scholarly journals Effect of Increasing Glutathione With Cysteine and Glycine Supplementation on Mitochondrial Fuel Oxidation, Insulin Sensitivity, and Body Composition in Older HIV-Infected Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Nguyen ◽  
W Hsu Jean ◽  
Farook Jahoor ◽  
V Sekhar Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Fuel Oxidation ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Isotope Tracers ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background HIV-infected patients are reported to have impaired oxidation of fatty acids despite increased availability, suggesting a mitochondrial defect. We investigated whether diminished levels of a key mitochondrial antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), was contributing to defective fatty acid oxidation in older HIV-infected patients, and if so, the metabolic mechanisms contributing to GSH deficiency in these patients. Methods In an open-label design, 8 older GSH-deficient HIV-infected males were studied before and after 14 days of oral supplementation with the GSH precursors cysteine and glycine. A combination of stable-isotope tracers, calorimetry, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and dynamometry were used to measure GSH synthesis, fasted and insulin-stimulated (fed) mitochondrial fuel oxidation, insulin sensitivity, body composition, anthropometry, forearm-muscle strength, and lipid profiles. Results Impaired synthesis contributed to GSH deficiency in the patients and was restored with cysteine plus glycine supplementation. GSH improvement was accompanied by marked improvements in fasted and fed mitochondrial fuel oxidation. Associated benefits included improvements in insulin sensitivity, body composition, anthropometry, muscle strength, and dyslipidemia. Conclusions This work identifies 2 novel findings in older HIV-infected patients: 1) diminished synthesis due to decreased availability of cysteine and glycine contributes to GSH deficiency and can be rapidly corrected by dietary supplementation of these precursors and 2) correction of GSH deficiency is associated with improvement of mitochondrial fat and carbohydrate oxidation in both fasted and fed states and with improvements in insulin sensitivity, body composition, and muscle strength. The role of GSH on ameliorating metabolic complications in older HIV-infected patients warrants further investigation. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 169–177, 2014)

scholarly journals Effects of Two Months of Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Muscle Area, and Blood Parameters in Competitive Natural Body Builders

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Lorenzo Cenci ◽  
PierLuigi Pompei ◽  
Nese Sahin ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adequate Quantity

Background: Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach that restricts daily carbohydrates, replacing most of the reduced energy with fat, while maintaining an adequate quantity of protein. Despite the widespread use of KD in weight loss in athletes, there are still many concerns about its use in sports requiring muscle mass accrual. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the influence of a KD in competitive natural body builders. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (27.4 ± 10.5 years) were randomly assigned to ketogenic diet (KD) or to a western diet (WD). Body composition, muscle strength and basal metabolic rate were measured before and after two months of intervention. Standard blood biochemistry, testosterone, IGF-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL1β, TNFα) were also measured. Results: Body fat significantly decreased in KD (p = 0.030); whilst lean mass increased significantly only in WD (p < 0.001). Maximal strength increased similarly in both groups. KD showed a significant decrease of blood triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p = 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines compared to WD whilst BDNF increased in both groups with significant greater changes in KD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: KD may be used during body building preparation for health and leaning purposes but with the caution that hypertrophic muscle response could be blunted.

scholarly journals Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for 24 Weeks on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Muscle Metabolism in Healthy, Independent Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1598-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M Markofski ◽  
Kristofer Jennings ◽  
Kyle L Timmerman ◽  
Jared M Dickinson ◽  
Christopher S Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Essential amino acids (EAA) and aerobic exercise (AE) acutely and independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults. Objective In this Phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, we determined if chronic EAA supplementation, AE training, or a combination of the two interventions could improve muscle mass and function by stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Methods We phone-screened 971, enrolled 109, and randomized 50 independent, low-active, nonfrail, and nondiabetic older adults (age 72 ± 1 years). We used a 2 × 2 factorial design. The interventions were: daily nutritional supplementation (15 g EAA or placebo) and physical activity (supervised AE training 3 days/week or monitored habitual activity) for 24 weeks. Muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and muscle protein synthesis were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. Results Forty-five subjects completed the 24-week intervention. VO2peak and walking speed increased (p < .05) in both AE groups, irrespective of supplementation type, but muscle strength increased only in the EAA + AE group (p < .05). EAA supplementation acutely increased (p < .05) muscle protein synthesis from basal both before and after the intervention, with a larger increase in the EAA + AE group after the intervention. Total and regional lean body mass did not change significantly with any intervention. Conclusions In nonfrail, independent, healthy older adults AE training increased walking speed and aerobic fitness, and, when combined with EAA supplementation, it also increased muscle strength and EAA-stimulated muscle protein synthesis. These increases occurred without improvements in muscle mass.

