Landscapes, space and equilibrium: shifting viewpoints

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L.W. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Ecological Dynamics ◽  
Balance Of Nature ◽  
The Way

The classical view of ecological systems has been one that assumes a state of equilibrium and stability; this is encapsulated in the ‘balance of nature’ paradigm. Over the last 30 years ecologists and biogeographers have rejected the view that ecological systems are inherently stable or at some sort of equilibrium. Instead a nonequilibrium view, emphasizing the role of chance events such as disturbance in ecological dynamics, has become dominant. Alongside this change, the way in which the roles of space and spatial heterogeneity in ecological dynamics are viewed has shifted. Classical ecological theory tended to ignore spatial dynamics and heterogeneity and focused instead on temporal pattern. Over the last 20 years this view has also changed and the importance of spatial pattern has been emphasized. Through the explicit consideration of space and spatial pattern it has been shown that spatial heterogeneity may act to either stabilize or destabilize ecological systems and processes. This paper reviews these two changes in the way ecological systems are conceptualized and explores how they are inter-related. Advances in our understanding of the role of space and the nature of equilibrium in ecological systems are discussed within the context of both modelling and empirical studies, as are the problems involved with experimentally testing the large body of spatial theory developed.

Is There a Special Kind of “Reading” for Translation?

Target ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Shreve ◽  
Christina Schäffner ◽  
Joseph H. Danks ◽  
Jennifer Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Text Segment ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
The Way

Abstract The role of reading in translation is rarely discussed in the literature. Translation has mainly been discussed within a product-oriented framework. The more process-oriented approaches of recent years have taken notice of reading as a component activity of the translation process. However, few empirical studies have been completed which address the role of reading in translation. The way a person reads, and the result of that reading (some sort of mental representation of the text or text segment), will depend on the reader's purposes and motivations. The present empirical study indicates that while the translator's reading of a text may be to some extent more thorough and deliberate than that of an ordinary reader, it is not likely to be markedly so. The study also indicates a significant variability in the way translators "read for translation". This suggests the existence of alternate strategies in this kind of reading.

scholarly journals Seasonality in ecology: Progress and prospects in theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R White ◽  
Alan Hastings
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Floquet Theory ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Childhood Diseases ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Ecological Dynamics ◽  
Natural Systems

Seasonality is an important feature of essentially all natural systems but the consequences of seasonality have been vastly underappreciated. Early work emphasized the role of seasonality in driving cyclic population dynamics, but the consequences of seasonality for ecological processes are far broader. In ecological systems, seasonality may include variations in temperature, precipitation, or other processes. Seasonality is typically not explicitly included in either empirical or theoretical studies. However, many aspects of ecological dynamics can only be understood when seasonality is included, ranging from the oscillations in the incidence of childhood diseases to the coexistence of species. Further, studies of phenology and global climate change only make sense in the context of seasonal dynamics. Our goal is to outline what is now known about seasonality and to set the stage for future efforts. We review the effects of seasonality on ecological systems in both laboratory and field settings. We then discuss approaches for incorporating seasonality in mathematical models, including Floquet theory. We argue, however, that these tools are still limited in scope and more approaches need to be developed. We demonstrate the range of impacts of seasonality on ecological systems and show the necessity of incorporating seasonality to understand ecological dynamics.

scholarly journals Role of Customer in Marketing and Development (RCMD) – a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Ehsanullah Oria ◽  
◽  
Mirwan Perdhana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Customer Knowledge ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this article is to review empirical researches on role of customer in marketing and development (RCMD) and betterment of the firm’s performance and pave the way for future researches. This article is a cumulative literature review of empirical articles on (RCMD). In previous empirical studies two units of analysis has been conducted (individual and firm unit) which includes two viewpoints: The customers' viewpoint and the firms’ viewpoint. The customers’ viewpoint that consider RCMD issues from customer perspectives and stresses on practices of customers in marketing and development. The company's viewpoint looks at RCMD issues from firms' perspectives and analyzes company's action of including customers and how RCMD may influence firm’s performance. During the investigation it was found that RCMD comprises of different streams of literature that follow various conventions and remain very detached from one another. However, there are some common themes between these two streams of researches. For instance, customer knowledge and experience has all seems to be vital for RCMD from the two points of view, learning capacities of a customer and of a firm have both been discovered to be exceptionally important for RCMD. It was also found that significantly less exploration is done from the firm's viewpoint to understand what drives firms to receive RCMD and what prepares them to effectively preform it. Ultimately, there was absence of hypothetical improvement in all subareas. This article goes beyond existing researches by uniting various streams of studies, evaluating key differences related to the concept and findings on antecedents and outcomes of RCMD. This article suggest that future studies ought to embrace a consistent and predictable conceptualization of RCMD and restrain using wide terms.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

The adaptation of design thinking in auditing

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda MEIJER-WASSENAAR ◽  
Diny VAN EST
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

How can a supreme audit institution (SAI) use design thinking in auditing? SAIs audit the way taxpayers’ money is collected and spent. Adding design thinking to their activities is not to be taken lightly. SAIs independently check whether public organizations have done the right things in the right way, but the organizations might not be willing to act upon a SAI’s recommendations. Can you imagine the role of design in audits? In this paper we share our experiences of some design approaches in the work of one SAI: the Netherlands Court of Audit (NCA). Design thinking needs to be adapted (Dorst, 2015a) before it can be used by SAIs such as the NCA in order to reflect their independent, autonomous status. To dive deeper into design thinking, Buchanan’s design framework (2015) and different ways of reasoning (Dorst, 2015b) are used to explore how design thinking can be adapted for audits.

