Is There a Special Kind of “Reading” for Translation?

Target ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Shreve ◽  
Christina Schäffner ◽  
Joseph H. Danks ◽  
Jennifer Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Text Segment ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
The Way

Abstract The role of reading in translation is rarely discussed in the literature. Translation has mainly been discussed within a product-oriented framework. The more process-oriented approaches of recent years have taken notice of reading as a component activity of the translation process. However, few empirical studies have been completed which address the role of reading in translation. The way a person reads, and the result of that reading (some sort of mental representation of the text or text segment), will depend on the reader's purposes and motivations. The present empirical study indicates that while the translator's reading of a text may be to some extent more thorough and deliberate than that of an ordinary reader, it is not likely to be markedly so. The study also indicates a significant variability in the way translators "read for translation". This suggests the existence of alternate strategies in this kind of reading.

scholarly journals Political Skill and Career Success: A Review and Directions for Future Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Luo Fan ◽  
Muhammad Anwar-Ul-Haq
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Career Success ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Skill ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Major Data

The determinants of career success have been widely investigated in the extant literature.This paper aims to review the empirical studies on the role of political skill in determining careersuccess. Major data bases like science direct, emerald insight, sage and springer were searchedfor finding out the relevant studies. The findings of each empirical study along with the contextand brief methodological information have been given. Through this review, it was surfaced thatthe underlying mechanisms in the political skill-career success relationship need to be exploredfurther, and the dimensional analysis of political skill should be conducted.

scholarly journals Empirical study of the mental representation of the image of the city (on the example of Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny)

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Maria Latypova ◽  
Elvira Mingalimova ◽  
Angelina Rubtsova ◽  
Arthur Tazov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
The City

The purpose of the study is to identify the formed image of the territory in the perception of its inhabitants, using empirical research data for this. The main results of the study are that a comprehensive analysis of the mental representation of the urban space was carried out, on the basis of which the key elements of the image of the territory, the boundaries of the vernacular districts of the city, their urbanonymy were identified, as well as the significant role of urban open public spaces in the formation of the image of the territory. The authors come to the conclusion about the peculiarities of building images of cities, centered on symbolically significant elements and spaces that act as anchors for forming the image of a city in the perception of residents, attaching the population to the territory and constructing local identity.

Landscapes, space and equilibrium: shifting viewpoints

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L.W. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Ecological Dynamics ◽  
Balance Of Nature ◽  
The Way

The classical view of ecological systems has been one that assumes a state of equilibrium and stability; this is encapsulated in the ‘balance of nature’ paradigm. Over the last 30 years ecologists and biogeographers have rejected the view that ecological systems are inherently stable or at some sort of equilibrium. Instead a nonequilibrium view, emphasizing the role of chance events such as disturbance in ecological dynamics, has become dominant. Alongside this change, the way in which the roles of space and spatial heterogeneity in ecological dynamics are viewed has shifted. Classical ecological theory tended to ignore spatial dynamics and heterogeneity and focused instead on temporal pattern. Over the last 20 years this view has also changed and the importance of spatial pattern has been emphasized. Through the explicit consideration of space and spatial pattern it has been shown that spatial heterogeneity may act to either stabilize or destabilize ecological systems and processes. This paper reviews these two changes in the way ecological systems are conceptualized and explores how they are inter-related. Advances in our understanding of the role of space and the nature of equilibrium in ecological systems are discussed within the context of both modelling and empirical studies, as are the problems involved with experimentally testing the large body of spatial theory developed.

Pathways to Legal Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-190
Author(s):  
Larissa Katz
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Private Rights ◽  
The Way

In this chapter, I develop a new account of what is distinctively ‘equitable’ about equitable rights. On this account, equity as an institution regulates the pathways to legal rights. A person who is on a completeable but as yet incomplete path to acquire legal rights is vulnerable to interruption triggering the forfeiture of her position. Courts of equity fulfill the role of the state to preserve the integrity of the legal order by regulating the pathways to rights. This account explains and unifies equity’s traditional domain—the cluster of doctrines and principles that originated in the courts of equity. It also provides the lens through which to understand equity’s concern with a special kind of injustice where a person suffers an interruption along the way to private rights.

The naming potential of compounds and phrases: An empirical study on German adjective-noun constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Schlechtweg
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Kind Terms ◽  
Novel Complex ◽  
Noun Compounds ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lexical Concept

Using data from two empirical studies, the present article investigates whether German adjective-noun compounds are inherently more appropriate to function as naming units or kind terms than the corresponding phrases. In the first experiment, it was tested whether subjects prefer a non-lexicalized compound (e.g., Kurzcouch, short_couch) or the respective non-lexicalized phrasal counterpart (e.g., kurze Couch, short couch) in order to express a novel complex lexical concept (e.g., It is a very specific couch that is 1.30 meters short because it is designed only for children up to this size.). In the second test, subjects rated on a scale how well the compounds and phrases expressed the newly created concepts. The findings of the two studies support the idea that compounds are better naming candidates than phrases. It is claimed that the effect derives from the specific formal nature of compounds and has consequences for the processing and mental representation of the two construction types.

