scholarly journals Controlling bacteriological contamination of environmental surfaces at the biological isolation and containment unit of a veterinary teaching hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Verdial ◽  
C. Carneiro ◽  
I. Machado ◽  
L. Tavares ◽  
V. Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Environmental Surfaces

Abstract Background The Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) is a subunit of the Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Portugal, for the admission of animals with confirmed infectious diseases or under clinical suspicion and waiting for a diagnosis. As a high-risk environment for the transmission of infectious agents, it is extremely important to implement programs for the surveillance of nosocomial microorganisms in these facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of bacterial contamination of the BICU environmental surfaces and to implement corrective actions on disinfection protocols. Swab samples were collected from selected environmental surfaces in 3 different areas of the BICU (isolation, work, and preparatory rooms) to evaluate the total aerobic bacterial load and investigate the presence of 4 nosocomial microorganisms: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 3rd-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli, and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial quantification was performed by using non-selective media, while specific selective media were used for the isolation of the target microorganisms. Isolates were identified based on their macro and microscopic characteristics and their biochemical profile. Subsequently, new disinfection protocols were implemented, and their effectiveness evaluated. Results The surfaces with the highest bacterial load in the isolation, preparatory, and worker’s rooms were the cages, hand-held sponge, and telephone, respectively. Regarding the 4 pathogens investigated, Enterococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated (11.3%), followed by E. coli (1.5%) and P. aeruginosa (1.5%). One of the P. aeruginosa isolates obtained was resistant to imipenem. In the end, new disinfection protocols were implemented, which proved to be effective in reducing bacterial counts by 99.99% in cages and the sponge, and by 90 to 99% on the telephone. Conclusions This study allows to conclude that the cages and the human contact surfaces were the most contaminated in the isolation rooms. Nevertheless, the new disinfection strategies seemed to be effective in reducing environmental contamination, including by some potentially nosocomial agents, although more samples must be analyzed for definitive conclusions. These results may contribute to highlight the importance of infection prevention and control measures, as fundamental tools to reduce the spread of infectious agents in the hospital environment.

Varicella zoster virus transmission in youth during incarceration

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danusia Moreau ◽  
Jonathan Besney ◽  
Angela Jacobs ◽  
Dan Woods ◽  
Mark Joffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Youth Offender

Purpose – Facility-based Varicella zoster virus (VZV) transmission is reported in a Canadian youth offender correctional centre (YOCC). Transmission occurred from an immunocompetent youth offender (YO) with localized Herpes zoster to another immunocompetent single dose vaccinated YO, resulting in Varicella zoster (VZ) breakthrough disease. The purpose of this paper is to identify infection prevention and control (IPAC) measures utilized in this setting. Design/methodology/approach – A retrospective chart and immunization record review was conducted for two VZV cases and 27 exposed YO contacts in order to obtain demographic, clinical and immunization data. Descriptive data analysis was performed. Findings – All VZV cases and exposed contacts were male with an average age of 14.2 and 15.6 years for cases and contacts, respectively. Both cases shared the same living unit in the YOCC. There were 28 identified YO contacts, of whom 70 percent were single dose vaccinated with univalent vaccine, followed by 22 percent with a previous history of Varicella disease. All cases and contacts were born in Canada. No foreign-born populations were involved with this event. Infection control measures included additional precaution management, enhanced surveillance and environmental cleaning. As such, no hospitalizations or post-exposure immunizations were required. Originality/value – This report highlights the role that VZ breakthrough disease could play in fueling an outbreak in a high-risk environment without rapid recognition and implementation of preventative measures. It also underscores the importance of IPAC presence and public health immunization programs within correctional centers to avoid infectious disease threats.

