scholarly journals Overweight Humans Are Resistant to the Weight-Reducing Effects of Melanocortin4–10

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 522-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Hallschmid ◽  
Rüdiger Smolnik ◽  
Gerard McGregor ◽  
Jan Born ◽  
Horst L. Fehm
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Melanocortin Receptor ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
Overweight Subjects

Context: By enhancing energy expenditure and suppressing appetite, melanocortin peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin play a primary role in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. In a recent study in normal-weight adults, the 6-wk intranasal administration of the MSH/ACTH4–10 core fragment of proopiomelanocortin resulted in a distinct reduction of body weight and body fat, accompanied by significant decreases in leptin and insulin plasma concentrations. Objective: The present study aimed to generalize this finding to overweight patients. Design, Subjects, and Intervention: MSH/ACTH4–10 (0.5 mg) and placebo were intranasally administered once in the morning and once in the evening over a period of 12 wk in 23 overweight men (body mass index, mean ± sem: 29.72 ± 0.43 kg/m2). Results: MSH/ACTH4–10 did not induce any significant reduction in body weight, body fat, and plasma levels of insulin and leptin as compared with the effects of placebo. Melanocortin treatment was accompanied by reduced cortisol concentrations. Conclusions: We conclude that contrasting with normal-weight humans, overweight subjects are not susceptible to the effects of melanocortin administration on hypothalamic weight regulatory systems. In overweight subjects, a decreased sensitivity to ACTH/MSH peptides may derive from alterations at the level of the melanocortin receptor or at subsequent steps in the processing of the body fat signal.

Trained vs untrained evaluator assessment of body condition score as a predictor of percent body fat in adult cats

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 957-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna K Shoveller ◽  
Joe DiGennaro ◽  
Cynthia Lanman ◽  
Dawn Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Veterinary Technician ◽  
Adult Cats

Body condition scoring (BCS) provides a readily available technique that can be used by both veterinary professionals and owners to assess the body condition of cats, and diagnose overweight or underweight conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate a five-point BCS system with half-point delineations using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Four evaluators (a veterinarian, veterinary technician, trained scorer and untrained scorer) assessed 133 neutered adult cats. For all scorers, BCS score was more strongly correlated with percent body fat than with body weight. Percent body fat increased by approximately 7% within each step increase in BCS. The veterinarian had the strongest correlation coefficient between BCS and percent fat (r = 0.80). Mean body fat in cats classified as being in ideal body condition was 12 and 19%, for 3.0 and 3.5 BCS, respectively. Within BCS category, male cats were significantly heavier in body weight than females within the same assigned BCS category. However, DXA-measured percent body fat did not differ significantly between male and female cats within BCS category, as assigned by the veterinarian ( P >0.13). Conversely, when assessed by others, mean percent body fat within BCS category was lower in males than females for cats classified as being overweight (BCS >4.0). The results of this study show that using a BCS system that has been validated within a range of normal weight to moderately overweight cats can help to differentiate between lean cats and cats that may not be excessively overweight, but that still carry a higher proportion of body fat.

scholarly journals The Effect of Maternal Intact Protein- and Amino Acid-Based Diets on Development of Food Intake Regulatory Systems and Body Weight in Dams and Male Offspring of Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Jahan-mihan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Regulatory Systems

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of maternal and weaning intact protein- and amino acid-based diets on regulation of food intake, intake regulatory hormones, and body weight in dams and their male offspring. Pregnant Wistar rats were allocated to two groups (n = 12) and were fed either an intact protein diet (IPD) or mixed amino acid diet (AAD) from day 3 of gestation throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were weaned to either an IPD or AAD for 18 weeks. Food intake (FI) and body weight (BW) were measured weekly. Results: In dams, the AAD group had lower FI and BW in the post-partum period compared with the IPD group. In pups born to AAD dams, birth weight and BW were lower. However, the percentage of fat and lean mass were not affected. Food intake was influenced by maternal diet and was higher in pups born to IPD dams throughout post-weaning. Short-term FI in response to protein preloads was lower in pups born to AAD dams in 1 h. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were not influenced by either maternal or weaning diet. However, peptide YY (PYY) was higher in pups born to IPD dams at weaning. Conclusions: The physicochemical properties of proteins fed during pregnancy and lactation had determining effects on the body weight and development of food intake regulatory systems in offspring. Maternal AAD resulted in lower BW in dams and lower birth weight and post-weaning BWs in pups compared with maternal IPD which was consistent with their lower FI.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP OF THE EATING BEHAVIOR FEATURES WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS AND ENERGY VALUE OF THE DIET IN YOUNG PEOPLE WITH NORMAL WEIGHT AND OVERWEIGHT

