Decay of infectious adenovirus and coliphages in freshwater habitats is differentially affected by ambient sunlight and the presence of indigenous protozoa communities

Abstract Background Sanitary quality of recreational waters worldwide is assessed using fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as Escherichia coli and enterococci. However, fate and transport characteristics of FIB in aquatic habitats can differ from those of viral pathogens which have been identified as main etiologic agents of recreational waterborne illness. Coliphages (bacteriophages infecting E. coli) are an attractive alternative to FIB because of their many morphological and structural similarities to viral pathogens. Methods In this in situ field study, we used a submersible aquatic mesocosm to compare decay characteristics of somatic and F+ coliphages to those of infectious human adenovirus 2 in a freshwater lake. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of ambient sunlight (and associated UV irradiation) and indigenous protozoan communities on decay of somatic and F+ coliphage, as well as infectious adenovirus. Results Our results show that decay of coliphages and adenovirus was similar (p = 0.0794), indicating that both of these bacteriophage groups are adequate surrogates for decay of human adenoviruses. Overall, after 8 days the greatest log10 reductions were observed when viruses were exposed to a combination of biotic and abiotic factors (2.92 ± 0.39, 4.48 ± 0.38, 3.40 ± 0.19 for somatic coliphages, F+ coliphages and adenovirus, respectively). Both, indigenous protozoa and ambient sunlight, were important contributors to decay of all three viruses, although the magnitude of that effect differed over time and across viral targets. Conclusions While all viruses studied decayed significantly faster (p < 0.0001) when exposed to ambient sunlight, somatic coliphages were particularly susceptible to sunlight irradiation suggesting a potentially different mechanism of UV damage compared to F+ coliphages and adenoviruses. Presence of indigenous protozoan communities was also a significant contributor (p value range: 0.0016 to < 0.0001) to decay of coliphages and adenovirus suggesting that this rarely studied biotic factor is an important driver of viral reductions in freshwater aquatic habitats.

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Innovative Strategy Using Alternative Fecal Indicators (F+RNA/Somatic Coliphages, Clostridium perfringens) to Detect Cesspool Discharge Pollution in Streams and Receiving Coastal Waters Within a Tropical Environment

Marine Technology Society Journal ◽

10.4031/mtsj.45.2.12 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 101-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gayatri Vithanage ◽

Roger S. Fujioka ◽

Gary Ueunten

Keyword(s):

Clostridium Perfringens ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Fecal Coliform ◽

The State ◽

Similar Data ◽

Fecal Indicators ◽

Recreational Waters ◽

Fecal Indicator ◽

Somatic Coliphages

AbstractStandards based on fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have traditionally been used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to determine when recreational waters are contaminated by fecal and sewage inputs. Studies in tropical and subtropical areas, however, have shown that these same standards cannot reliably be used in these environments to determine when waters are contaminated by sewage. This is because soil, sediments, water, and plants have been shown to be significant indigenous sources of FIB in tropical/subtropical climates. In these climates, alternative fecal indicators, such as Clostridium perfringens and F+RNA coliphages, may be more reliable markers of sewage contamination, because these organisms are generally found in low concentrations in the environment. In the State of Hawaii, monitoring data relating to FIB (fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, enterococci) and alternative indicator microorganisms (C. perfringens, F+RNA) in recreational waters has been obtained for the Island of Oahu, but similar data are lacking for other islands within the state. The major goal of this study was to monitor water samples obtained from the Nawiliwili watershed on the Island of Kauai for traditional FIB (fecal coliform and enterococci) as well as alternative fecal microbial indicators (C. perfringens, somatic coliphages, and F+RNA coliphages). Results for FIB concentrations on the Island of Kauai followed a similar trend as data obtained from the Island of Oahu. In addition, in areas like the Island of Kauai where cesspools are prevalent, monitoring for F+RNA and somatic coliphages may provide more reliable data in the detection of subsurface contamination of streams by cesspool waste, which can then lead to the pollution of coastal waters. Finally, genotyping of F+RNA phages obtained from the study sites provided additional evidence that human cesspool contamination was occurring within the Nawiliwili watershed.

