scholarly journals The effects of soil temperature from soil mulching and harvest age on phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of Java tea (Orthosiphon aristatus B.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Komariah ◽  
Diora Diah Ayu Pitaloka ◽  
Irmanida Batubara ◽  
Waras Nurcholis ◽  
Apong Sandrawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Biodegradable Plastic ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Background The environmental conditions resulted by the agronomic management practices may govern the secondary metabolite contents of medicinal plants, including Java tea (Orthosiphon aristatus B). Abiotic factors such as temperatures have been known to determine the secondary metabolite contents of Java tea. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of soil temperature resulting from soil mulching and harvest age on total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of Java tea. Methods The research was arranged using nested (hierarchy design) with completely randomized design under a screen house at Karanganyar, Indonesia, from July to December 2019. The main factor was soil mulching (control; black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, biodegradable mulch and rice straw mulch) with three replicates. The main factor was nested in the temporal hierarchy factor, namely harvest age which consisted of two levels, i.e., 80 and 100 days. The observation parameters were soil temperature of 10 min (maximum; mean; minimum and soil temperature-based Growing Degree Days, GDD) with sensors and logger; plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight); and secondary metabolites including phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant. Results The results confirmed the order of the highest to the lowest mean soil temperature was resulted under the transparent plastic mulch > straw > black plastic mulch > control > biodegradable plastic mulch (26.69 > 26.29 > 26.10 > 26.07 > 25.68 °C, respectively). Overall, the harvest age 100 days resulted in higher plant growth, indicated by the higher fresh and dry weight of biomass, higher phenol and antioxidant contents than 80 days. Soil mulching, especially with plastic and biodegradable plastic mulches with long harvest age (100 days) effected into lower fresh and dry weight of plants. On the other hand, soil mulching indirectly resulted in lower phenol but higher flavonoid contents through higher soil temperature, while antioxidant contents were higher under the big soil temperature-based Growing Degree Day (GDD). The total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant produced ranging from 193.75 to 412.50 mg GAE/ 100 g DW; 81.13 to 141.47 mg QE/ 100 g DW; and 1875.5–2144.4 µmol TE/g DW. Conclusion Higher maximum soil temperature resulted in lower phenol content, while higher minimum soil temperature and shorter harvest age increased total flavonoid. Longer harvest age produced more total phenol and antioxidant due to bigger soil temperature-based Growing Degree Day (GDD). Graphical Abstract

scholarly journals The Effects of Soil Temperature From Soil Mulching and Harvesting Period On Phenol, Flavonoid And Antioxidant Contents of Java Tea (Orthosiphon Aristatus B.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komariah Komariah ◽  
Diora Diah Ayu Pitaloka ◽  
Irmanida Batubara ◽  
Waras Nurcholis ◽  
Apong Sandrawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Black Plastic

Abstract Purpose: The secondary metabolites of Java tea (Orthosiphon aristatus B) are effective to treat kidney inflammation, kidney stones, and other diseases. Abiotic factors have been known to determine the secondary metabolites contents of Java tea. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of soil temperature resulted from soil mulching and harvesting period on total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant contents of Java tea. Methods: The research was carried out using nested with completely randomized design under a screen house at Karanganyar, Indonesia from July to December 2019. The first factor was soil mulching (control; black plastic mulch, transparent plastic mulch, biodegradable mulch and rice straw mulch) with three repetitions. The first factor was nested in second factor, namely harvesting period which consisted of two levels, i.e.: 80 and 100 days. The observation parameters were soil temperature of 10-minutes (maximum; mean; minimum and soil temperature based- growing degree days, GDD) with sensors and logger; plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight); and secondary metabolites including phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant. Results: The results confirmed the order of the highest to the lowest mean soil temperature was resulted under the transparent plastic mulch> straw > black plastic mulch >control > biodegradable plastic mulch (26.69 > 26.29 > 26.10 > 26.07 > 25.68 oC, respectively). The total phenol, flavonoids and antioxidant produced ranging from 193.75 – 412.50 mg GAE/ 100 g DW; 81.13 – 141.47 mg QE/ 100 g DW; and 1875.5 – 2144.4 µmol TE/g DW.Conclusion: Higher maximum soil temperature resulted into lower phenol content, while higher minimum soil temperature and shorter harvest period increased total flavonoid. Longer harvest period produced more total phenol and antioxidant due to bigger soil temperature based- Growing Degree Day (GDD).

