REPLY BY AUTHORS TO DISCUSSION BY W. T. HIGDON

Geophysics ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Jagannadha Sarma ◽  
V. Bhaskara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Introductory Statement ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Geological Formation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Broad Generalization

The introductory statement that “The electrical resistivity of a geological formation is a function of … (1) the amount of moisture and consequently of porosity; (2) salinity of the moisture; and (3) grain size of the formation” is intended as a broad generalization to include possible parameters affecting resistivity variations. Of these three parameters, only the influence of the amount of moisture on the electrical resistivity variations is the subject of the results reported. At the same time, the possible effects of the other two parameters have been taken into consideration in the control of experiments and discussion of results. Thus, at least three samples (2, 3, and 4) of known average grain sizes of 1.5, 0.75, and 0.37 mm are treated with five samples of water with a wide range of known salinities. By such a distribution, it is ensured that the electrical resistivity variations of the sample in a given run are due only to the varying water content. Corrections to the data required for representation are thus avoided.

Using a maze task to track lexical and sentence processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth I. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Maze Task ◽  
Successive Frame ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Two Alternatives

A word maze consists of a sequence of frames, each containing two alternatives. Subjects are required to select one of those alternatives according to some criterion defined by the experimenter. This simple technique can be used to investigate a wide range of issues. For example, if one alternative is a word and the other is a nonword, the subject may be required to press a key to indicate where the word is. This provides an interesting variant of the lexical decision task, since the difficulty of the lexical discrimination can be manipulated on a trial-by-trial basis by varying the properties of the nonword alternative. On the other hand, a version of a self-paced reading task is created if each successive frame contains a word that can continue a sentence, and the subject is required to identify which word that is. Once again, by manipulating the properties of the incorrect alternative one may be able to control the mode of processing adopted by the subject. Although this is a highly artificial form of reading, it does allow one to study the sentence processing under more tightly controlled conditions.

ANALYSIS OF STIFFNESS VARIATIONS IN CONTEXT OF STRAIN-, STRESS-, AND ENERGY-CONTROLLED PROCESSES

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Mars
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stress Energy ◽  
Spring System ◽  
Strain Stress ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Subject Material ◽  
Test Control

Abstract In compounded material systems, such as rubber, a wide range of properties can be achieved by design. This flexibility poses a challenge–how to balance stiffness against other considerations, such as energy dissipation under dynamic loading, fatigue, etc. Negotiating this balance requires that adequate account be taken of how a given mechanical input (i.e., strain, stress, energy) is controlled, and how other mechanical outputs vary as the stiffness changes. We outline here a simple analysis by which these considerations can be managed. The analysis is based on a novel split of the elasticity law into work-conjugate parts: one representing generally that which is to be held constant, and the other representing that which occurs in reaction to imposed control. The split gives rise to a scalar parameter suitable for quantifying the degree to which a given 1D mechanical process is strain-, energy-, or stress-controlled. The physical sense of the parameter is illustrated through the example of a two-spring system, where one spring represents the subject material, and the other represents the mechanical environment in which the material operates. The example shows that the parameter concisely summarizes the effects of the environment on the operating conditions of the material. We also provide a simple example illustrating how the parameter can be used to rank the fatigue performance of a set of compounds, taking into account the stiffness and the test control mode.

scholarly journals Audio-visual support in class of Spanish as foreign language: the use of the movies

2015 ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
V. V. Yakovleva ◽  
E. A. Savtchuk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Film ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Language Classes ◽  
Visual Support ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The article reviews the use of audiovisual tools in the framework of foreign language classes. Such tools should, on the one hand, simplify the understanding and grasping of the subject, and, on the other, serve as an additional source of gaining extralinguistic skills. The authors consider a wide range of possibilities for the use of audiovisual tools while teaching Spanish to students of non-language higher education institutions of humanitarian profile. An educational film “Español extra” and a documentary devoted to the San Fermín holiday (Pamplona, Spain) are taken as an example.