scholarly journals Nosocomial Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Study of 66 Hospital-acquired Cases in a London Teaching Hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M Rickman ◽  
Tommy Rampling ◽  
Karen Shaw ◽  
Gema Martinez-Garcia ◽  
Leila Hail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause deadly healthcare-associated outbreaks. In a major London teaching hospital, 66 of 435 (15%) COVID-19 inpatient cases between 2 March and 12 April 2020 were definitely or probably hospital-acquired, through varied transmission routes. The case fatality was 36%. Nosocomial infection rates fell following comprehensive infection prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Bacterial Contaminants on Exposed Surfaces and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns at the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital, Dodoma-Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alphonce B. Chandika ◽  
Reuben S. Mkala ◽  
Bushi Lugoba ◽  
Benjamin C. Kipilipili ◽  
Witness Saitot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Hospital acquired infection pose a great challenge in provision of healthcare services to many settings  particulary in developing countries where there is limited availability of resources. The roles played by exposed surfaces in spreading of potential bacterial pathogens within the hospital environment have certainly contributed to the increased burden of bacterial infectious diseases such as morbidness, death as well as cost imolecation in healthcare. Our study aimed to determine common bacteria isolated on exposed surfaces and the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns. Methods: A sum of 516 specimens gathered and enrolled for study at Benjamin Mkapa Hopsital (BMH).  The swab specimens were continuously gathered (collected) from different exposed objects in hospital environmental surfaces. All microbiological procedures or tests were performed using appropriate standard operating procedure. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Among 516 samples, 317 (61.4%) were positive with variety of bacterial isolates from different sites. Out of 317 positive cultures, 120 (37.9%) Staphylococcus aureus, 97 (30.6%) E. coli, 28 (8.8%) Enterobacter aerogenes, 25 (7.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23 (7.3%) other Citrobacter species, 20 (6.3%) Citrobacter freundii, 3 (0.9%) Morganella morganii and 1 (0.3%) Serratia mercesens were isolated from different source of exposed surfaces at BMH. Serratia mercesens were highly (100%) resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents including erythromycin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, penicillin,ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, ampicillin, azithromycin and cotrimoxazoleTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: High levels of potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated in swab specimens from a wide range of exposed surfaces at BMH. Variable pattern of antiobiotic resistance were observed among bacterial isolates with alarming levels demonstrated by isolates of Serratia mercesens which is amongst the common causes of surgical site infections. This findings call for improved actions for infection prevention and control measures at BMH.

Emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with KPC-type carbapenemase in a teaching hospital: an 8-year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 1565-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolores García Ramírez ◽  
Federico Nicola ◽  
Soledad Zarate ◽  
Silvia Relloso ◽  
Jorgelina Smayevsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Before And After

An outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenamase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae occurred at our institution. Multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa could have acquired this transmissible resistance mechanism, going unnoticed because its phenotypic detection in this species is difficult. We compared P. aeruginosa isolates obtained before and after the KPC-producing K. pneumoniae outbreak. No bla KPC genes were detected in the isolates obtained before the outbreak, whereas 33/76 (43 %) of the isolates obtained after the outbreak harboured the bla KPC gene. P. aeruginosa may thus become a reservoir of this transmissible resistance mechanism. It is very important to understand the epidemiology of these multiresistant isolates, in order to achieve early implementation of adequate control measures to contain and reduce their dissemination in the hospital environment.

scholarly journals Distribution and correlation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRCoPS) between environmental surfaces, veterinary staff and dogs within a veterinary teaching hospital, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punpichaya Fungwithaya ◽  
Jayaseelan Murugaiyan ◽  
Nuvee Prapasarakul
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Medical Instruments ◽  
Type V ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococci ◽  
Common Situation ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Abstract Background Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), a gram-positive cocci bacterium, is a group of bacteria causing dermatitis and septicemia in animal. Methicillin-resistant (MR) CoPS (MRCoPS) can find on human, animal and environmental including medical equipment leading to nosocomial infection. This study aimed to determine the distribution and to analyse correlation of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci (MRCoPS) between environmental surfaces, veterinary staff, and dogs within a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) at Chulalongkorn University (CU) in Bangkok, Thailand. All isolates were characterized the antimicrobial susceptibilities, Staphylococcal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing and clone typing by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Results In total, 88 CoPS isolates were obtained from 53 samples comprising 24 parts of floors (24/53, 45.3%), 14 items of medical instruments (14/53, 26.4%), 14 dogs (14/53, 26.4%) and a veterinarian (1/53, 1.9%). Sixty-two of 88 were MRCoPS locating in the five hospital rooms. The highest MRCoPS species were MR Staphylococcus pseudointermedius (MRSP) isolates (57/62, 91.9%) retrieved from 26 samples and mainly discovered on the floors. Seven antibiogram patterns and two SCCmec types were resolved from 62 MRCoPS isolates. Most of the MRCoPS (93.6%) were resistant to at least three antibiotics. All MR Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans (MRSSc) isolates displayed a triple antibiogram associated with the SCCmec type V, while the MRSP isolates showed various antibiograms and SCCmec types. The S. pseudintermedius in dogs and three rooms were related by their PFGE pattern A. The average percentage of MRCoPS-positive surfaces were typically high on the floors (20%). The dermatological room showed the highest of MRCoPS-positive surfaces on both the floor and medical instruments. Conclusions The distribution of CoPS and MRCoPS has become a relative common situation in veterinary hospitals, and so attention must be paid to limit cross-contamination between patients and the hospital environment. To general; please provide impact of this study digested as a take home message.

scholarly journals Face Mask Wearing in Public Places is Pseudoscience and Antithesis: A New Tool Adopted for COVID-19 Control

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Yibala Oboma ◽  
Yibala Oboma
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
And Control