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Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2183

Author(s):

Nurhani Mat Razali ◽

Siti Norvahida Hisham ◽

Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar ◽

Rohit Nandan Shukla ◽

Melvin Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Genomics ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Biotic Factor ◽

Protein Coding ◽

Sustainable Food ◽

Repeat Elements ◽

Gene Sets ◽

Core Genes

Proper management of agricultural disease is important to ensure sustainable food security. Staple food crops like rice, wheat, cereals, and other cash crops hold great export value for countries. Ensuring proper supply is critical; hence any biotic or abiotic factors contributing to the shortfall in yield of these crops should be alleviated. Rhizoctonia solani is a major biotic factor that results in yield losses in many agriculturally important crops. This paper focuses on genome informatics of our Malaysian Draft R. solani AG1-IA, and the comparative genomics (inter- and intra- AG) with four AGs including China AG1-IA (AG1-IA_KB317705.1), AG1-IB, AG3, and AG8. The genomic content of repeat elements, transposable elements (TEs), syntenic genomic blocks, functions of protein-coding genes as well as core orthologous genic information that underlies R. solani’s pathogenicity strategy were investigated. Our analyses show that all studied AGs have low content and varying profiles of TEs. All AGs were dominant for Class I TE, much like other basidiomycete pathogens. All AGs demonstrate dominance in Glycoside Hydrolase protein-coding gene assignments suggesting its importance in infiltration and infection of host. Our profiling also provides a basis for further investigation on lack of correlation observed between number of pathogenicity and enzyme-related genes with host range. Despite being grouped within the same AG with China AG1-IA, our Draft AG1-IA exhibits differences in terms of protein-coding gene proportions and classifications. This implies that strains from similar AG do not necessarily have to retain similar proportions and classification of TE but must have the necessary arsenal to enable successful infiltration and colonization of host. In a larger perspective, all the studied AGs essentially share core genes that are generally involved in adhesion, penetration, and host colonization. However, the different infiltration strategies will depend on the level of host resilience where this is clearly exhibited by the gene sets encoded for the process of infiltration, infection, and protection from host.

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Endoparasites of wild animals from three biomes in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-8157 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 571-578 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D.G.S. Ramos ◽

A.R.G.L.O. Santos ◽

L.C. Freitas ◽

S.H.R. Correa ◽

G.V. Kempe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Species ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Wild Animals ◽

New Host ◽

Biotic Factor ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽

Parasitological Examination ◽

Biotic Potential ◽

Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT The population of wild animals is regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, and parasites are a biotic factor that affects the dynamic and density of host populations. From 2002 to 2014, 62 wild animals from the biomes Pantanal, Amazon, and "Cerrado" (or Savanna), which died in attendance in the veterinary hospital or have been road-killed, underwent necropsy for parasitological examination. Overall, 36 species of parasites were identified from 24 host species. Among the parasites, the most prevalent order was Oxyurida (29.1%), followed by Strongylida (20.9%), Spirurida (19.4%), Ascaridida (16.2%), Pentastomida (3.2%), Echinostomida (3.2%), Gygantorhynchia (3.2%), Rhabditida (1.6%), Plagiorchiida (1.6%), and Monilimorfida (1.6%), especially nematodes, which have more biotic potential and is more easily adapted to the environment than other classes. The occurrence of endoparasites was observed more frequently in endothermic than ectothermic animals, and herein is reported eleven new host occurrences for endoparasites in wild animals. The study has contributed to the knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites in wild animals from three biomes in central-western Brazil.

