scholarly journals Development of a scale to measure expected concussion reporting behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kroshus ◽  
Sarah J. Lowry ◽  
Kimberly Garrett ◽  
Rachel Hays ◽  
Tamerah Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Cognitive Interviews ◽  
Reporting Behavior ◽  
Item Reduction ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Validation Tests ◽  
Concussion Education

Abstract Background Most concussion education aims to increase athlete self-report of concussive symptoms. Although the population burden of concussion is high, frequency with which this injury occurs on a given sports team in a given season is relatively low. This means that powering concussion education evaluation studies to measure change in post-injury symptom reporting behavior requires what is often a prohibitively large sample size. Thus, evaluation studies are typically powered to measure proximal cognitions. Expected reporting behavior, a cognition that reflects planned and reactive decision-making, is a theoretically indicated construct for inclusion in evaluation studies. However, previously no scales were available to measure this construct with demonstrated reliability and validity among youth athletes. The objective of this study was to develop and assess the validity of a brief single-factor scale to measure expected youth athlete concussion reporting behavior (CR-E) in a sample of youth athletes. Methods A mixed methods approach was used, including cognitive interviews with youth athletes, and quantitative item reduction and validation. Participants were youth athletes (aged 9–16) from the Seattle metropolitan and rural south-Georgia regions. After refining an initial pool of items using cognitive interviews with a diverse group of youth athletes (n = 20), a survey containing these items was administered to youth soccer and football players (n = 291). Item reduction statistics and sequential confirmatory factor analyses were used to reduce the initial scale using a randomly selected half of the sample. Then, a final confirmatory factor analysis and validation tests were applied to the other half of the sample of youth athletes. Predictive validation was conducted longitudinally in a separate sample of youth athletes (n = 155). Results Internal consistency was high (alpha = 0.89), model fit was excellent, validation tests were in the hypothesized directions, and the scale was feasible to use. Using the finalized 4-item scale, we observed that less than one-third of youth soccer and football athletes expect to “always” tell their coach about symptoms of a suspected concussion. Conclusions The CR-E measure should be included in future studies evaluating concussion education programming in youth athlete populations.

scholarly journals Application of a Preventive Training Program Implementation Framework to Youth Soccer and Basketball Organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayley J. Root ◽  
Barnett S. Frank ◽  
Craig R. Denegar ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
David I. Gregorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Administrative Support ◽  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Education Workshop

Context Preventive training programs (PTPs) can reduce injury rates and improve neuromuscular control and sport performance. However, PTPs must be implemented correctly and consistently over time for athletes to benefit. Coaches represent the best long-term option for implementing PTPs. Youth athletes are at the optimal age for developing good habits before maturation. Although frameworks have been proposed to guide implementation efforts, little is known regarding the feasibility and real-world context of PTP implementation at the youth sport level. Objective To evaluate the application of the 7-Step framework for promoting implementation of a preseason PTP workshop. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Youth soccer and basketball organizations. Patients or Other Participants Organizations with at least 1 team of athletes aged 8 to 14 years were invited to participate in a free preseason coaches' education workshop on PTP implementation. Intervention(s) The 7-Step framework was used to guide PTP education and implementation for each organization. Personnel at organizations that agreed to participate attended a single preseason workshop for coaches. Research staff were available as a resource throughout the season but did not actively implement or monitor the PTPs. Main Outcome Measure(s) Retrospective evaluation of each organization's completion of steps 1 through 5 of the 7-Step framework. Results A total of 62 youth soccer (n = 40) and basketball (n = 22) organizations were invited to participate. Twelve organizations completed steps 1 through 4 and steps 5a through 5d. The highest drop-off rate occurred during step 1, “Establishing Administrative Support.” No organization completed all components of steps 1 through 5. Conclusions To better understand how to successfully promote PTP adoption, we must identify the implementation steps that may present the most challenges. Because the highest drop-off rate was seen during the initial step, establishing administrative support and strengthening initial engagement are necessary to improve PTP implementation.

Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110560
Author(s):  
Neeru Jayanthi ◽  
Stacey Schley ◽  
Sean P. Cumming ◽  
Gregory D. Myer ◽  
Heather Saffel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Training Models ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Medical Evaluation ◽  
Youth Athlete

Context: Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury. Evidence Acquisition: Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load. Conclusion: Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads. Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT): B.

