Oral acute toxicity and antimalarial potentials of aqueous and methanolic extracts of roots, leaves and stem of Dictyandra arborescens (Welw.) on Plasmodium berghei infected mice

Abstract Background Malaria is one of the tropical diseases of universal concern particularly with continuous appearance of resistant strains of P.falciparum. This calls for continous screening of traditional plants such that new and effective antimalarial agents will be developed. This study therefore explored the oral acute toxicity and antimalarial potentials of aqueous and methanolic extracts of roots, leaves and stem of Dictyandra arborescens on Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Results No mortality was recorded in any of the experimental animal groups even at the highest tested dose (5000 mg/kg b.wt) of the extract after monitoring them for 4hrs and subsequently for 7 days. Out of the six extracts, methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves exhibited more antimalarial activity than others. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was statistically observed in the parasite count of groups that received methanol extracts of roots and leaves of D. arborescens. This observation was made when these two extracts were compared with other groups as well as the negative control. However, activity of the standard antimalarial drug (artesunate) was higher (p˂0.05) than those of the extracts. Phytochemicals such as tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids etc. were present in the extracts in varying quantities. GC–MS analysis of methanol extract of the root of this plant showed different chemical compounds. Conclusion Administration of aqueous and methanol extracts of roots, leaves and stem of D. arborescens in mice is not harmful at any dose less than or equal to 5000 mg/kg. Methanol extracts exhibited more antimalarial activity than aqueous extracts suggesting that antimalarial activity of the plant parts could be affected by the solvent used for extraction and antimalarial activity may be more in a particular part of a plant. The presence of different bioactive compounds identified in phytochemical and GC–MS analysis could be the fundamental scientific evidence for the antimalarial activity exhibited by this plant especially in the root.

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Antimalarial Activity and Toxicological Assessment of Betula alnoides Extract against Plasmodium berghei Infections in Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/2324679 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prapaporn Chaniad ◽

Tachpon Techarang ◽

Arisara Phuwajaroanpong ◽

Chuchard Punsawad

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Oral Dose ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Negative Control ◽

Survival Times ◽

Stem Extract ◽

Betula Alnoides ◽

Dose Levels

The resistance of malaria parasites to the current antimalarial drugs has led to the search for novel effective drugs. Betula alnoides has been traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, but the scientific evidence to substantiate this claim is still lacking. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the antimalarial activity and toxicity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides in a mouse model. The in vivo antimalarial activity of an aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides was determined by a 4-day suppressive test in mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei ANKA. The B. alnoides extract was administered orally at different doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight. The levels of parasitaemia, survival time, body weight change, and food and water consumption of the mice were determined. The acute toxicity of the extract was assessed in the mice for 14 days after the administration of a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg. An aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of parasitaemia in P. berghei-infected mice at all dose levels compared to the reduction in the negative control. Extract doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight suppressed the levels of parasitaemia by 46.90, 58.39, and 71.26%, respectively. The extract also significantly prolonged the survival times of the P. berghei-infected mice compared to the survival times of the negative control mice. In addition, at all dose levels, the extract prevented body weight loss in P. berghei-infected mice. For the acute toxicity, there were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters and in the histopathology. In conclusion, the aqueous stem extract of B. alnoides possesses antimalarial properties. A single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight had no significant toxic effects on the function and structure of the kidneys and liver. These results support its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria.

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Antimalarial Activity of Aqueous and 80% Methanol Crude Seed Extracts and Solvent Fractions of Schinus molle Linnaeus (Anacardiaceae) in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/9473250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Getu Habte ◽

Teshome Nedi ◽

Solomon Assefa

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Antimalarial Drugs ◽

Negative Control ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Schinus Molle ◽

Crude Extracts

Background. Malaria is among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Moreover, the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs is a major problem in controlling the disease. This makes the development of novel antimalarial drugs a necessity. Medicinal plants are important sources in discovering antimalarial drugs. Schinus molle is claimed for its antimalarial effect in Ethiopian folkloric medicine and endowed with in vitro antiplasmodial activity. In the present study, the in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant was investigated. Methods. Acute toxicity was carried out using a standard procedure. To screen the in vivo antimalarial potential of the S. molle against Plasmodium berghei (ANKA), a 4-day suppressive test was employed. The extracts and fractions were given to infected mice by oral gavage at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day for four consecutive days. Parameters such as parasitemia were then evaluated. Results. Any sign of toxicity was not observed in the oral acute toxicity test. The crude extracts and solvent fractions exerted a significant (p<0.05) inhibition of parasite load compared to the negative control. The highest inhibition (66.91%) was exhibited by the 400 mg/kg/day dose of 80% methanolic crude extract. Among the fractions, chloroform fraction demonstrated maximal chemosuppressive effect (55.60%). Moreover, crude extracts and solvent fractions prevented body weight loss, reduction in temperature, and anemia compared to the negative control. Except the aqueous fraction, the tested plant extracts were able to significantly prolong the survival time of infected mice. Conclusion. The findings of the present study confirmed the safety and a promising in vivo antimalarial activity of S. molle, thus supporting the traditional claim and in vitro efficacy. In-depth investigations on the plant, however, are highly recommended.