scholarly journals Effects of Cover Methods and Nitrogen Levels on the Growth and Yield of Tomato

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1021-1033
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Loan ◽  
Tran Thi My Can
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Black Plastic

To study the effects of cover methods and nitrogen (N) levels on the growth and yield components of tomato Cv. Pear F1, field experiments with a 4x3 factorial design were conducted in the 2019 spring and winter seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The cover methods included four treatments: bare soil (BS), black plastic mulch (BPM), transparent polypropylene row cover (RC), and a combination of BPM and RC (BPMRC) with the RC removed approximately 30 days after transplanting. Nitrogen (N) was applied at three levels (150, 180, and 210 kg N ha-1). Using BPM and RC generally led to an increased air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and soil temperature compared to the BS treatment. Higher N rates (180 and 210 kg N ha-1) did not result  in different tomato fruit sizes and fruit weights but positively increased fruit yield and quality (Brix values and fruit dry weight) as compared to the 150 kg N ha-1 addition. The cover methods positively affected the yield components and fruit yield of tomato as well as the fruit characteristics compared to the BS treatment. Using cover materials (BPM and RC) combined with a higher N application significantly increased the yield attributes and fruit yield. The highest fruit yield was achieved under the mulching treatment by black plastic (BPM treatment) combined with a 210 kg N ha-1 application, resulting in 50.90 tons ha-1 in the spring and 58.27 tons ha-1 in the winter.

Effect of plastic mulch and row covers on photosynthesis and yield of watermelon

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ibarra-Jiménez ◽  
J. Munguía-López ◽  
A. J. Lozano-del Río ◽  
A. Zermeño-González
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Clear Plastic ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Growing Conditions

The effect of row covers on watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) grown on plastic mulch is well documented. However, row covers have not been adequately evaluated under Mexican growing conditions. Watermelon plants were grown on plastic mulch alone or with row covers to study their effect on photosynthesis, and early and total yields. Treatments were clear plastic mulch (C); black plastic mulch (B); B plus a Vispore cover of polypropylene (BV); B plus a white cover of perforated polyethylene (BW); B plus a clear cover of perforated polyethylene (BC); B plus an Agribon cover of polypropylene (BA); and bare soil as the control. For plants grown in treatment C, B or B combined with row covers, plant dry weight and number of leaves 40 days after seeding (DAS) were higher than the control (P<0.05), except BC which was comparable to the control. Total yields of treatments C, B, BV, BW and BA differed (P<0.05) from BC and the control. Total yields increased by 46.1, 43.2, 35.7, 41.6, 13.3, 15.4 and 35.8 t/ha for the C, B, BV, BW, BC and BA treatments, respectively, over the control, which yielded 27.1 t/ha. Total yield was highest for the C and the B treatment suggesting that there was no need for additional covers. The number of leaves per plant or dry weight per plant better explains the changes in yield than net photosynthesis rate. Stomatal conductance was explained in part by changes in photosynthesis.

The effect of plastic mulch and row covers on the growth and physiology of cucumber

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ibarra-Jiménez ◽  
M. R. Quezada-Martín ◽  
M. de la Rosa-Ibarra
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

To determine the effectiveness of black plastic mulch alone and in combination with row covers, on growth and physiological changes of cucumber plants, 6 treatments were established in a randomised complete block design with 4 replications: bare soil (control); black polyethylene mulch alone (B); B plus a clear cover of perforated polyethylene (BRCP); B plus a white cover of perforated polyethylene (BRWP); B plus an Agribon cover of polypropylene (BRA); and B plus a Kimberly farm row cover (BRK). For the plants grown with mulch or mulch combined with row covers, the dry weight of leaves 50 days after seeding (DAS), and the dry weight of whole plants (at 50 and 110 DAS) were significantly (P<0.05) different from the control. Early yields of treatments B, BRCP, BRWP, BRA and BRK were 2.1, 1.9, 2.6, 1.9 and 2.4 times higher than the control, which yielded 10 t/ha. Total yields were increased by 9.7, 15.4, 19.8, 14.9 and 20 t/ha, over the control which yielded 104 t/ha. Increases in plant dry weight explained the changes in yield. Stomatal conductance may explain in part, the increase in photosynthetic rate, but may not explain yield increase.