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Introducing Dictyochaeta aquatica sp. nov. and two new species of Chloridium (Chaetosphaeriaceae, Sordariomycetes) from aquatic habitats

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.362.2.5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 362 (2) ◽

pp. 187 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

MING-JIE WEI ◽

HUANG ZHANG ◽

WEI DONG ◽

SARANYAPHAT BOONMEE ◽

DI ZHANG

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

New Species ◽

Phylogenetic Relationship ◽

Sequence Data ◽

Conidiogenous Cell ◽

Its Sequence ◽

Freshwater Fungi ◽

Aquatic Habitats ◽

Two New Species ◽

Freshwater Habitats

During our ongoing investigations of freshwater fungi in Thailand, three new chaetosphaeriaceous species, Chloridium aquaticum, Chloridium aseptatum and Dictyochaeta aquatica, were found on submerged wood in freshwater habitats. To determine their placement, a phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU and ITS sequence data was performed. Chloridium aquaticum is the only species having proliferating conidiophores and holoblastic conidiogenous cell in Chloridium. A detailed description and illustrations of the taxa is provided and phylogenetic relationship between the new taxa and their relatives are compared and discussed.

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Some aspects of alder decline along the Lužnice River

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/4573-jfs ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 9) ◽

pp. 381-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. Vyhlídková ◽

D. Palovčíková ◽

M. Rybníček ◽

P. Čermák ◽

L. Jankovský

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Health Condition ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Biotic Factor ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Secondary Activation

Alder decline along watercourses is one of the marked manifestations of tree decline in the Czech Republic. Local decline of alder trees is documented in the Czech Republic for about 15 years. The aim of this paper is to evaluate causes of alder decline and assess health conditions of other species of riparian stands at 2 localities on the medium reach of the Lužnice River. Effects were studied of abiotic and biotic stressors on the health condition of tree species. No fungal pathogen was found in tissues of declining alders which would be present in all trees and which could be considered to be the main causal agent of the decline. Even an occurrence of the causal agent of alder decline named alder-Phytophthora has not been proved. Tree-ring analyses demonstrated decreasing trends of an increment in alders; however, an abiotic or biotic factor showing direct effects on the fluctuation of tree ring dimensions has not been positively determined. A marked role in the alder decline is demonstrated particularly by abiotic factors accompanied by the secondary activation of some pathogens. Generally, the phenomenon can be named as polyetiologic decline.

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Soil mite communities (Acari: Mesostigmata, Oribatida) as bioindicators for environmental conditions from polluted soils

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-56700-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Minodora Manu ◽

Viorica Honciuc ◽

Aurora Neagoe ◽

Raluca Ioana Băncilă ◽

Virgil Iordache ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Mite Species ◽

Point Of View ◽

Vegetation Coverage ◽

Tailing Pond ◽

Soil Humidity ◽

Biotic Factor ◽

Mite Communities

AbstractAn anthropic ecosystem from Romania was investigated from acarological, vegetation and chemical point of view. The community structures of two groups of mites were studied (Acari: Mesostigmata, Oribatida) from a tailing pond, using transect method, in correlation with concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mn and Zn), with abiotic factors (altitude, aspect, soil temperature, soil humidity, soil pH) and biotic factor (vegetation coverage). Taking into account the mite communities, in total, 30 mite species were identified, with 1009 individuals and 18 immatures (10 species with 59 individuals, 5 immatures of Mesostigmata and 20 species with 950 individuals, 13 immatures of Oribatida). The investigated habitats from the tailing pond were grouped in five transects, with different degree of pollution, based on total metal loads. Taking into account of the connection between mites communities, abiotic factors and heavy metals, each transect were characterized through specific relationship. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we revealed that the occurrence of some Oribatida species was strongly correlated with vegetation coverage, soil pH and soil humidity, though concentrations of Cu, As, Mn, Ni and Zn also had an influence. Pb and Zn concentrations were shown to influence the occurrence of Mesostigmata mites. The heterogeneity of mites species richness at 2 m2 scale was correlated with a metric related to the heterogeneity of heavy metals at the same scale.