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Sequestration of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in BALB/c mice treated with goat bile

Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya ◽

10.30651/jqm.v4i2.3539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Kartika Arum Wardani ◽

Kholida Nur Aini ◽

Heny Arwati ◽

Willy Sandhika

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Plasmodium Berghei Anka ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Bile Concentration

Abstract Sequestration of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes occurs in BALB/c mice as characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Animals’ bile has been widely used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Goat bile has been used in healing infectious and non-infectious diseases; however, no report on the use of goat bile against malaria infection and sequestration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between parasitemia and sequestration in the liver of P.berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with goat bile. This research was an in vivo experimental study using the post-test control group design. The male BALB/c mice aged ± 6 weeks, body weight 20-25 g were used. The mice were divided into five groups where Group 1-3 were mice treated with goat bile 25%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. Group 4-5 were negative (sterile water) and positive controls (DHP). Parasitemia was observed daily from each mouse and the number of sequestered infected erythrocytes on the endothelium of sinusoids. The data were analyzed using t independent test. Antimalarial activity of goat bile was shown by the lower parasitemia in goat bile-treated mice compared with the negative control. The average number of sequestration was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. The higher the concentration, the lower the number of sequestration. Sequestration was correlated with parasitemia (p=0,0001). Sequestration of P.berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes correlated with parasitemia, and was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. Keywords: Malaria, parasitemia, sequestration, goat bileCorrespondence: [email protected]

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In-vivo Antiplasmodial Effect of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine-Nitrofurantoin on Plasmodium berghei- Infected Mice

Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.9734/jamps/2021/v23i930256 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-20

Author(s):

Udeme O. Georgewill ◽

Festus Azibanigha Joseph ◽

Elias Adikwu

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tract Infections

Nitrofurantoin (NT) used for the treatment of urinary tract infections may have antiplasmodial activity. Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) is an artemisinin based combination therapy used for the treatment of malaria. This study evaluated the antiplasmodial effect of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine-nitrofurantoin (DP-NT) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Adult Swiss albino mice (30-35 g) of both sexes were used. The mice were randomly grouped, inoculated with Plasmodium berghei, and treated orally with DP (1.7/13.7 mg/kg), NT (57.1 mg/kg) and DP-NT (1.71/13.7/ 57.1 mg/kg), respectively using curative, prophylactic and suppressive tests. The negative control was orally treated with normal saline (0.3 mL), while the positive control was orally treated with chloroquine CQ (10mg/kg). After treatment, blood samples were collected and evaluated for percentage parasitemia, inhibitions and hematological parameters. Liver samples were evaluated for histological changes. The mice were observed for mean survival time (MST). Treatment with DP-NT decreased parasitemia levels when compared to individual doses of DP and NT with significant difference observed at p<0.05. DP-NT prolonged MST when compared to individual doses of DP and NT with significant difference observed at p<0.05. The decrease in packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin and increase in white blood cells in parasitized mice were significantly restored by DP-NT when compared to individual doses of DP and NT with difference observed at p<0.05. DP-NT eradicated liver Plasmodium parasite. NT remarkably increased the antiplasmodial activity of DP. DP-NT may be used for the treatment of malaria.

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Antimalarial Activity of Cordia africana (Lam.) (Boraginaceae) Leaf Extracts and Solvent Fractions in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2019/8324596 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash ◽

Dayananda Bhoumik ◽

Birhanetensay Masresha Altaye ◽

Helen Bitew Tareke ◽

Brhane Teklebrhan Assefa

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Suppression Test ◽

Cordia Africana

Background. Malaria remains a major worldwide public health problem leading to death of millions of people. Spread and emergence of antimalarial drug resistance are the major challenge in malaria control. Medicinal plants are the key source of new effective antimalarial agents. Cordia africana (Lam.) is widely used for traditional management of malaria by local people in different parts of Ethiopia. The present study aimed to evaluate in vivo antimalarial effects of leaf extracts and solvent fractions of Cordia africana on Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Methods. The leaf extracts were prepared and tested for oral acute toxicity according to the OECD guideline. In vivo antimalarial effects of various doses of C. africana extracts and solvent fractions were determined using the four-day suppression test (both crude and fractions), as well as curative and chemoprophylactic tests (crude extracts). Results. The acute toxicity test of the plant extract revealed that the medium lethal dose is higher than 2000 mg/kg. The crude extract of the plant exhibited significant parasitemia suppression in the four-day suppression (51.19%), curative (57.14%), and prophylactic (46.48%) tests at 600 mg/kg. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the highest chemosuppression (55.62%) at 400 mg/kg, followed by the chloroform fraction (45.04%) at the same dose. Conclusion. Our findings indicated that both the crude leaf extracts and fractions of C. africana possess antimalarial effects, supporting the traditional claim of the plant.