Coaching on the Talent Pathway: Understanding the Influence of Developmental Experiences on Coaching Philosophy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Graham G. Williams ◽  
Áine MacNamara
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Developmental Experiences ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Youth Athlete

There is compelling evidence supporting the critical role of high-quality coaching practice in supporting talented youth athletes through and beyond the talent pathway. The purpose of this study was to explore the coaching philosophies of ex-talent pathway athletes and how the meaning and purpose of their coaching in a talent pathway was influenced by their previous pathway experience. Nine participants were purposefully sampled based on their prior involvement as a youth athlete in a talent pathway and current involvement coaching in a talent pathway. The participants identified how their pathway experience influenced their coaching philosophy and applied coaching practice. Specifically, the participants described how their own youth sport experience influenced their current coaching practice through the formation of a developmental coaching philosophy, through their applied coaching practice orientated towards supporting individual development, and by using their previous pathway experience to support coaching success. These findings suggest that the philosophy underpinning talent pathway coaches’ practice was influenced by their own pathway experience, and the purpose of their practice was orientated to positively impact youth development for and beyond sport. Thus, talent pathways in sport have the capability to be recognised as positively influencing the developmental experiences of future coaching practitioners.

scholarly journals Somatotype of Competitive Youth Soccer Players From Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yara Lucy Fidelix ◽  
Juliane Berria ◽  
Elisa Pinheiro Ferrari ◽  
Jaelson Gonçalves Ortiz ◽  
Tiago Cetolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the morphological configuration of youth athletes from professional soccer clubs and to verify their differences according to the tactical position on the field. Overall, 67 male players aged 15 to 17 years were evaluated. The examined anthropometric measurements included body mass, body height, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, supraspinal and medial calf), girths (flexed and tensed arm and calf) and breadths (humerus and femur). For statistical purposes, analysis of variance and post hoc Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. We concluded that goalkeepers were heavier and taller than center backs (p = 0.015 and p = 0.001), midfielders (p = 0.005 and p <0.001) and center forward players (p = 0.024 and p <0.001). The average somatotype for defense, forward and goalkeeper positions was a balanced mesomorph. Midfield players showed ectomorphic-mesomorph characteristics. It was concluded that goalkeepers were characterized as being taller and heavier and that somatotype features of athletes were similar between positions, except for midfield players

Testing a Brief Coping Intervention for High-Performance Youth Soccer Players and Their Parents

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Tamminen ◽  
Kaleigh Ferdinand Pennock ◽  
Courtney Braun
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Stress ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Parental Pressure ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Quasi Experimental

The ability of young athletes to effectively cope with stressors is crucial for sustained sport enjoyment and participation, and parents play a key role in providing coping support. However, there is limited evidence for coping interventions directed at both youth athletes and their parents. The purpose of this study was to implement a coping workshop for youth athletes and also engage parents to provide them with information to support the development of coping skills among young athletes. Athlete–parent dyads from a high-performance soccer academy were assigned to either a 4-wk coping intervention or a control group using a matched quasi-experimental design. Survey data were analyzed using 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVAs and multiple-regression analyses. Results indicated that lower parental pressure and greater coping self-efficacy predicted lower stress in youth athletes. However, findings for the intervention in reducing overall stress and perceptions of parental pressure were not significant. Future coping intervention studies should address study design considerations related to timing, intervention modalities, and skill level of youth athletes.

scholarly journals The Relative Age Effect in Poland's Elite Youth Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystian Rubajczyk ◽  
Andrzej Rokita
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
National Team ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Biological Development

Abstract The relative age effect (RAE) is related to discrimination against youth athletes born in the last quarter of the calendar year. The current study presents research on the RAE in elite youth soccer players in Poland. Players in the Central Junior League (CLJ) finals represent 0.59% of the 25,756 players under 20 years old (U20). This study analyzed the post-game protocols of the CLJ knockout stage from the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons as well as the U17-U21 teams during 2015, including only players who played on the field for at least one minute (n = 395). The results revealed the existence of RAE in the examined groups ( CLJ 2013/2014, χ23 = 15.441, p < 0.01, CLJ 2014/2015, χ23 = 20.891, p < 0.001 U17-U21, χ23 = 25.110, p < 0.001). In addition, the results differed by monthly birth distribution in the Polish population (PP) between 1995 and 1999. This study is the first to examine the RAE in youth soccer in Poland. The occurrence of the RAE with regard to the most promising youth and national team players suggests that a similar effect exists among younger age categories. To reduce the RAE related to identifying soccer talent, tools should be implemented to optimize the player-selection process, such as those that consider the biological development of a player.

The development of the Global Citizenship Inventory for adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marije Van Gent ◽  
Christine L. Carabain ◽  
Irene De Goede ◽  
Evelien Boonstoppel ◽  
Lette Hogeling
Keyword(s):  
Global Citizenship ◽  
Shared Responsibility ◽  
Cognitive Interviews ◽  
Water Mobility ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Search For Information ◽  
Behaviour Index

In this paper we report on the development of an inventory that measures global citizenship among adolescents. The methodology used consists of cognitive interviews for questionnaire design and explorative and confirmatory factor analyses among several datasets. The resulting Global Citizenship Inventory (GCI) includes a global citizenship behaviour index and three scales measuring principles underlying global citizenship: human equality, mutual dependency in the world, and the shared responsibility for solving global issues. The behaviour index measures behaviour connected to efficient use of energy and water, mobility, recycling and handling waste, search for information and expressing an opinion on global issues, donating to charity, and volunteering. The results provide support for our theoretical constructs regarding global citizenship.

scholarly journals The utility of Matrix Reasoning as an embedded performance validity indicatory in youth athletes

Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (14 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S16.2-S17
Author(s):  
Jennifer Adler ◽  
Ryan Thompson ◽  
Naomi Kaswan ◽  
Rayna Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Roc Curve ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Test Of Memory Malingering ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
T Score ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Matrix Reasoning

ObjectiveThe present study assessed Matrix Reasoning (MR) as an embedded validity indicator (EVI) in youth athletes vulnerable to sport-related concussion, using performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) to operationalize effort.BackgroundMatrices tasks have been examined as EVI for pediatric neropsychological assessment (NA; McKinsey, Prieler, & Raven, 2003), and recent literature suggests a cutoff T-score of 43 for MR in the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II) may demonstrate utility within youth athletes completing baseline NA.Design/Methods103 youth athletes (76% male, Mage = 12.14) completed a NA, including MR (cutoff T = 43) and TOMM (cut-offs = 45 and 49). Sensitivity and specificity for MR were calclated. Reciever operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis determined whether MR performance accurately categorized participants' effort (represented by TOMM performance).ResultsMR (cut-off T = 43; Sussman et al., 2019) produced sensitivity of 9.09% and specificity of 91.36% in predicting TOMM Trial 1 performance (TOMM1; AUC = 0.449) and 0.00% and 91.18% in predicting TOMM Trial 2 (TOMM2; AUC = 0.074). As a TOMM2 cut-off of 49 offers greater sensitivity to inadequate effort, a further analysis showed MR yielded sensitivity of 0.00% and specificity of 91.00% (AUC = 0.330) in predicting TOMM2 performance with the more conservative cutoff.ConclusionsMR is an adequate EVI in predicting sufficient effort on TOMM, detecting true effortful performance; however, it was inadequate in detecting true non-effortful performance. A more stringent TOMMM cutoff did not improve sensitivity; thus, MR exhibited poor detection of inadequate effort. Overall, MR has utility as an EVI to support adequate effort in youth athlete populations but should not be used independently. This finding is clinically important because adequate effort at baseline is imperative in determining recovery from concussion.

scholarly journals Development of a revised Jalowiec Coping Scale for use by emergency clinicians: a cross-sectional scale development study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e033053
Author(s):  
Jaimi H Greenslade ◽  
Marianne C Wallis ◽  
Amy Johnston ◽  
Eric Carlström ◽  
Daniel Wilhelms ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Item Reduction ◽  
Urban Hospitals ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Coping Scale

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the coping strategies used by emergency staff in response to workplace stress. To achieve this aim, we developed a refined Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS), termed the Jalowiec Coping Scale-Emergency Department (JCS-ED) and validated this scale on a sample of emergency clinicians.DesignA cross-sectional survey incorporating the JCS, the working environment scale-10 and a measure of workplace stressors was administered between July 2016 and June 2017. The JCS-ED was developed in three stages: 1) item reduction through content matter experts, 2) exploratory factor analysis for further item reduction and to identify the factor structure of the revised scale and 3) confirmatory factor analyses to confirm the factors identified within the exploratory factor analysis.SettingSix Emergency Departments (EDs) in Australia and four in Sweden. There were three tertiary hospitals, five large urban hospitals and two small urban hospitals.ParticipantsParticipants were eligible for inclusion if they worked full-time or part-time as medical or nursing staff in the study EDs. The median age of participants was 35 years (IQR: 28–45 years) and they had been working in the ED for a median of 5 years (IQR: 2–10 years). 79% were females and 76% were nurses.ResultsA total of 875 ED staff completed the survey (response rate 51%). The content matter experts reduced the 60-item scale to 32 items. Exploratory factor analyses then further reduced the scale to 18 items assessing three categories of coping: problem-focussed coping, positive emotion-focussed coping and negative emotion-focussed coping. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this three-factor structure. Negative coping strategies were associated with poor perceptions of the work environment and higher ratings of stress.ConclusionsThe JCS-ED assesses maladaptive coping strategies along with problem-focussed and emotion-focussed coping styles. It is a short instrument that is likely to be useful in measuring the types of coping strategies employed by staff.

scholarly journals Youth Athlete Development and Nutrition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Desbrow
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Development ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Sport Nutrition ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Youth Athlete ◽  
Important Time ◽  
School Training

AbstractAdolescence (ages 13–18 years) is a period of significant growth and physical development that includes changes in body composition, metabolic and hormonal fluctuations, maturation of organ systems, and establishment of nutrient deposits, which all may affect future health. In terms of nutrition, adolescence is also an important time in establishing an individual’s lifelong relationship with food, which is particularly important in terms of the connection between diet, exercise, and body image. The challenges of time management (e.g., school, training, work and social commitments) and periods of fluctuating emotions are also features of this period. In addition, an adolescent’s peers become increasingly powerful moderators of all behaviours, including eating. Adolescence is also a period of natural experimentation and this can extend to food choice. Adolescent experiences are not the same and individuals vary considerably in their behaviours. To ensure an adolescent athlete fulfils his/her potential, it is important that stakeholders involved in managing youth athletes emphasize eating patterns that align with and support sound physical, physiological and psychosocial development and are consistent with proven principles of sport nutrition.

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