimize the immune response against an antigen. The antigen could be a molecule expressed on a pathogen (e.g., a disease-causing bacterium, a virus or another microorganism), abnormal or damaged host cells (e.g., cancer cells), environmental agent (e.g., nicotine from a tobacco smoke), or an allergen (e.g., pollen or food protein). Immunogenic vaccines and therapies optimize the immune response to improve the eradication of the pathogen or damaged cells. In contrast, tolerogenic vaccines and therapies retrain or blunt the immune response to antigens, which are recognized by the immune system as harmful to the host. To optimize the immune response to either improve the immunogenicity or induce tolerance, researchers employ different routes of administration, antigen-delivery systems, and adjuvants. Nanocarriers and adjuvants are of particular interest to the fields of vaccines and immunotherapy as they allow for targeted delivery of the antigens and direct the immune response against these antigens in desirable direction (i.e., to either enhance immunogenicity or induce tolerance). Recently, nanoparticles gained particular attention as antigen carriers and adjuvants. This review focuses on a particular subclass of nanoparticles, which are made of nucleic acids, so-called nucleic acid nanoparticles or NANPs. Immunological properties of these novel materials and considerations for their clinical translation are discussed.

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