scholarly journals Paper-based in vitro tissue chip for delivering programmed mechanical stimuli of local compression and shear flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kattika Kaarj ◽  
Marianne Madias ◽  
Patarajarin Akarapipad ◽  
Soohee Cho ◽  
Jeong-Yeol Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Shear Flow ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Tissue Chip

Tracings of Behavior of Myoblasts Cultured Under Couette Type of Shear Flow Between Parallel Disks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Hashimoto ◽  
Hiroki Yonezawa
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Parallel Disks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
A Cell

Abstract A cell deforms and migrates on the scaffold under mechanical stimuli in vivo. In this study, a cell with division during shear stress stimulation has been observed in vitro. Before and after division, both migration and deformation of each cell were analyzed. To make a Couette-type shear flow, the medium was sandwiched between parallel disks (the lower stationary culture-disc and the upper rotating disk) with a constant gap. The wall shear stress (1.5 Pa < τ < 2 Pa) on the surface of the lower culture plate was controlled by the rotational speed of the upper disc. Myoblasts (C2C12: mouse myoblast cell line) were used in the test. After cultivation without flow for 24 hours for adhesion of the cells to the lower disk, constant τ was applied to the cells in the incubator for 7 days. The behavior of each cell during shear was tracked by time-lapse images observed by an inverted phase contrast microscope placed in the incubator. Experimental results show that each cell tends to divide after higher activities: deformation and migration. The tendency is remarkable at the shear stress of 1.5 Pa.

scholarly journals Mechanical Strain-Enabled Reconstitution of Dynamic Environment in Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Qianbin Zhao ◽  
Tim Cole ◽  
Yuxin Zhang ◽  
Shi-Yang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
3D Cell Culture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Human Organ ◽  
Organ On A Chip

Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) uses the microfluidic 3D cell culture principle to reproduce organ- or tissue-level functionality at a small scale instead of replicating the entire human organ. This provides an alternative to animal models for drug development and environmental toxicology screening. In addition to the biomimetic 3D microarchitecture and cell–cell interactions, it has been demonstrated that mechanical stimuli such as shear stress and mechanical strain significantly influence cell behavior and their response to pharmaceuticals. Microfluidics is capable of precisely manipulating the fluid of a microenvironment within a 3D cell culture platform. As a result, many OOC prototypes leverage microfluidic technology to reproduce the mechanically dynamic microenvironment on-chip and achieve enhanced in vitro functional organ models. Unlike shear stress that can be readily generated and precisely controlled using commercial pumping systems, dynamic systems for generating proper levels of mechanical strains are more complicated, and often require miniaturization and specialized designs. As such, this review proposes to summarize innovative microfluidic OOC platforms utilizing mechanical actuators that induce deflection of cultured cells/tissues for replicating the dynamic microenvironment of human organs.

scholarly journals A Novel Bioreactor for the Mechanical Stimulation of Clinically Relevant Scaffolds for Muscle Tissue Engineering Purposes

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 474
Author(s):  
Silvia Todros ◽  
Silvia Spadoni ◽  
Edoardo Maghin ◽  
Martina Piccoli ◽  
Piero G. Pavan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Muscular Tissue ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Cellular Alignment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Muscular tissue regeneration may be enhanced in vitro by means of mechanical stimulation, inducing cellular alignment and the growth of functional fibers. In this work, a novel bioreactor is designed for the radial stimulation of porcine-derived diaphragmatic scaffolds aiming at the development of clinically relevant tissue patches. A Finite Element (FE) model of the bioreactor membrane is developed, considering two different methods for gripping muscular tissue patch during the stimulation, i.e., suturing and clamping with pliers. Tensile tests are carried out on fresh and decellularized samples of porcine diaphragmatic tissue, and a fiber-reinforced hyperelastic constitutive model is assumed to describe the mechanical behavior of tissue patches. Numerical analyses are carried out by applying pressure to the bioreactor membrane and evaluating tissue strain during the stimulation phase. The bioreactor designed in this work allows one to mechanically stimulate tissue patches in a radial direction by uniformly applying up to 30% strain. This can be achieved by adopting pliers for tissue clamping. Contrarily, the use of sutures is not advisable, since high strain levels are reached in suturing points, exceeding the physiological strain range and possibly leading to tissue laceration. FE analysis allows the optimization of the bioreactor configuration in order to ensure an efficient transduction of mechanical stimuli while preventing tissue damage.