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Comparison of Fecal Indicator Bacteria Densities in Marine Recreational Waters by QPCR

Water Quality Exposure and Health ◽

10.1007/s12403-009-0019-2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (3-4) ◽

pp. 203-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Eunice C. Chern ◽

Kristen P. Brenner ◽

Larry Wymer ◽

Richard A. Haugland

Keyword(s):

Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Recreational Waters ◽

Fecal Indicator

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741. Impact of Adenovirus Co-detections on Illness Severity

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.748 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S266-S266

Author(s):

Varvara Probst ◽

Bhinnata Piya ◽

Laura Stewart ◽

Susan Gerber ◽

Brian Rha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Condition ◽

Human Adenovirus ◽

Illness Severity ◽

Inpatient Setting ◽

Hospital Inpatient ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Co Detection

Abstract Background Human adenovirus (AdV) is a common pathogen among children with acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) and is often associated with co-detection with other respiratory viral pathogens. We sought to compare demographic and clinical characteristics in children with ARI who had single-AdV vs. AdV-co-detection with other viruses. Methods Children <18 years with fever and/or ARI were enrolled in Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital inpatient setting from 2015 to 2018 and emergency department from 2016 to 2018. Interviews were conducted using standardized case report forms. Nose and throat swab specimens were collected and tested by RT-qPCR for common respiratory pathogens (AdV, RSV, HRV, hMPV, PIV1–4 and Influenza). Results Of 2,740 ARI cases, 174 were positive for AdV [88 (51%) single detection], with 53% male, 47% White, 36% Black, 30% Hispanic and median age of 17.2 months. Co-detected pathogens in AdV-positive specimens were RSV(15%), HRV(14%), influenza(5%), PIV1(1%), PIV2(0.6%), PIV3(1.7%), and PIV4(0.6%), hMPV(3%), >1 co-pathogens(9%). Subjects with single-AdV detection were more likely to have an underlying medical condition (42% vs. 24%, P < 0.05). Table 1 compares clinical presentation and severity of single-AdV and AdV-co-detection cases. Conclusion Patients with single-AdV detection were less likely to present with ARI symptoms and require oxygen, but were more likely to have underlying medical conditions compared with AdV-co-detection. Further studies to type AdV isolates will help elucidate the role of specific adenovirus types associated with co-detections and illness severity and inform epidemiological information for future vaccine initiatives. Disclosures J. V. Williams, Quidel: Board Member, Consulting fee. GlaxoSmithKline: Consultant, Consulting fee. N. B. Halasa, sanofi pasteur: Investigator, Research support. GSK: Consultant, Consulting fee. Moderna: Consultant, Consulting fee.

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Distribusi Temporal Populasi Serangga pada Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa) di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari Malang

BIOSAINTROPIS (BIOSCIENCE-TROPIC) ◽

10.33474/e-jbst.v5i2.226 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 38-46

Author(s):

Alfira Khullatun Ni'am ◽

Ari Hayati ◽

Hasan Zayadi

Keyword(s):