Infection prevention and control is a scientific approach, application and practical solution of the designed to prevent harm caused by the infectious agents. Control Measures occupies unique and safe positions in terms of patient Safety and quality health for those the measures are directed towards [1].

scholarly journals The SCCmec Types and Antimicrobial Resistance among Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Dogs with Superficial Pyoderma

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Yuttana Chanayat ◽  
Areerath Akatvipat ◽  
Jeff B. Bender ◽  
Veerasak Punyapornwithaya ◽  
Tongkorn Meeyam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Type V ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

This study characterizes clinical methicillin-resistant staphylococcal (MRS) isolates obtained from superficial pyoderma infections in dogs. Our interest was to determine the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type and the antimicrobial susceptibility among MRS isolates from clinical cases. Skin swabs were collected and cultured. Staphylococcus species were identified and characterized with biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF-MS and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion. mecA detection and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing were achieved by PCR. Of the 65 clinical samples, 56 (86.2%) staphylococcal infections were identified. Twelve (21%) of 56 isolates were MRS infections. All MRS isolates were multidrug resistant. The ccrC and class-C2 mec, which were SCCmec type V, were the most prevalent (66.7%) among the 12 MRS isolates. The predominant SCCmec type V was found in S. aureus, S. intermedius group, S. lentus, S. xylosus, and S. arlettae. Treatment failure is a concern with the emergence of highly resistant MRS in dogs associated with superficial pyoderma. The detection of type V SCCmec MRS has previously been reported among veterinarians and dog owners but not in Northern Thailand. These infections serve as a reminder to improve infection prevention and control measures including reducing environmental contamination and potential zoonotic exposures to MRS. In addition, educational awareness of these risks in small animal hospitals needs to be increased among veterinary hospital staff, clients, and patients.

scholarly journals Results of screening for emergent highly resistant bacteria in Tunisian intensive care units

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ben Rejeb ◽  
A Ben Cheikh ◽  
S Bhiri ◽  
H Ghali ◽  
M Kahloul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Prevention Interventions

Abstract Background The infections caused by emergent highly resistant bacteria (eHBR) that develop in intensive care units (ICUs) may result in significant patient illnesses and deaths, extend the duration of hospital stays and generate added costs. Facing this problem, the screening that emphasizes early identification of colonized patients, reduces the prevalence and incidence of infection, improves patient outcomes and reduces healthcare costs. In this context, we have implemented a screening for eHBR in ICUs of Sahloul university hospital of Sousse (Tunisia), which we report in this study the first six-months outcomes. Methods Rectal swab cultures were collected to detect Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE) and Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) among patients admitted in six ICUs of Sahloul university hospital of Sousse (Tunisia) and more than three times, at least one week apart, between 1 June and 31 December 2018. Results During the study period 174 patients were screened. Of them, 69.5% were male and 73.6% were admitted in surgical ICU. In total, 161 and 152 samples were realized respectively for the detection of CPE and VRE. These samples were positive in 15% and 8.5% respectively for CPE and VRE. Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA 48 was the most isolated CPE (80%). Conclusions Our screening program helped us in infection control by early identification of patients, thereby facilitating an informed decision about infection prevention interventions. Moreover, these results encouraged us to improve and generalize this program throughout the hospital. Key messages eHRB screening becomes an important axis in the prevention of eHRB infections in our facilities. eHRB screening allows the reinforcement of the basic infection prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Eastern Cape Healthcare Workers Acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 (ECHAS): Cross-Sectional (Nested Cohort) Study Protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
David Stead ◽  
Mandisa Singata-Madliki ◽  
Joanne Batting ◽  
Leo Hyera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of infection by the virulent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Though data exist on the positivity rate of the SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test as well as COVID-19-related deaths amongst HCWs in South Africa, the overall infection rate remains underestimated by these indicators. It is also unclear whether the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection offers durable protection against reinfection. This study will assess the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence amongst HCWs in the Eastern Cape (EC) and examine the longitudinal changes (rate of decay) in the antibody levels after infection in this cohort. Using a multi-stage cluster sampling of healthcare workers in selected health facilities in the EC, a cross-sectional study of 2250 participants will be recruited. In order to assess the community infection rate, 750 antenatal women in the same settings will be recruited. Relevant demographic and clinical characteristics will be obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. A chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) will be used for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. A nested cohort study will be conducted by performing eight-weekly antibody assays (X2) from 201 participants who tested positive for both SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and serology. Logistic regression models will be fitted to identify the independent risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and infection fatality rate among the frontline HCWs will be estimated. In addition, the study will highlight the overall effectiveness of infection prevention and control measures (IPC) per exposure sites/wards at the selected health facilities. Findings will inform the South African Department of Health’s policies on how to protect HCWs better as the country prepares for the second wave of the SARS-CoV pandemic.

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