scholarly journals Correlates of recent nonfatal overdose among people who inject drugs in West Virginia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jia Ahmad ◽  
Sean T. Allen ◽  
Rebecca Hamilton White ◽  
Kristin E. Schneider ◽  
Allison O’Rourke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Overdose Prevention ◽  
The Past ◽  
June July

Abstract Aim Experiencing a nonfatal overdose (NFOD) is a significant risk factor for a subsequent nonfatal or fatal overdose. Overdose mortality rates in rural Appalachian states are some of the highest in the USA, but little is known about correlates of overdose among rural populations of people who inject drugs (PWID). Our study aimed to identify correlates of experiencing a recent (past 6 months) NFOD among rural PWID in Cabell County, West Virginia. Methods Using data from a June–July 2018 cross-sectional survey that was designed to estimate the size and characteristics of the PWID population in Cabell County, West Virginia, we used log binomial regression to identify correlates (e.g., structural vulnerabilities and substance use) of NFOD in the past 6 months. Results The majority of our sample of 420 PWID were male (61.2%), White, non-Hispanic (83.6%), and reported recent heroin injection (81.0%). More than two-fifths (42.6%) experienced a recent NFOD. Independent correlates of NFOD included witnessing an overdose in the past 6 months (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.28; 95% CI 1.48–3.50), attempting to quit using drugs in the past 6 months (aPR = 1.54; 95% CI 1.11–2.14), and the number of drugs injected (aPR = 1.16; 95% CI 1.10–1.23) Conclusions A large proportion of rural PWID in Appalachia reported having recently overdosed. The associations between witnessing an overdose, attempting to quit using drugs, and number of drugs injected with recent nonfatal overdose underscore the need for expanded access to overdose prevention resources that are tailored to the needs of this population. Expanding access to evidence-based overdose prevention strategies—such as take-home naloxone programs, treatment with methadone or buprenorphine, and harm reduction services—may decrease overdose morbidity and mortality among rural PWID in Appalachia.

scholarly journals Age, ethnic and travel-related disparities in kissing and sexual practices among heterosexual men in Melbourne, Australia

Sexual Health ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Finley J. Charleson ◽  
Christopher K. Fairley ◽  
Jane S. Hocking ◽  
Lenka A. Vodstrcil ◽  
Catriona S. Bradshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Sex Partners ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background The kissing practices of heterosexual men are not well understood, despite the potential of kissing to be a significant risk factor for gonorrhoea transmission. This study aimed to explore kissing and sex practices among heterosexual men. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among heterosexual men attending the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre in 2016–2017 was conducted. Men were asked to report their number of kissing-only (in the absence of sex), sex-only (in the absence of kissing) and kissing-with-sex partners in the last 3 months. The mean number of each partner type was calculated, and multivariable negative binomial regression was used to investigate associations between the number of different types of partners and demographic characteristics. Results: Of the 2351 heterosexual men, men reported a mean of 2.98 kissing-only, 0.54 sex-only and 2.64 kissing-with-sex partners in the last 3 months. Younger men had a mean higher number of kissing-only partners than older men (4.52 partners among men aged ≤24 years compared with 1.75 partners among men ≥35 years, P < 0.001). Men born in Europe had the most kissing-only partners (mean: 5.16 partners) and men born in Asia had the fewest kissing-only partners (mean: 1.61 partners). Men recently arrived in Australia, including travellers from overseas, had significantly more kissing-only partners (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR): 1.53; 95% CI: 1.31–1.80) than local men. Conclusions: This study provides novel data about kissing practices of heterosexual men. Studies assessing oropharyngeal gonorrhoea should include measurements of kissing until studies can clarify its contribution to transmission risk.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ENVIRONMENT AND SANITATION OF A RURAL POPULATION IN VILLUPURAM DISTRICT - A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Sriradha ◽  
Jebamalar J ◽  
Sasikaladevi S
Keyword(s):  
Rural Population ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Open Drainage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Introduction: Overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions and open-air defecation are still major issues in rural households. This study aimed at assessing the internal, external environment and sanitation among a rural population. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in Kedar village of Villupuram District from June 2018 to July 2018. Around 379 households were assessed regarding environment and sanitation using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Overcrowding was present in 29.1 houses. Twenty percent of the houses were inadequately ventilated. Separate toilet facilities were absent in 14.9% of houses. Mosquito nuisance was present among 29.9% houses and fly nuisance among 30.7% houses. Open drainage system was present among 21.3% houses. Lower socio-economic status was a significant risk factor of inadequate ventilation, absence of separate latrine and over-crowding. Conclusion: Awareness and health education on the health hazards of poor housing, imparting knowledge on government schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana and Swacch Bharat are needed for those in the lower socio-economic strata for improving environment and sanitation. Key words: Over-crowding, sanitation, open air defecation, Swacch Bharat

DOWRY DEMAND AND HARASSMENT: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN INDIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (06) ◽  
pp. 727-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
VISALAKSHI JEYASEELAN ◽  
SHUBA KUMAR ◽  
L. JEYASEELAN ◽  
VISWANATHAN SHANKAR ◽  
BIJESH KUMAR YADAV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
Slum Areas