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2586-2590
Author(s):  
Khrystyna R. Boriak ◽  
Lyudmyla E. Vesnina
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Young People ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Anthropometric Indicators ◽  
Overweight Subjects ◽  
Restrictive Type

The aim: Was to determine the relationship between the characteristics of eating behavior with anthropometric indicators and the energy value of the diet in young people with normal weight and overweight. Materials and methods: We examined 84 subjects of both sexes aged from 18 to 25 years. We determined their body weight, height. According to the body mass index (BMI), we formed the following groups: the control group embraced 22 men and 22 women with a BMI of 18.50-24.99 kg/m2, and the group of overweight subjects included 20 men and 20 women with a BMI of 25.00-29.99 kg/m2. We evaluated the dietary regimen using the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ). The obtained data were processed statistically. Results: Changes in eating behavior were observed in 79.55% of subjects with normal weight and 90% of overweight subjects. In people with normal body weight, the restrictive type of eating behavior prevailed, in overweight subjects, the external and emotional types were observed. Conclusions: The study established the formation of negative relationships of medium and high strength between the restrictive type of eating behavior and anthropometric indicators, as well as positive relationships of medium and high strength between indicators of emotional and external types with anthropometric indicators and energy value of diet in the subjects of both groups.

The Effect of Feeding Date Palm Fruit (Phoeix dactylifera L.) on Energy, Macronutrient, and Fiber Intakes of a Convenient Sample of Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1270-1277
Author(s):  
Hiba F. Al-Sayyed ◽  
Hamed R. Takruri ◽  
Nawal A. Bakir ◽  
Dima H. Takruri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Menstrual Status ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Background : Female menstrual changes in hormone concentration influence appetite and eating behavior. As well, eating pattern has some influences on menstrual hormonal status. Feeding date palm fruit has been found in our previous report to affect menstrual hormones and some menstrual parameters. Objective: The aim of this research is to study the effect of feeding dates on energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes, body weight, and body fat%. Additionally, this study aims to find any correlation between menstrual hormone concentration and the above-mentioned parameters. Methods: A convenient sample (n=37) of not-sexually active females aged 20-30 were divided into two groups; one group (dates group) was fed 7 dates and the other served as a control group. The participants of the control group were exposed to the same experimental conditions except for eating dates. Throughout the feeding trial, the volunteers filled a 3-day food record; one menses day and two non-menses days. Results: There was a significant effect of the menstrual status-feeding duration interaction in terms of protein and fat intakes. Additionally, menstrual status, as well as feeding duration, affected energy and macronutrient intakes significantly. Furthermore, feeding duration affected fiber intake significantly. Despite the above-mentioned differences in energy and macronutrient intakes, these effects didn’t affect the body weight and body mass index of the study participants, neither their body fat%. Moreover, we have found significant correlations between nutrient intakes and menstrual hormone concentration. Conclusion : Feeding dates affected energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes significantly. These effects were related to the changes in menstrual hormone concentration.

scholarly journals Ileal transposition helps to regulate plasma hepatokine levels in obese Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Stygar ◽  
Tomasz Sawczyn ◽  
Agnieszka Dulska ◽  
Elżbieta Chełmecka ◽  
Łukasz Mielańczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Ileal Transposition ◽  
Sham Surgery