Effects of an Alleged Myostatin-Binding Supplement and Heavy Resistance Training on Serum Myostatin, Muscle Strength and Mass, and Body Composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryn S. Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Heavy Resistance Training ◽  
Total Body

This study examined 12 wk of resistance training and cystoseim canariensis supplementation on serum levels of myostatin and follistatin-like related gene (FLRG) and muscle strength and body composition. Twenty-two untrained males were randomly assigned to a placebo (PLC) or myostatin binder (MYO) group in a double-blind fashion. Blood was obtained before and after 6 and 12 wk of training. PLC and MYO trained thrice weekly using 3 sets of 6 to 8 repetitions at 85% to 90% 1 repetition maximum. MYO ingested 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis. Data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA. After training, total body mass, fat-free mass, muscle strength, thigh volume/mass, and serum myostatin and FLRG increased for both groups (P < 0.05); however, there were no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Twelve wk of heavy resistance training and 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis supplementation appears ineffective at inhibiting serum myostatin and increasing muscle strength and mass or decreasing fat mass.

scholarly journals Effect of Rosiglitazone and Insulin Combination Therapy on Inflammation Parameters and Adipocytokine Levels in Patients with Type 1 DM

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metin Guclu ◽  
Ozen Oz Gul ◽  
Soner Cander ◽  
Oguzkaan Unal ◽  
Guven Ozkaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Inflammatory Parameters ◽  
Type 1 Dm ◽  
Group 1

Aim.To investigate the efficacy of combined therapy of insulin and rosiglitazone on metabolic and inflammatory parameters, insulin sensitivity, and adipocytokine levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM).Material and Methods.A total of 61 adults with type 1 DM were randomly and prospectively assigned in open-label fashion to take insulin and rosiglitazone 4 mg/day (n=30) or insulin alone (n=31) for a period of 18 weeks while undergoing insulin therapy without acute metabolic complications.Results.Combination therapy did not significantly improve metabolic and inflammatory parameters, insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin levels. While leptin and resistin levels decreased in both groups (group 1: resistin 6.96 ± 3.06 to 4.99 ± 2.64,P=0.006; leptin 25.8 ± 17.6 to 20.1 ± 12.55,P=0.006; group 2: resistin 7.16 ± 2.30 to5.57±2.48,P=0.031; leptin 16.72 ± 16.1 to 14.0 ± 13.4,P=0.007) Hgb and fibrinogen levels decreased only in group 1 (Hgb 13.72 ± 1.98 to 13.16 ± 1.98,P=0.015, and fibrinogen 4.00 ± 1.08 to 3.46 ± 0.90,P=0.002). Patients in both groups showed weight gain and the incidence of hypoglycemia was not lower.Discussion.The diverse favorable effects of TZDs were not fully experienced in patients with type 1 DM. These results are suggesting that insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory characteristics of TZDs were likely to be more pronounced in patients who were not totally devoid of endogenous insulin secretion.

scholarly journals Effects of 6 Weeks of Traditional Resistance Training or High Intensity Interval Resistance Training on Body Composition, Aerobic Power and Strength in Healthy Young Subjects: A Randomized Parallel Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moro ◽  
Giuseppe Marcolin ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
Francesco Bolzetta ◽  
Linda Berton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Resting Energy

Consistent practice of physical activity has well known positive effects on general health; however, time for exercise remains one major barrier for many. An acute bout of high intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) increases acute resting energy expenditure (REE) and decreases respiratory ratio (RR), suggesting its potential role on weight loss and increased fatty acid oxidation. The aim of this study was to test the long-term effect of HIIRT on body composition, lipid profile and muscle strength using a randomized parallel trial. Twenty healthy young adults (22.15 ± 1.95 years) were randomized to perform either a HIIRT (N = 11) protocol, consisting of three sets of 6 repetitions at 6 repetition maximum (RM) and then 20 seconds of rest between repetitions until exhaustion repeated for 3 times with 2′30″ rest between sets or a traditional training (TRT, N = 9) protocol of 3 sets of 15 reps with 75 sec of rest between sets. Body composition, resting energy metabolism, aerobic capacity, muscle strength and blood measurements were taken before and after 8 weeks of training. Both protocols enhanced muscle strength, but only HIIRT improved endurance strength performance (+22.07%, p < 0.05) and lean body mass (+2.82%, p < 0.05). REE and RR were unaltered as lipid profile. HIIRT represents a valid training method to improve muscle strength and mass, but its role on body weight control was not confirmed.

scholarly journals Betaine Supplementation Does not Improve Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength Following 6 Weeks of Cross-Fit Training

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moro ◽  
Francesca Badiali ◽  
Iader Fabbri ◽  
Antonio Paoli
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