Bad Dreams and Secret Artists: Translating Freud into Literature

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
English Reader ◽  
Creative Writer ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Way

This article addresses the increasingly popular approach to Freud and his work which sees him primarily as a literary writer rather than a psychologist, and takes this as the context for an examination of Joyce Crick's recent translation of The Interpretation of Dreams. It claims that translation lies at the heart of psychoanalysis, and that the many interlocking and overlapping implications of the word need to be granted a greater degree of complexity. Those who argue that Freud is really a creative writer are themselves doing a work of translation, and one which fails to pay sufficiently careful attention to the role of translation in writing itself (including the notion of repression itself as a failure to translate). Lesley Chamberlain's The Secret Artist: A Close Reading of Sigmund Freud is taken as an example of the way Freud gets translated into a novelist or an artist, and her claims for his ‘bizarre poems' are criticized. The rest of the article looks closely at Crick's new translation and its claim to be restoring Freud the stylist, an ordinary language Freud, to the English reader. The experience of reading Crick's translation is compared with that of reading Strachey's, rather to the latter's advantage.

Mathematics Textbook as an Object of Research/Matematički udžbenik kao predmet istraživanja

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubravka Glasnović Gracin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mathematics Textbooks ◽  
Mathematics Textbook ◽  
Mathematics Book

AbstractA mathematics textbook can be described as an officially authorized and pedagogically designed mathematics book written to provide mathematical knowledge to students. This description suggests the authority of the textbook - because it has been authorized by an administrative source and because it deals with authorized knowledge. This paper provides an overview of research on mathematics textbooks. The emphasis is on questions concerning the extent to which and how textbooks are used in mathematics education in Croatia and in the world.Research results show that mathematics textbooks are widely used in mathematics education worldwide. This finding points to the need for research on the content and structure of textbooks. Such studies are combined with the associated results on how textbooks are used in the classroom and which methods teachers apply in using textbooks in mathematics education. The results of the empirical studies show that teachers use textbooks for lesson preparation and pupils use mathematics textbooks for exercises to a great extent. These results imply that such an important role of textbooks in mathematics education deserves additional attention, with the goal of understanding and improving mathematics education.Key words: mathematics education; overview; research on textbook---SažetakMatematički udžbenik može se opisati kao službeno autorizirana i pedagoki osmiljena matematička knjiga napisana s ciljem da učenicima ponudi matematičke sadržaje. Taj opis sugerira autoritet udžbenika jer ga je autorizirao administrativni izvor i jer sadrži autorizirano znanje. Ovaj članak daje pregled istraživanja matematičkih udžbenika, a naglasak je na pitanjima u kojoj mjeri i kako se udžbenici koriste u nastavi matematike u Hrvatskoj i u svijetu.Rezultati raznih istraživanja pokazuju da se udžbenici u velikoj mjeri koriste u nastavi matematike irom svijeta. Taj nalaz ukazuje na potrebu za istraživanjem sadržaja i strukture matematičkih udžbenika. Uz to, prikazani su rezultati istraživanja o tome na koji se način udžbenici koriste u razredu i koje metode nastavnici prakticiraju prilikom upotrebe udžbenika na nastavi. Rezultati empirijskih studija pokazuju da nastavnici udžbenike većinom koriste za pripremu nastavnog sata, a učenici udžbenike koriste u najvećoj mjeri za vježbanje. Ti rezultati ukazuju na to da tako važna uloga udžbenika u matematičkom obrazovanju zaslužuje dodatnu pažnju s ciljem razumijevanja i poboljanja nastave matematike.Ključne riječi: istraživanje udžbenika; nastava matematike; pregled.

Prawne aspekty eutanazji w Holandii

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Stefanowicz
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Limited Length ◽  
The Law ◽  
Death On Demand ◽  
The Way

This article undertakes to show the way that has led to the statutory decriminalization of euthanasia-related murder and assisted suicide in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It presents the evolution of the views held by Dutch society on the euthanasia related practice, in the consequence of which death on demand has become legal after less than thirty years. Due attention is paid to the role of organs of public authority in these changes, with a particular emphasis put on the role of the Dutch Parliament – the States General. Because of scarcity of space and limited length of the article, the change in the attitudes toward euthanasia, which has taken place in the Netherlands, is presented in a synthetic way – from the first discussions on admissibility of a euthanasia-related murder carried out in the 1970s, through the practice of killing patients at their request, which was against the law at that time, but with years began more and more acceptable, up to the statutory decriminalization of euthanasia by the Dutch Parliament, made with the support of the majority of society.

The Role of Theories of Embodied Cognition in Research and Modeling of Emotions

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-138
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Shiller
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Strong Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Postmodern Philosophy

The article analyzes the role of theories of embodied cognition for the development of emotion research. The role and position of emotions changed as philosophy developed. In classical and modern European philosophy, the idea of the “primacy of reason” prevailed over emotions and physicality, emotions and affective life were described as low-ranking phenomena regarding cognitive processes or were completely eliminated as an unknown quantity. In postmodern philosophy, attention focuses on physicality and sensuality, which are rated higher than rational principle, mind and intelligence. Within the framework of this approach, there is a recently emerged theory of embodied cognition, which allows to take a fresh look at the place of emotions in the architecture of mental processes – thinking, perception, memory, imagination, speech. The article describes and analyzes a number of empirical studies showing the impossibility of excluding emotional processes and the significance of their research for understanding the architecture of embodied cognition. However, the features of the architecture of embodied cognition remain unclear, and some of the discoveries of recent years (mirror neurons or neurons of simulation) rather raise new questions and require further research. The rigorously described and clear architecture of the embodied cognition can grow the theoretical basis that will allow to advance the studies of learning processes, language understanding, psychotherapy techniques, social attitudes and stereotypes, highlight the riddle of consciousness and create new theories of consciousness or even create an anthropomorphic artificial intelligence that is close to “strong artificial intelligence.”

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