SummaryThe practice of dowry is widespread in India and refers to the payment of cash/gifts by the bride's family to the bridegroom's family before marriage. Though prohibited by law, dowry is widely practised, and often contributes to severe injuries and even death of young brides. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors for dowry demand and dowry harassment and its psychosocial correlates across different social strata in India, and also by husband and mother-in-law characteristics. In a cross-sectional survey of 9938 women in rural, urban and urban non-slum sites across India conducted in 1998–99, dowry demand was found to be significantly higher (p<0.001) in the urban non-slum and rural areas (26% and 23% respectively) than in urban slum areas (18%). Overall, 17% of groom's families were not satisfied with the dowry, this being higher in rural areas (21%) than in urban slum and non-slum areas (about 14% in both). The overall prevalence of dowry harassment among this group of women was 13.3%. Mothers-in-law who had themselves experienced dowry demand were 14 (95% CI 5.0–40.4) and 5 (95% CI 1.3–18.9) times more likely to demand and harass daughters-in-law over dowry, respectively. Another significant risk factor for dowry-related harassment was mother-in law's status in the family. Interventions related to modifiable risk factors, such as increased social support at the community level, should help reduce dowry harassment.

scholarly journals Differences in the occurrence and characteristics of injuries between full-time and part-time dancers

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e000324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Jo Vassallo ◽  
Evangelos Pappas ◽  
Emmanuel Stamatakis ◽  
Claire E Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Significant Risk ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Professional Dancers ◽  
Dance Companies ◽  
Additional Education

BackgroundProfessional dancers are at significant risk of injury due to the physical demands of their career. Despite their high numbers, the experience of injury in freelance or part-time dancers is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and characteristics of injury in part-time compared with full-time Australian professional dancers.MethodsData were collected using a cross-sectional survey distributed to employees of small and large dance companies and freelance dancers in Australia. Statistical comparisons between full-time and part-time dancer demographics, dance training, injury prevalence and characteristics were made using χ2, two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests, independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests.ResultsA total of 89 full-time and 57 part-time dancers were included for analysis. A higher proportion of full-time dancers (79.8%) than part-time dancers (63.2%) experienced an injury that impacted on their ability to dance in the past 12 months (p=0.035). Injuries characteristics were similar between groups with fatigue being the most cited contributing factor. Part-time dancers took longer to seek treatment while a higher proportion of full-time dancers were unable to dance in any capacity following their injury.ConclusionMore full-time dancers sustained an injury in the past 12 months, and were unable to dance in any capacity following their injury. However injuries still commonly occurred in part-time dancers without necessarily a large volume of dance activity. Part-time dancers often access general community clinicians for treatment, who may need additional education to practically advise on appropriate return to dance.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Secondary Schoolteachers in Hail, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6632
Author(s):  
Omar W. Althomali ◽  
Junaid Amin ◽  
Wael Alghamdi ◽  
Daria Hussain Shaik
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Back

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common occupational health hazards and serious health concerns among teachers. About 39% to 95% of teachers suffer from musculoskeletal pain that can lead to a decline in their performance, frequent sick leaves and early retirement, and can have a negative impact on their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MSDs among secondary schoolteachers in Hail, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an electronic survey. A self-reported and validated Arabic version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used. Participants were recruited randomly through a two-stage sampling technique. A total of 251 respondents (57.8% males and 42.2% females) returned the questionnaire. The overall prevalence of MSDs was 87.3%. Female teachers (95.3%) suffered more than their male counterparts (81.4%). The most common site was the lower back (62.55%), followed by the shoulders (53.39%) and knees (41.04%). Most of the participants (72.7%) reported MSDs in multiple sites. Binomial logistic regression predicted that smoking is a significant risk factor for lower back disorders (p < 0.05). A high prevalence of MSDs can be due to a substantial lack of awareness and practice of ergonomics, which warrant the development of preventive strategies and educational programs.

scholarly journals Food access among people who inject drugs in West Virginia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Rouhani ◽  
Sean T. Allen ◽  
Sara Whaley ◽  
Rebecca Hamilton White ◽  
Allison O’Rourke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Food Access ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adequate Food

Abstract Background The substance use epidemic in the United States continues to drive high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID). Poor access to food often co-occurs with drug use and contributes to associated sequelae, such as risks for HIV and diabetes. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with adequate food access among PWID in a rural Appalachian community. Methods Cross-sectional surveys were used to collect data among PWID aged 18 and older in Cabell County, West Virginia. Frequency of hunger and sociodemographic, structural and drug use characteristics were measured. Adequate food access was defined as reporting ‘never’ going to bed hungry at night in the past six months. Pearson’s χ2 and t-tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with food access. Results Only 71 individuals (17%) reported never going to bed hungry at night in the past six months. Adjusted odds of having adequate food access were higher among PWID who completed high school (aOR 2.94; P = 0.010) and usually used drugs alone (aOR 1.97; P = 0.025), and lower among PWID who were female (aOR 0.51; P = 0.037), experienced homelessness (aOR 0.23, P < 0.001), were recently arrested (aOR 0.50 P = 0.047), and engaged in receptive sharing of injection equipment (aOR 0.52, P = 0.035). Conclusions We found extremely low food access in a population of PWID in Appalachia who are vulnerable to overdose and infectious disease transmission. Integrated interventions promoting food access are needed to improve the public health and wellbeing of people who inject drugs in Appalachia.