We aim to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of betaine supplementation on body composition and muscle performance during CrossFit© training. Twenty-nine subjects matched for training status (4.16 ± 0.95 day/week) and body fat mass (12.66 ± 4.08%) were randomly assigned to a betaine (BET; N = 14) or placebo group (PLA; N = 15). Body composition and cellular hydration were estimated with skinfolds measurement and bioelectrical impendence before and after 6 weeks of training. Muscle performance was assessed using three different tests: 3-RM back-squat for muscle strength, 2 km rowing test for aerobic capacity and Bergeron Beep Test for anaerobic capacity. Muscle strength assessed during back squat significantly increased in BET (p = 0.04) but not in the PLA group, however, there were no statistical differences between groups. Although not significant, fat mass was reduced in BET compared to PLA. Overall, body composition and cell hydration measurements did not change in response to training or betaine supplementation. Short-term (6 weeks) betaine supplementation supports muscle strength but was not ergogenic for trained subjects to aerobic and anaerobic performance in the CrossFit©-specific test.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF OPHIOCEPHALUS STRIATUS EXTRACT ON SERUM ADIPONECTIN LEVEL OF CANCER CACHEXIA PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Anna Puteri Gozali ◽  
Savita Handayani* ◽  
Dairion Gatot
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Adiponectin Level ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Serum Adiponectin Level ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ethics Commission

One of the most common manifestations of advanced cancer is the development of metabolic symptoms called cancer cachexia. Adiponectin plays a role in increasing insulin sensitivity, anti-inammation, antiatherogenic, proapoptotic, and anti-proliferative. Ophiocephalus striatus or snakehead sh is a potential source of albumin. This study aims to determine the effects of Ophiocephalus striatus extract on serum adiponectin levels of cancer cachexia patients. This study was an open label clinical trial with the design of one group pretest posttest. The study was conducted on January-June 2019 at Haji Adam Malik Hospital in Medan with the approval of the USU FK Research Ethics Commission. Data were analyzed using the SPPS program where p <0.05 was considered signicant. The results of this study showed there were signicant differences in the serum adiponectin levels of the subjects before and after administration of Ophiocephalus striatus extract for two weeks. The increase in serum albumin levels of cancer cachexia patients was obtained after administration of 5000mg Ophiocephalus striatusextract twice a day for two weeks.

scholarly journals Pengaruh protokol hidrasi dan status hidrasi terhadap kekuatan otot tungkai bawah, atensi, dan passing atlet futsal remaja

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Lubis ◽  
Nadhifah Salsabila ◽  
Siska Wiramihardja
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
T Test ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Paired T Test

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh protokol hidrasi dan status hidrasi terhadap performa kekuatan otot tungkai bawah, atensi, dan passing atlet futsal. Metode yang digunakan adalah analitik kuantitatif dengan desain pretes (sebelum penerapan protokol hidrasi) dan postes (setelah 3 minggu penerapan protokol hidrasi) 22 atlet futsal Akademi Mayasari Bandung. Protokol hidrasi yang diberikan yaitu subjek mengonsumsi 500 mL air 1–2 jam sebelum latihan, 250–500 mL air 15 menit sebelum latihan, dan 500 mL–2 L air selama 1 jam latihan dengan interval minum setiap 20 menit. Pengukuran berat badan sebelum dan sesudah latihan, dilakukan menggunakan Tanita Body Composition Scales untuk menentukan status hidrasi berdasarkan kategori WHO. Performa yang diukur yaitu kekuatan otot tungkai bawah dengan leg dynamometer, atensi dengan Grid Concentration Test (GCT), dan perhitungan jumlah passing terhadap dinding sejauh 2 meter selama 30 detik. Analisis data menggunakan uji paired t-test untuk melihat perbedaan performa sebelum dan sesudah penerapan protokol hidrasi, selanjutnya untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya dilakukan analisis two-way Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa protokol hidrasi berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kekuatan otot tungkai bawah (p = 0,012), atensi (p = 0,026) dan passing (p = 0,001) pada atlet futsal, namun tidak dengan status hidrasi. The effect of hydration protocol and hydration status on lower leg muscle strength, attention, and passing of youth futsal athletes AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hydration protocol and hydration status on the performance of lower leg muscle strength, attention, and passing of futsal athletes. The method used was quantitative analytic with pretest (before the implementation of hydration protocol) and post-test (after three weeks of hydration protocol implementation) 22 futsal athletes at Mayasari Academy Bandung. The hydration protocol given was that the subjects consumed 500 mL of water 1–2 hours before exercise, 250–500 mL of water 15 minutes before training, and 500 mL – 2 L of water for 1 hour of training with drinking intervals every 20 minutes. Bodyweight measurements, before and after training, using Tanita Body Composition Scales to determine hydration status based on WHO categories. The performance measured was the strength of the lower leg muscles with a leg dynamometer, attention with the Grid Concentration Test (GCT), and the calculation of the number of passes (against the wall as far as 2 meters) for 30 seconds. Data analysis used paired t-test and two-way ANOVA to determine the effect of the hydration protocol on the performance. The results showed that the hydration protocol affected increasing lower leg muscle strength (p = 0.012), attention (p = 0.026), and passing (p = 0.001) in futsal athletes, but not with hydration status.

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