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Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaf of Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm. f.) Iwarsson (Lamiaceae) against Plasmodium berghei in Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/5384804 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tewolde Teklu ◽

Ephrem Engidawork ◽

Teshome Nedi ◽

Tilahun Teklehaymanot ◽

Leake Gebremeskel

Keyword(s):

Survival Time ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Parasite Load ◽

Antimalarial Drugs ◽

Negative Control ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽

Test Models

Malaria’s global impact, fueled by resistance to several antimalarial drugs, has necessitated a quest to new antimalarial drugs from several sources with traditional medicinal plants being one of them. This study was conducted to assess the antimalarial activity of a traditionally used medicinal plant, Leonotis ocymifolia, against Plasmodium berghei. The plant has been extracted using maceration technique, and doses ranging from 100–800 mg/kg of Leonotis ocymifolia were used to test its antimalarial activity. Tween 80 (2% in water) and chloroquine 25 mg/kg were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. The antimalarial activities of the plant were determined by measuring parasitemia, survival time, packed cell volume, temperature, and weight. The plant’s hydroalcoholic extract, as compared to negative control, maximally decreased parasite load by 41.4% at 800 mg/kg (p < 0.001). This parasite suppression was followed by longer survival time in the groups taking 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 800 mg/kg (p < 0.05) in a four-day suppressive test and in those taking 800 mg/kg (p < 0.05) in Rane’s test. The plant did not prevent weight and PCV reduction but prevented temperature reduction at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05) and 800 mg/kg (p < 0.05) in a four-day suppressive model, and at 800 mg/kg (p < 0.05) in Rane’s model. The average but consistent antimalarial activity of the plant across the test models corroborates the folkloric antimalarial use of the plant. The study recommends further pharmacological screenings, isolation, and identification of active compound(s) of the plant Leonotis ocymifolia.

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Antimalarial Activity of Hydroalcoholic Root Extract of Acanthus polystachyus Delile (Acanthaceae) Against Plasmodium berghei–Infected Mice

Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1177/2515690x19885322 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 2515690X1988532 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dagninet Derebe ◽

Muluken Wubetu

Keyword(s):

Crude Extract ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Negative Control ◽

New Drugs ◽

Root Extract ◽

Root Extracts ◽

Antimalarial Agents ◽

Mean Survival Time

Failure of the efficacy of antimalarial drugs is recognized in different classes of medicines for treating malaria, which urges the need for new drugs. This study tried to check the in vivo antimalarial activity of the root extracts of Acanthus polystachyus Delile against Plasmodium berghei–infected mice. The study revealed that the methanolic crude extract of the root of Acanthus polystachyus Delile showed significant ( P < .01) parasitemia suppressive activities in both models compared with the negative control. Parasitemia suppressive activities were 25.26%, 33.46%, and 51.48% in a 4-day suppressive test and 23.31%, 31.20%, and 43.54% in prophylaxis test at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, as compared to the negative control. Besides, the extract increases mean survival time significantly in all tested doses in a 4-day suppressive test, but in the prophylaxis model, only mice treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly lived longer. Based on this finding, the root of Acanthus polystachyus Delile has strong antimalarial activity, which may be a good candidate for new antimalarial agents.

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Antimalarial Effect of the Root of Silene macrosolen A. Rich (Caryophyllaceae) on Plasmodium-berghei-Infected Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/8833865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Gebru Hagos Atsbha ◽

Rajkapoor Balasubramanian ◽

Abadi Kahsu Gebre

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

New Drugs ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Traditional Use

Background. Malaria remains a major public health problem globally. Poor access to antimalarial drugs compounded with rapidly evolving drug resistance encourages researchers to continuously look for new drugs. Of importance, traditionally used medicines of plant origin are the highest priority as the ethnobotanical claim can be used as an important clue for its safety and efficacy profiles. Silene macrosolen A. Rich (Caryophyllaceae) has been traditionally used for malaria treatment in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the in vivo antimalarial activity of the plant against Plasmodium-berghei-infected (ANKA strain) Swiss albino mice. Methods. The dried powdered root of Silene macrosolen was extracted using 80% methanol. The crude extract was fractionated using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and distilled water that have different affinities to plant phytoconstituents. The in vivo antimalarial activities of the crude extract were evaluated using 4-day suppressive, prophylactic, and curative tests. The antimalarial activity of the solvent fractions was evaluated in a 4-day suppressive test. The oral acute toxicity of the crude extract was also determined according to the OECD guidelines. Results. The percentage of parasite suppression on the crude extract was 31.02%, 35.82%, and 39.23% in prophylactic, curative, and 4-day suppressive tests, respectively, at the tested dose level of 400 mg/kg. The percentages of chemosuppression of the solvent fractions (400 mg/kg) were 43.07%, 42.61%, and 38.38% in aqueous, ethyl acetate, and chloroform fractions, respectively. Both the crude extract and solvent fractions also significantly prolonged survival time except in the prophylactic test. In addition, prevention of weight loss and reduction in temperature and packed cell volume (PCV) were observed in crude extract as well as solvent fractions. The acute toxicity test of the plant extract also exhibited no sign of toxicity. Conclusion. The result indicated that Silene macrosolen has a significant antimalarial activity, justifying the traditional use of the plant material for treatment of malaria.