STRETCHABLE Lab-on-Chip Device With Impedance Spectroscopy Capability for Mammalian Cell Studies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xudong Zhang ◽  
Anis Nurashikin Nordin ◽  
Fang Li ◽  
Ioana Voiculescu
Keyword(s):  
Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Cyclic Strain ◽  
Cyclic Stretch ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Aortic Endothelial Cells ◽  
Lab On Chip

This paper presents the fabrication and testing of electric cell-substrate impedance spectroscopy (ECIS) electrodes on a stretchable membrane. This is the first time when ECIS electrodes were fabricated on a stretchable substrate and ECIS measurements on mammalian cells exposed to cyclic strain of 10% were successfully demonstrated. A chemical was used to form strong chemical bond between gold electrodes of ECIS sensor and polymer membrane, which enable the electrodes keep good conductive ability during cyclic stretch. The stretchable membrane integrated with the ECIS sensor can simulate and replicate the dynamic environment of organism and enable the analysis of the cells activity involved in cells attachment and proliferation in vitro. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were used to evaluate the endothelial function influenced by mechanical stimuli in this research because they undergo in vivo cyclic physiologic elongation produced by the blood circulation in the arteries.

scholarly journals A Bioreactor Model of Mouse Tumor Progression

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Thouas ◽  
John Sheridan ◽  
Kerry Hourigan
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Stirred Bioreactor ◽  
Cell Biomass

The present study represents an investigation of a novel stirred bioreactor for culture of a transformed cell line under defined hydrodynamic conditions in vitro. Cell colonies of the EL-4 mouse lymphoma cell line grown for the first time in a rotating disc bioreactor (RDB), were observed to undergo changes in phenotype in comparison to standard, static flask cultures. RDB cultures, with or without agitation, promoted the formation of adherent EL-4 cell plaques that merged to form contiguous tumor-like masses in longer-term cultures, unlike the unattached spheroid aggregates of flask cultures. Plaques grown under agitated conditions were further altered in morphology and distribution in direct response to fluid mechanical stimuli. Plaque colonies growth in RDBs with or without agitation also exhibited significant increases in production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and lactate, suggesting an inducible “Warburg effect.” Increases in cell biomass in RDB cultures were no different to flask cultures, though a trend toward a marginal increase was observed at specific rotational speeds. The RDB may therefore be a suitable alternative method to study mechanisms of tumor progression and invasiveness in vitro, under more complex physicochemical conditions that may approximate natural tissue environments.

scholarly journals Design, Implementation, and Validation of a Piezoelectric Device to Study the Effects of Dynamic Mechanical Stimulation on Cell Proliferation, Migration and Morphology

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahiana Mojena-Medina ◽  
Marina Martínez-Hernández ◽  
Miguel de la Fuente ◽  
Guadalupe García-Isla ◽  
Julio Posada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
New Device ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Biochemical Signals