scholarly journals Mental Health among Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: A Cross-Sectional Multi-Country Comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2686
Author(s):  
Kele Ding ◽  
Jingzhen Yang ◽  
Ming-Kai Chin ◽  
Lindsay Sullivan ◽  
Giyasettin Demirhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Country Level

Despite the global impact of COVID-19, studies comparing the effects of COVID-19 on population mental health across countries are sparse. This study aimed to compare anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown among adults from 11 countries and to examine their associations with country-level COVID-19 factors and personal COVID-19 exposure. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adults (≥18 years) in 11 countries (Brazil, Bulgaria, China, India, Ireland, North Macedonia, Malaysia, Singapore, Spain, Turkey, United States). Mental health (anxiety, depression, resilient coping, hope) and other study data were collected between June–August 2020. Of the 13,263 participants, 62.8% were female and 51.7% were 18–34 years old. Participants living in Brazil had the highest anxiety and depression symptoms while participants living in Singapore had the lowest. Greater personal COVID-19 exposure was associated with increased anxiety and depression symptoms, but country-level COVID-19 factors were not. Higher levels of hope were associated with reduced anxiety and depression; higher levels of resilient coping were associated with reduced anxiety but not depression. Substantial variations exist in anxiety and depression symptoms across countries during the COVID-19 lockdown, with personal COVID-19 exposure being a significant risk factor. Strategies that mitigate COVID-19 exposure and enhance hope and resilience may reduce anxiety and depression during global emergencies.

scholarly journals Adult binge drinking: rate, frequency and intensity in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Eyitayo Omolara Owolabi ◽  
Daniel Ter Goon ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Eunice Seekoe
Keyword(s):  
Binge Drinking ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rate Frequency ◽  
Do So

Background: Binge drinking (BD) is a significant risk factor for several acute and chronic illnesses, including injuries. This study examines the rate, frequency and intensity of BD in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM), South Africa.Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of 998 adults attending the three largest outpatient clinics in BCMM. Rate, frequency and intensity of BD were assessed using the WHO STEPwise questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out to determine the rate and determinants of binge drinking.Results: The overall rate of BD was 15.0%. Frequency and intensity of BD were 5.4 episodes per month and 13.4 drinks on one occasion, respectively. The study data showed that BD was commoner in males than females (24.0% vs. 10.8%). Smokers engagemore in BD than non-smokers (44.0% vs. 9.9%). In the analysis of socio-demographic variables, BD was commonest among students, age group 18–25 years, those never married and those on incomes between 2001 and 5000 Rand per month. In themultivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for confounders, only age less than 25 years (p 0.001) and male gender (p 0.001) were significant predictors of binge drinking. Also, male gender (p = 0.002) was significantly associated with frequency of BD. There was no significant gender variation in the intensity of BD. Only age and smoking were significantly associated with the intensity of BD.Conclusion: The rate of binge drinking was high among the study participants, and those who binge drink tend to do so frequently and at a high intensity. Women who binge drink also do so at a high intensity. There is a need for sensitisation campaigns and health advocacy talks on the dangers associated with binge drinking among young adults in this setting.

scholarly journals Food Security among People who Inject Drugs in West Virginia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Rouhani ◽  
Sean T Allen ◽  
Sarah Whaley ◽  
Rebecca H White ◽  
Allison O'Rourke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Past ◽  
Poor Access

Abstract Background. The substance use epidemic in the United States continues to drive high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly among people who inject drugs (PWID). Poor access to food co-occurs with illicit drug use and contributes to associated sequelae, such as HIV and diabetes. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with food security among PWID in a rural Appalachian community. Methods. Cross-sectional surveys were used to collect data in a sample of 420 PWID aged 18 and older Cabell County, West Virginia. Frequency of food access and sociodemographic, structural and drug use characteristics were measured. Food security was defined as reporting ‘never’ going to bed hungry at night in the past six months. Pearson’s χ2 and t-tests were used to identify factors associated with food security. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to estimate adjusted odds of being food secure.Results. Only 71 individuals (17%) reported never going to bed hungry night in the past six months. Adjusted odds of being food secure were higher among PWID who completed high school (aOR 2.94; P=0.010) and usually using drugs alone (aOR 1.97; P=0.025), and lower among PWID who were female (aOR 0.51; P=0.037), experienced homelessness (aOR 0.23, P<0.001), were recently arrested (aOR 0.50 P=0.049), and engaged in receptive sharing of injection equipment (aOR 0.52, P=0.035).Conclusions. We found extremely low levels of food security in a population of PWID in Appalachia who are vulnerable to overdose and infectious disease transmission. Integrated interventions that approach food provision as harm reduction are needed to address the overlapping factors that jeopardize the health and wellbeing of people who inject drugs.

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