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GC–MS Analysis and Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Carica papaya against Plasmodium berghei NK65 Infection in Swiss Mice

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i1230323 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 183-197

Author(s):

Johnson Oshiobugie Momoh ◽

Olanrewaju Anthony Damazio ◽

Omolayo Monsurat Oyegbami

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Study Design ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Liver Homogenate ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Standard Procedures

Aim: The study determines the GC-MS and the anti-malarial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Study Design: The experimental study lasted for five weeks. Place of Study: Department of Chemical Sciences (Biochemistry Unit) and animal House unit in Department of Biological Sciences (Environmental Biology Unit), School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria. Study Design and Methodology: AAS, GC-MS and phytochemical analyses were determined in the plant extract using standard procedures. Thirty-six Swiss mice of both sexes (26–32g) were divided into six groups of six mice each. Group A (normal control) was untreated and uninfected. Groups B–F were intraperitoneally inoculated with P. berghei NK65, while group B (disease control) was untreated-infected group, group C and D (standard drugs) received standard drugs, chloroquine (10 mg/kg B.WT) and artesunate (10 mg/kg B.WT); groups E and F received methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya at 400 and 600 mg/kg B.WT respectively. WBC, HCT and HGB were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. MDA, TP, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit, CAT and GSH were all determined in the liver homogenate using standard procedures. Results: The AAS analysis shows that the extract contains minerals like: potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Twenty-six compounds were identified to be present in the extract using GC-MS analysis. The active compounds with their retention time, molecular weight, molecular formula, peak area and activities were predicted. The three major prevailing compounds and their percentage abundance are: squalene (27.28%), neophytadiene (12.71%) and phytol (10.16%) respectively. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds etc. The C. papaya extract caused 56.76% and 75.53% significant (P<0.05) reduction in parasitemia at 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 92.86% and artesunate exerted 90.67% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively carried out during curative test. The extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count and increase HGB and HCT concentration in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. There were significant (p<0.05) increase in the TP, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit, GSH and CAT levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of C. papaya compared to the untreated mice. MDA level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice compared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya possess antimalarial activity in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

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Combination of Calotropis gigantea Radix Extract and Artemisin as an Antimalarial Agent Against Plasmodium berghei

Journal of Islamic Pharmacy ◽

10.18860/jip.v1i1.3456 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Roihatul Muti’ah ◽

Elok Kamilah Hayati ◽

Asnal Fatati

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Calotropis Gigantea ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Tukey Test ◽

Bioactive Component ◽

Phytochemical Compounds

Calotropis gigantea radix is one of plant which has bioactive component as antimalarial.The purpose of this research are to know antimalarial activity from combination of Calotropis gigantea radix extract and artemisin. The research consist of extraction of Calotropis gigantea radix was done with extraction maseration method. Extraction was performed by maseration with 80% ethanol solvent. Concentrated extract was in vivo antimalarial tested to animal model. Mice were peritoneal infected with 106Plasmodium berghei ANKA and divided into 5 treatment groups: negative control; positive control (artemisin of dose 4 mg/kgBW); combination of artemisin(1/4 dose of artemisin standar) and Calotropis giganteain 3 doses: 0,1 mg/KgBW; 1 mg/KgBWand 10 mg/KgBW. Data of inhibition was analyzed using SPSS program with Two Way ANOVA Test dan continued with Tukey Test.The result shows that combination of Calotropis gigantea radix extract and artemisin with dose 10 mg/KgBB has higher antimalarial activity than control positive (artemisin). The value of parasite inhibition is 55,2% for dose 0.1 mg/KgBW ; 72,8% for dose 1 mg/KgBW ; 87,3% for dose 10 mg/KgBW and 56,06 mg/KgBW for control positive (artemisin). The phytochemical compounds in 80% ethanol solvent extract are tannins and steroids.<div> Keywords: Calotropis gigantea,antimalaria, combination, artemisin, Plasmodium berghei</div>

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