FEM Analysis on Thermoelectric Properties of Metal/TiO2–x Composites with Random Distribution of Metal Powder

2013 ◽  
Vol 750 ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Katsuhiro Sagara ◽  
Yun Lu ◽  
Dao Cheng Luan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Seebeck Coefficient ◽  
Thermoelectric Properties ◽  
Power Factor ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dimensionless Figure Of Merit ◽  
Wide Range

Analysis model of finite element method with a random distribution for thermoelectric composites was built. Thermoelectric properties including electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity of M/TiO2–x (M = Cu, Ni, 304 stainless steel (304SS)) thermoelectric composites were investigated by the proposed model. Cu/TiO2–x composite showed a large decrease in electrical resistivity while 304SS/TiO2–x composite thermal conductivity was slightly increased. Calculated dimensionless figure-of-merit, ZT of Ni/TiO2–x composite was higher than those of TiO2–x and the other composites in a wide range of metal volume fractions because Ni has large absolute values of Seebeck coefficient, power factor and dimensionless figure-of-merit compared to the other two metals. It was found that power factor and dimensionless figure-of-merit of thermoelectric composites depended on the balance among electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. The results revealed that it is important for M/TiO2–x composites to choose suitable addition metal with high power factor and dimensionless figure-of-merit.

The Spirit of the Canon Law and its Application in England

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Conference ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
Christian Society

The word Canon means a rule or norm and it was used at quite an early stage of the Church's history to denote both general principles governing the life of the Christian society and particular enactments of Christian assemblies. The subject matter of the canons is as wide as the life of the Church itself and consequently very varied in its nature. At one end of its range it is concerned with matters fundamental to the Church's existence such as the creeds and sacraments. At the other it deals with practical arrangements such as the ownership and use of buildings. At a recent conference with German Lutherans I was asked whether the canon law was jus divinum or jus humanum, and I felt bound to reply. ‘Both’, because of this wide range which stretches from revelation to convenience.

Dorsal versus ventral surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament: considerations for approach selection and review of surgical outcomes

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Shin ◽  
Michael P. Steinmetz ◽  
Edward C. Benzel ◽  
Ajit A. Krishnaney
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Surgical Outcomes ◽  
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Instrumented Fusion ◽  
Cervical Corpectomy ◽  
Cervical Deformity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is a common cause of radiculopathy and myelopathy that often requires surgery to achieve decompression of the neural elements. With the evolution of surgical technique and a greater understanding of the biomechanics of cervical deformity, the criteria for selecting one approach over the other has been the subject of increased study and remains controversial. Ventral approaches typically consist of variations of the cervical corpectomy, whereas dorsal approaches include a wide range of techniques including laminoplasty, laminectomy, and laminectomy with instrumented fusion. Herein, the features and limitations of these approaches are reviewed with an emphasis on complications and outcomes.

scholarly journals “…Into the fighting ranks of the Revolutionary Communist Party”: Admission of Former Socialists to the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) (1917-1924)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Morozova ◽  
Vladimir I. Shishkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time