AbstractWe studied the long-term effect of ileal transposition (IT) metabolic surgery on the hepatokines: retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP4), α-2-HS-glycoprotein (aHSG/fetuin-A), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels, glucose metabolism, body weight, liver histology, as well as total lipids concentration in muscle, liver, and fat tissue of obese Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats. 14 adult males were randomly submitted either to IT or SHAM (control) surgery. Pre-operative hepatokines plasma levels were not significantly different in rats submitted to IT or SHAM protocol. Three months after the procedures the plasma levels of RBP4, aHSG, FGF21, and CRP were significantly lower in IT-operated animals when compared to SHAM-operated group. Three and 12 weeks after the IT and SHAM surgery, the AUCOGTT were significantly lower than AUCOGTT before the surgery. HOMA-IR was lower in rats after IT surgery in comparison to the SHAM-operated rats. Muscle and liver total lipids concentration was reduced after the IT procedure when compared to pre-IT conditions. IT had a significant reductive impact on the body weight in comparison to SHAM surgery in the 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th week after the surgery. We conclude that IT reduces hepatokines’ plasma concentrations, muscle and liver total lipids concentration but not the inflammatory processes in the liver of Zucker (Crl:ZUC(ORL)-Leprfa) rats.

scholarly journals Health, body condition and blood metabolites in reindeer after submaintenance feed intake and subsequent feeding

Rangifer ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nilsson ◽  
Ö. Danell ◽  
M. Murphy ◽  
K. Olsson ◽  
B. Åhman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Period

The transition from experimentally induced poor nutritional conditions to feeding was studied with 69 eight-month-old female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). During a pre-experimental period, all reindeer were fed a simulated winter diet with 80% lichens Cladina spp. and 20% Vaccinum myrtillus shrubs and Salix spp. leaves (lichen diet) ad lib. The reindeer were divided into five groups. A control group (group C) was fed the lichen diet ad lib. throughout the experiment. Four groups were fed half of that ration for eight days and were then totally deprived of feed for one day (restriction period). During the following 34 days (feeding period) the groups were re-fed the lichen diet (group L), fed pelleted reindeer feed combined with either lichen (group PL) or grass silage (group PS), or fed silage with a gradually increasing addition of pellets (group SP). Weekly measurements of blood samples and body weighr showed that the control group remained clinically healthy and had stable blood plasma concentrations of protein, urea, glucose and insulin throughout the experiment, but they lost weight. At slaughter, before and after the restriction period, all animals had lost rumen-free body weight, but the reindeer fed a restricted amount of feed lost more than the control group. Also the plasma metabolites were affected by the restricted feeding, with increased concentrations of urea and decreased concentrations of glucose. Group L responded immediately to the ad lib. feeding with blood metabolite levels rapidly approaching those of group C. The body weight developments were similar in groups L and C. Although the feed rations were increased gradually, diarrhoea occurred in some animals belonging to groups PL and PS within the first week of the feeding period. All reindeer recovered, after antibiotic treatment of the worst affected animals. The PL and PS groups, which had high contents of metabolisable energy and crude protein in their diets, showed increased con-centtations of plasma protein, urea and insulin. At the end of the feeding period, these groups had increased their body and carcass weights and gained fat, whereas reindeer fed the lichen diet had lost weight. Severe health problems (malnutrition and so-called wet belly) occurred in group SP during the first weeks of feeding and led to loss of animals, and consequently the SP group was excluded from the remainder of rhe experiment. The general conclusion is that the lichen diet did not cause any digestive problems, but resulted in a continuous decline in body weight and small or deficient fat reserves. After the initial diarrhoea, feeding with diets comprising pellets from the start resulted in improved condition, expressed as increased body weight, fat gain and higher concentrations of plasma protein, urea and insulin in relation to the control group. The diet initially based on grass in the form of silage of the given quality seemed insufficient as feed to reindeer calves in a poor nutritional state.