scholarly journals Weed Suppression in Pumpkin by Mulches Composed of Organic Municipal Waste Materials

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin E. Splawski ◽  
Emilie E. Regnier ◽  
S. Kent Harrison ◽  
Mark A. Bennett ◽  
James D. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Squash Bug ◽  
Black Plastic

Field studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 to compare mulch treatments of shredded newspaper, a combination of shredded newspaper plus turfgrass clippings (NP + grass), hardwood bark chips, black polyethylene plastic, and bare soil on weeds, insects, soil moisture, and soil temperature in pumpkins. Newspaper mulch or black plastic reduced total weed biomass ≥90%, and woodchip or NP + grass mulch each reduced total weed biomass 78% compared with bare soil under high rainfall conditions in 2011. In 2012, under low rainfall, all mulches reduced weed biomass 97% or more compared with bare soil. In both years, all mulches resulted in higher squash bug infestations than bare soil. The woodchip, newspaper, and NP + grass mulches retained higher soil moistures than bare soil or black plastic over the course of each growing season, and the woodchip and NP + grass mulches caused greatest fluctuations in soil temperature. Pumpkin yields were abnormally low in 2011 and did not differ among treatments. In 2012, all mulches produced greater total marketable pumpkin fruit weights compared with bare soil, but only black plastic, newspaper, and NP + grass mulches resulted in greater total numbers of marketable pumpkins. Overall results indicate that shredded newspaper or NP + grass mulches may be useful for organic and/or small-scale urban crop producers as sustainable alternatives to black plastic mulch; however, their weed suppression efficacy may require higher application rates with increasing moisture conditions, and they may require greater squash bug control measures than under bare soil conditions.

scholarly journals 331 Late Planting Reduces Annual Artichoke Productivity

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 500B-500
Author(s):  
D.T. Drost ◽  
N. Philips ◽  
N. Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Black Plastic

Artichoke, a cool-season, frost-tolerant, but freeze-sensitive, crop, was investigated for annual production in Utah. The objectives were to assess the effects of alternative cropping methods on growth and productivity. Artichoke (`Imperial Star') was seeded in January or February and grown for 3 months before transplanting to the field. Plants were planted in bare soil, through plastic mulch or through plastic with floating rowcovers in April or May. Plant growth (leaf area), environmental conditions, and yield (number, weight, and quality) were monitored throughout the year. Planting date and mulching treatments had a significant effect on plant growth and productivity. Leaf area was greatest at all measurement dates as temperature adjacent to the plant increased (plastic with cover > plastic > bare soil). Early planting had greater yield than late planting regardless of mulching treatment. There was no difference in final yield between the plastic mulch and plastic plus cover at early plantings, although yields were higher than in bare soil. However, late planting through plastic with rowcovers significantly reduced bud yields compared to bare soil or black plastic only. While higher temperatures associated with plastic and rowcovers increased plant growth, increased temperatures under covers after the May planting date devernalized artichoke seedlings, which contributed to the lower yields late in the season.

scholarly journals Effect of Natural and Synthetic Mulches on Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters of Chili (Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Rajesh Neupane ◽  
Subin Babu Neupane ◽  
Bhawana Acharya ◽  
Shikshya Parajuli ◽  
Nischal Oli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Post Hoc