The Development of Defenses in Childhood

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Schibuk ◽  
Michael Bond ◽  
Rachelle Bouffard
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Family Context ◽  
Childhood Studies ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Ill Adults ◽  
Retrospective Reconstruction

The authors review empirical studies of defense mechanisms and suggest that this concept can be operationalized to permit an investigation of the chronology of the development of defense in childhood. Studies on the coping and defense patterns of normal children are compared with studies that attempt to explain defense patterns in disturbed children and adults. It is argued that empirical study of the development of defense in the normal child will help to determine the validity of theoretical psychoanalytic speculations derived from the retrospective reconstruction of defenses that might have existed in the childhood of ill adults. An attempt is made to place our knowledge of the development of defense in childhood into the context of our knowledge of cognitive development. The authors review the research that attempts direct empirical assessment of defenses in childhood, and make suggestions for how such research could be furthered. It is argued that it may be possible to construct a schedule for the early maturation of defense, and to identify how this changes with pathology, gender, and family context. Such a schedule would be fundamental to our understanding of normality, and the role of regression and precocity in pathology.

scholarly journals The Emergence of Meaning From Meaningful Moments in Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 002216782096777
Author(s):  
Jacky van de Goor ◽  
Anneke M. Sools ◽  
Gerben J. Westerhof
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Meaning Creation ◽  
Letting Go ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Existing Data ◽  
The Way

Meaningful moments are specific events in life that are felt to be of great value and significance. This empirical study presents a framework on the way a sense of meaning emerges from these moments. Out of an existing data set of narratives of meaningful moments, a purposeful sample of nine narratives was chosen from different participants, all middle-aged, higher educated, and with an interest or profession in personal development. Interviews were conducted about the way these moments were experienced to be meaningful. A holistic content analysis led to the distinction of five main themes in the process of meaning emergence. The study showed how meaning discovery may lead to meaning creation, which in turn may lead to retrospective meaning discovery. Results highlighted the crucial role of the awareness of contrasts and letting go. Finally, the study showed a variety of ways in which meaningful moments have a lasting impact on life. The value of the developed framework lies in its focus on meaning as a process, integrating the concepts of coherence, purpose, significance and self-transcendence, and illustrating how meaning emerges through forward acts and discoveries as well as in retrospect.

scholarly journals Role of Customer in Marketing and Development (RCMD) – a literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Ehsanullah Oria ◽  
◽  
Mirwan Perdhana ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Customer Knowledge ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this article is to review empirical researches on role of customer in marketing and development (RCMD) and betterment of the firm’s performance and pave the way for future researches. This article is a cumulative literature review of empirical articles on (RCMD). In previous empirical studies two units of analysis has been conducted (individual and firm unit) which includes two viewpoints: The customers' viewpoint and the firms’ viewpoint. The customers’ viewpoint that consider RCMD issues from customer perspectives and stresses on practices of customers in marketing and development. The company's viewpoint looks at RCMD issues from firms' perspectives and analyzes company's action of including customers and how RCMD may influence firm’s performance. During the investigation it was found that RCMD comprises of different streams of literature that follow various conventions and remain very detached from one another. However, there are some common themes between these two streams of researches. For instance, customer knowledge and experience has all seems to be vital for RCMD from the two points of view, learning capacities of a customer and of a firm have both been discovered to be exceptionally important for RCMD. It was also found that significantly less exploration is done from the firm's viewpoint to understand what drives firms to receive RCMD and what prepares them to effectively preform it. Ultimately, there was absence of hypothetical improvement in all subareas. This article goes beyond existing researches by uniting various streams of studies, evaluating key differences related to the concept and findings on antecedents and outcomes of RCMD. This article suggest that future studies ought to embrace a consistent and predictable conceptualization of RCMD and restrain using wide terms.

MANUSCRIPT EVIDENCE FOR ALPHABET-SWITCHING IN THE WORKS OF CICERO: COMMON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-516
Author(s):  
Neil O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Reliable Transmission ◽  
Accurate Record ◽  
The Way

Of the hundreds of Greek common nouns and adjectives preserved in our MSS of Cicero, about three dozen are found written in the Latin alphabet as well as in the Greek. So we find, alongside συμπάθεια, also sympathia, and ἱστορικός as well as historicus. This sort of variation has been termed alphabet-switching; it has received little attention in connection with Cicero, even though it is relevant to subjects of current interest such as his bilingualism and the role of code-switching and loanwords in his works. Rather than addressing these issues directly, this discussion sets out information about the way in which the words are written in our surviving MSS of Cicero and takes further some recent work on the presentation of Greek words in Latin texts. It argues that, for the most part, coherent patterns and explanations can be found in the alphabetic choices exhibited by them, or at least by the earliest of them when there is conflict in the paradosis, and that this coherence is evidence for a generally reliable transmission of Cicero's original choices. While a lack of coherence might indicate unreliable transmission, or even an indifference on Cicero's part, a consistent pattern can only really be explained as an accurate record of coherent alphabet choice made by Cicero when writing Greek words.

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