Oryza Sativa ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

The Body ◽

Rice Fields ◽

Biotic Factor ◽

Insect Identification ◽

Insect Distribution ◽

Insect Populations

The rice plant (Oryza sativa.) is an important food crop which is a staple food for more than half of the world's population because it contains nutrients that the body needs. Rice production in East Java in 2011 experienced a significant decline in production i.e. 9.2% and declined again in 2013 (1.2%) with an average productivity (5.9) 1. Problems in agriculture are inseparable from the role of insects as pests. Decrease in production can occur due to insect pests. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of insects on rice fields, to find out the number of insects found based on the temporal distribution of rice fields in Technical implementation unit of Palawija Seed Development of Singosari, Malang, Research has been conducted on the temporal distribution of insect populations on rice plants by using temporal replication or time in three time periods, namely morning period (06.00-09.00), morning-noon (09.00-12.00), and afternoon (13.00-16.00). The observation parameters were done to measure abiotic factors including: temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity and biotic factor measurements; insect identification, insect status determination, and insect distribution. The results of the identification of insects found there were nine species, seven kinds of families, and five orders of insects that had different statuses including predators and pests. The nine insects species include Agriocnemis pygmae, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothermis servilia, Menochilus sexmaculata, Oxya chinensis, Valanga nigricornis, Schirpophaga innotata, Junonia almana, Zelus luridus. There are the effect of abiotic factors on the number of insects. Keywords: rice (Oryza sativa), insect population, insect status. ABSTRAK Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa) merupakan tanaman penting yang menjadi makanan pokok lebih dari setengah penduduk dunia karena mengandung nutrisi yang diperlukan tubuh. Produksi padi di Jawa Timur pada tahun 2011 terjadi penurunan produksi yang cukup signifikan yaitu 9,2% dan kembali menurun pada tahun 2013 (1,2%) dengan rata-rata produktivitas (5,9)-1. Permasalahan di bidang pertanian tidak terlepas dari peran serangga sebagai hama. Penurunan produksi dapat terjadi karena serangga hama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi macam-macam serangga pada lahan tanaman padi, mengetahui jumlah serangga yang ditemukan berdasarkan distribusi temporal pada lahan tanaman padi di Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT) Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari Malang. Ulangan waktu pada tiga periode waktu yaitu Periode pagi (06.00-09.00), Siang (09.00-12.00), dan sore (13.00-16.00). Parameter pengamatan dilakukan pengukuran factor abiotik meliputi suhu, kelembaban, kecepatan angin, dan intensitas cahaya dan pengukuran factor biotik meliputi identifikasi serangga, penentuan status serangga, dan distribusi serangga. Hasil identifikasi serangga ditemukan ada sembilan macam spesies serangga, tujuh macam familia, dan lima ordo serangga yang memiliki status yang berbeda meliputi predator dan hama. Sembilan species serangga tersebut meliputi Agriocnemis pygmae, Diplocodes trivialis, Crocothermis servilia, Menochilus sexmaculata, Oxya chinensis, Valanga nigricornis, Schirpophaga innotata, Junonia almana, Zelus luridus. Terdapat hubungan antara factor abiotik kecepatan angin terhadap jumlah serangga. Kata Kunci: padi (Oryza sativa), populasi serangga, status serangga.

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Microbial water quality at contrasting recreational areas in a mixed-use watershed in eastern Canada

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2021.021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ainslie J. Butler ◽

Katarina Pintar ◽

Janis L. Thomas ◽

Manon Fleury ◽

Stefanie Kadykalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Recreational Waters ◽

Fecal Indicator ◽

E Coli ◽

Main River ◽

Pathogen Testing

Abstract Recreational water use is an important source of human enteric illness. Enhanced (episodic) surveillance of natural recreational waters as a supplement to beach monitoring can enrich our understanding of human health risks. From 2011 to 2013, water sampling was undertaken at recreational sites on a watershed in eastern Canada. This study compared the prevalence and associations of human enteric pathogens and fecal indicator organisms. Beach water samples had lower pathogen presence than those along the main river, due to different pollution sources and the hydrological disposition. Pathogen profiles identified from the beach sites suggested a more narrow range of sources, including birds, indicating that wild bird management could help reduce public health risks at these sites. The presence and concentration of indicator organisms did not differ significantly between beaches and the river. However, higher concentrations of generic Escherichia coli were observed when Salmonella and Cryptosporidium were present at beach sites, when Salmonella was present at the river recreational site, and when verotoxigenic E. coli were present among all sites sampled. In this watershed, generic E. coli concentrations were good indicators of potential contamination, pathogen load, and elevated human health risk, supporting their use for routine monitoring where enhanced pathogen testing is not possible.

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