Cell functions and behavior are regulated not only by soluble (biochemical) signals but also by biophysical and mechanical cues within the cells’ microenvironment. Thanks to the dynamical and complex cell machinery, cells are genuine and effective mechanotransducers translating mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, which eventually alter multiple aspects of their own homeostasis. Given the dominant and classic biochemical-based views to explain biological processes, it could be challenging to elucidate the key role that mechanical parameters such as vibration, frequency, and force play in biology. Gaining a better understanding of how mechanical stimuli (and their mechanical parameters associated) affect biological outcomes relies partially on the availability of experimental tools that may allow researchers to alter mechanically the cell’s microenvironment and observe cell responses. Here, we introduce a new device to study in vitro responses of cells to dynamic mechanical stimulation using a piezoelectric membrane. Using this device, we can flexibly change the parameters of the dynamic mechanical stimulation (frequency, amplitude, and duration of the stimuli), which increases the possibility to study the cell behavior under different mechanical excitations. We report on the design and implementation of such device and the characterization of its dynamic mechanical properties. By using this device, we have performed a preliminary study on the effect of dynamic mechanical stimulation in a cell monolayer of an epidermal cell line (HaCaT) studying the effects of 1 Hz and 80 Hz excitation frequencies (in the dynamic stimuli) on HaCaT cell migration, proliferation, and morphology. Our preliminary results indicate that the response of HaCaT is dependent on the frequency of stimulation. The device is economic, easily replicated in other laboratories and can support research for a better understanding of mechanisms mediating cellular mechanotransduction.

scholarly journals Homeostatic Imbalance in Epithelial Ducts and Its Role in Carcinogenesis

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna A. Rejniak
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Multicellular Structure ◽  
Body Compartments

An epithelial duct is a well-defined multicellular structure composed of tightly packed cells separating and protecting body compartments that are used for enzyme secretion and its transport across the internal. The structural and functional integrity (homeostasis) of such ducts is vital in carrying many life functions (breathing, lactation, production of hormones). However, the processes involved in maintaining the homeostatic balance are not yet fully understood. On the other hand, the loss of epithelial tissue architecture, such as filled lumens or ductal disorganization, are among the first symptoms of the emerging epithelial tumors (carcinomas). Using the previously developed biomechanical model of epithelial ducts:IBCell, we investigated how different signals and mechanical stimuli imposed on individual epithelial cells can impact the homeostatic (im)balance and integrity of the whole epithelial tissue. We provide a link between erroneous responses of individual epithelial cells to specific signals and the emerging ductal morphologies characteristic for preinvasive cancers observed in pathology specimens, or characteristic for multicellular structures arising from mutated cells culturedin vitro. We summarize our finding in terms of altered properties of epithelial cell polarization, and discuss the relative importance of various polarization signals on the formation of tumor-like multicellular structures.

In Vitro Imaging Technique of Cell Adhesion

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Dong
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Adherent Cell ◽  
Side View ◽  
Cell Deformability ◽  
Hydrodynamic Shear

It is the first object of this article to contribute a side-view imaging technique to investigate adhesion to a surface-immobilized ICAM-1 in shear flow, wherein T-leukemic Jurket cells have been used. A side view image has revealed that the cell adhesion on ICAM-1 under flow conditions in vitro is quasistratic. Changes in flow shear stress, cell deformability, or substrate ligand strength resulted in a significant change in the characteristic adhesion binding time and contact length. The elongation of cells in shear flow tempers hydrodynamic shear forces on the cell, which affects the transients in cell-surface adhesion. It is the second object to calculate a 3-D flow field with shear stress acting on an adherent cell based on the shape of the cell obtained from the image. The application of the side-view imaging technique and the image analysis may provide a practical assay to reveal fundamental behavior of a cell.

Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Meniscus Cell-Seeded PLLA Scaffolds

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmuddin J. Gunja ◽  
Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Engineering Studies ◽  
Meniscus Cell ◽  
Intermittent Loading ◽  
Cartilage Explant

Cartilage explant studies have shown that mechanical stimuli increase extracellular matrix (ECM) expression and synthesis in vitro [1]. The use of hydrostatic pressure (HP), as a loading regimen, is of particular interest as it causes no cellular deformation. This may be useful in tissue engineering studies where scaffolds with limited mechanical integrity need to withstand intermittent loading conditions. Studies investigating the effect of HP on 3-D cultures of chondrocytes have met with modest success [2, 3]; however literature on meniscal fibrochondrocytes is lacking.

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