The article analyzes one of the problems of inter-party interaction in Russia in 1917–1924, which was not studies either intentionally or occasionally by Russian or foreign scholars. The subject of the research is the admission of socialists, who quit other parties, to the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b): more specifically who resigned the membership of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists), Mensheviks, Right and Left wings of Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, Socialist-Revolutionaries-autonomists, Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries Maximalists, Party of Revolutionary Communism, anarchists and so on. Based on the wide range of published materials, including data from the central and local periodicals, as well as unique archival sources that were added to the ever-growing aggregate of scientific knowledge for the first time, the article investigate, when, how and on what conditions former members of socialist parties (so-called “vykhodets”) were accepted for the RSDLP(b) – RCP(b) membership. The authors conclude that during 1917-1924 the conditions of admitting to Bolshevik Party changed crucially. At different moments, the Communist leadership solved different problems allowing former socialists to join the Bolshevik ranks. In 1917-1919 the admission of former socialists was initiated in order to rise the number of members of the RSDLP(b) - RCP(b), and the target audience mainly consisted of revolutionaries who had extensive experience in party and social work. After the October Revolution in 1917, the entering former members of the other parties to the Bolshevik party was considered as a tool of splitting and fragmentation of socialist parties and groups that were opponents and / or competitor for the Bolsheviks. Since the end of 1919, the admission of socialists to the RCP(b) had been gradually lost its significance as a source of recruiting and transformed mainly into an instrument for the destruction of the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, as well as a mechanism for the adoption and incorporation of small groups with socialist and communist orientation. Since 1921, the admission of former socialists to the RCP(b) actually ceased to play the role into the process of increasing membership, but became one of the most important implement of degrading and defeating the Mensheviks and Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries. From the beginning of 1924, it was used exclusively as a factor of discrediting the socialists.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids: In search for an explanation

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Zoric
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Medical Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Although cannabis has been used for thousands of years for medical and recreational purposes, the debate on its introduction as a medical product has only recently begun. That discussion was preceded by the discovery and explanation of the active components in cannabis on the one hand, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in mammals on the other. Numerous studies over the past thirty years have focused on their further examination, and scarce clinical studies show the beneficial effects of cannabis on the wide spectrum of diseases. The question is why, thirty years after the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and the CB1 and CB2 receptors, as well as the positive results in cannabis administration in a wide range of diseases, extensive clinical studies and relevant explanations are still lacking. On the other hand, one may wonder if something important is being denied to patients who might find cannabis use beneficial? Therefore, it is important to analyze several different problems. What is the subject of the dispute, and which cannabis derivatives are allowed? Why do we not have relevant clinical studies, that is, all of those are of a very limited extent? How are clinical studies conducted? To whom are these derivatives intended and are there ethical dilemmas regarding their use?

scholarly journals The Living Tree: Kr̥ṣṇā Sobtī’s Pre-Partition Punjab and the “Other History”

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-155
Author(s):  
Rosine-Alice Vuille
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Living Tree ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Perception Of Time

Historical fiction covers a wide range of texts and presents a large variety of views on the subject of history. It is often seen as a way of narrating history from a perspective ignored by academic historiography, thus offering an alternative narrative of the past. This other way of writing history, namely by way of literary texts, is not always conscious or openly acknowledged. In her essays on literature, the Hindi writer Kr̥ṣṇā Sobtī (1925–2019) clearly formulates her views on the role of the writer when she commits herself to represent the past, differentiating her role from that of a historian per se. Personally, as a writer, she is primarily interested in the perception of time of the people of a region and their understanding of their own past transmitted through tales, songs and other media; this constitutes what Sobtī calls the “other history”, a notion close to Jan Assmann’s “mnemohistory”. Through the example of Sobtī’s magnum opus, Zindagīnāmā, this paper explores what this specific way of narrating history reveals about the rural society of the pre-Partition Punjab.

scholarly journals What are the chances you’re right about everything? An epistemic challenge for modern partisanship

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hrishikesh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Party Line ◽  
The Subject

The American political landscape exhibits significant polarization. People’s political beliefs cluster around two main camps. However, many of the issues with respect to which these two camps disagree seem to be rationally orthogonal. This feature raises an epistemic challenge for the political partisan. If she is justified in consistently adopting the party line, it must be true that her side is reliable on the issues that are the subject of disagreements. It would then follow that the other side is anti-reliable with respect to a host of orthogonal political issues. Yet, it is difficult to find a psychologically plausible explanation for why one side would get things reliably wrong with respect to a wide range of orthogonal issues. While this project’s empirical discussion focuses on the US context, the argument generalizes to any situation where political polarization exists on a sufficiently large number of orthogonal claims.

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