The role of the nasal glands in the survival of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to hypertonic saline drinking water

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Bradley ◽  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nasal Glands

The supraorbital nasal glands were removed from the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 1 week before experimentation. When sham-operated birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water (282 mM NaCl, 6 mM KCl) for 70 h they maintained their body weights and remained in positive water balance. When the ducks lacking nasal glands were similarly treated they became severely dehydrated, lost body weight at the rate of 5.59 ± 1.1 g/h and showed significant increases in the plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl−, K+, and total osmotically active material. When the glandless birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water, the disparity between the measured plasma osmolality and the osmolality calculated on the basis of the Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations in plasma increased two-fold. No such change in disparity between the measured and calculated osmolalities of plasma in the sham-operated birds was observed. Forty-eight hours after their return to a diet containing fresh drinking water, the birds without nasal glands regained some of the body weight they had lost and the plasma electrolyte concentrations were restored towards normal. It is concluded that in the absence of nasal glands, the kidney alone is incapable of maintaining positive water balance in ducks fed hypertonic saline as their only source of drinking water.

scholarly journals Weight estimation and hormone concentrations related to body condition in Icelandic and Warmblood horses: a field study

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasmus Bovbjerg Jensen ◽  
Lucca Louise Rockhold ◽  
Anne-Helene Tauson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neck Length ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Correct Determination

Abstract Background The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of different body weight formulas for estimating body weight of Icelandic and Warmblood horses, as well as to assess the associations between the variables cresty neck score, body condition score, and plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and cortisol. A total of 81 adult (≥ 4 years of age) horses (43 Icelandic and 38 Warmblood horses) was included in this study. The following morphological measurements were collected by two examiners simultaneously; body weight; height at withers; neck length; 0.5 neck length; neck circumference; umbilical circumference, two different heart girths, as well as two different body length measurements. The horse’s body weights were measured on a weight scale, and cresty neck scores were rated along with body condition scores using both the 0 to 5 and the 1 to 9 systems. Results In general, the concordance correlation coefficient was high for most formulas, but the mean bias and slope bias deviations varied between formulas. Some simple formulas using only heart girth, or heart girth and length can be used to estimate body weight of Icelandic and Warmblood horses as good as more complex formulas using four morphometric measurements. Plasma concentrations of leptin and insulin were higher (P < 0.001) for the Icelandic than the Warmblood horses, probably reflecting higher body fat content as suggested by the differences in body condition score. Conclusions Body weight formulas only give an estimate of body weight and not a completely correct determination. Some simple and more complex formulas can be used for Icelandic horses even though they are not developed for this breed. Complex formulas using four morphometric measurements were accurate, but simple formulas using only heart girth, or heart girth and length can be used to estimate body weight and thereby be applied to weight tapes and used to estimate the body weight of both Icelandic and Warmblood horses.

Behavioral and endocrine traits of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats on macronutrient diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (6) ◽  
pp. E1057-E1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jesline T. Alexander ◽  
Ping Zheng ◽  
Hi Joon Yu ◽  
Jordan Dourmashkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Patterns of eating behavior, body weight gain, and hormone changes were examined in normal-weight albino Sprague-Dawley rats on macronutrient diets. These diets consisted of either three separate jars with pure macronutrients, fat, carbohydrate and protein, from which to choose, or a single diet with different concentrations of fat and carbohydrate. Similar patterns on the choice-diet and single-diet paradigms were observed. During the first 7–10 days on these diets but not subsequently, the rats consuming a fat-rich diet exhibit significant hyperphagia, an increase in both total and fat intake that produces higher body weight gain. Compared with a 10% fat diet, a 30% fat diet is associated with a decline in insulin and corticosterone (CORT) levels, whereas a 60% fat diet produces an increase in circulating glucose. Levels of glucose are positively correlated with fat intake, and together these measures are consistently related to body fat. These relationships are most strongly expressed in rats that consume a fat-rich diet with >30% fat. Whereas insulin levels are also positively related to body fat, CORT is inversely related in these normal-weight subjects. In animals consuming a high-fat diet, a clear separation can be seen between “obesity-prone” (OP) rats with 100% greater body fat than “obesity-resistant” (OR) rats. The OP rats, which consume 15% more total calories, have significantly higher insulin and glucose levels. In animals that consume a diet with >30% fat, it is the OP but not the OR rats that exhibit a positive relation between fat intake, glucose levels, and body fat and reveal an additional association between carbohydrate intake, insulin, and body fat. Thus these rats on macronutrient diets exhibit distinct traits that relate behavior to hormone disturbances and adiposity and distinguish subjects that are prone vs. resistant to obesity.

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