Aims: Production of chili (Capsicum annuum Linnaeus; Solanaceae) in rain-fed regions of Nepal during the winter is constrained by the limited availability of soil moisture. Mulching has been a proven tool to conserve soil moisture and enhance yield. A field study was conducted in the winter of 2019 to identify the most suitable mulch that enhances the yield and yield attributing parameters of chili. Study Design: Seven treatments with three replications were evaluated under the randomized complete block design. Among the treatments, rice straw (5 kg/plot) and water reed (5 kg/plot) were used as natural mulches. While, plastic mulches: transparent (25 µ), silver (25 µ), black (25 µ), and black thick (50 µ) (double thickness) were used as synthetic mulches. Only soil with no mulch was the control. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at Bangau, Dang, Nepal from November 2019 to May 2020. Methodology: We measured soil temperature at 10 cm depth using soil thermometer, and calculated soil moisture through oven dry method. Similarly, weight of ten fresh and ten dry fruits was recorded from each plot using an electronic scale. Number of fruits per plant was also counted. All the data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated following a post hoc test. Results: The highest soil moisture (18.38%), number of fruits per plant (24.91), fruit fresh weight per ten fruits (59.86 g), and fruit dry weight per ten fruits (14.65 g) were recorded in black thick plastic mulched plots. Furthermore, the lowest fresh weed weight (95.30 g) was also measured in black thick plastic mulched plots. Whereas, the highest soil temperature (18.92°C) was recorded in transparent plastic mulched plots. Conclusion: This study concludes black thick plastic as the most effective among the treatments tested in this study in enhancing yield and yield attributing parameters of chili.

scholarly journals Influences of Traditional Mulches on Flower Production and Petal Coloration of Dianthus (Dianthus Chinensis Lin.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
MH Kabir ◽  
AHM Solaiman ◽  
N Das ◽  
AFMJ Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Flower Induction ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Flower Growth ◽  
Black Plastic

An experiment was conducted to understand the effect of traditional mulches on plant growth, flower induction, petal coloration and yield of Dianthus chinensis at Horticultural Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka. Four mulch treatments C, control; SM, straw mulch; WHM, water hyacinth mulch; BPM, black plastic mulch were examined under this study. Black plastic mulch showed better performance than other treatments. Highest plant and flower growth, early flowering and maximum number of flowers were observed from black plastic mulch treatment followed by water hyacinth mulch and straw mulch respectively whereas the lowest was observed from control. Deep colored flower was produced from black plastic mulch treated plants and light colored flower from control.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.17462 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 35 - 40, 2007

scholarly journals Weed Control in Tomato through Mulching Approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Zabihullah Rahmani ◽  
Shah Mahmoud Faqiri ◽  
Ahmad Jawid Muradi
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study is to evaluate effect of different types of mulches on weed control and yield of tomato in the farm of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation Department were conducted in the year 2019. The method for study is completely randomized block design with three replications and four treatments such as transparent plastic, black plastic, barley straw and control (without mulch). According to the study, the control treatment, black plastic mulches were a significant effect on the number of weeds and yield of tomatoes. The maximum yields were 48.05 (ton/ha) in black plastic and the minimum yields were 19 (ton/ha) in control mulch. The present work suggests that the application of different types of mulches can be an effective method to reduce the number of weeds in a tomato farm. The black plastic mulch is recommended due to increase in the yield of tomato and also an effective practice on controlling the weeds.

scholarly journals Planting Configuration and Plasticulture Effects on Growth, Physiology, and Yield of Globe Artichoke

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1496-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Chenping Xu ◽  
Shinsuke Agehara
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Globe Artichoke ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Double Line ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Black Plastic

Globe artichoke is typically grown in Mediterranean and coastal areas. Because of the high profitability as a specialty crop, demand to develop production systems optimized for other semiarid and water-limited regions is rising. Field experiments were conducted over three seasons (2008–09, 2010–11, and 2011–12) in southwest Texas to investigate plant growth, physiology, and yield of artichoke grown as an annual system. Three strategies were evaluated: planting configuration (single and double lines per bed), plasticulture (bare soil and black plastic mulch), and cultivars differing in maturity (‘Imperial Star’, early; ‘Green Globe Improved’, late). Each fall, transplants were established in the field at 2.03 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (single line) or 4.06 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (double line). In both cultivars, black plastic mulch enhanced plant growth (leaf number, plant height and width) and increased early yield; however, its effect on total yield and yield components was not consistent. Single line per bed significantly increased head number of jumbo and large size per plant as compared with double line in the 2009 season. Chlorophyll index was unaffected by either planting configuration or plastic mulch. Comparing cultivars, ‘Green Globe Improved’ had lower marketable yield but bigger head size than ‘Imperial Star’ in one and two seasons, respectively. Our results indicate that single line with black plastic mulch can be recommended to improve earliness and water savings as compared with the bare soil system for annual artichoke production.

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