scholarly journals Effects of Two Months of Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Muscle Area, and Blood Parameters in Competitive Natural Body Builders

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Lorenzo Cenci ◽  
PierLuigi Pompei ◽  
Nese Sahin ◽  
Antonino Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adequate Quantity

Background: Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach that restricts daily carbohydrates, replacing most of the reduced energy with fat, while maintaining an adequate quantity of protein. Despite the widespread use of KD in weight loss in athletes, there are still many concerns about its use in sports requiring muscle mass accrual. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the influence of a KD in competitive natural body builders. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (27.4 ± 10.5 years) were randomly assigned to ketogenic diet (KD) or to a western diet (WD). Body composition, muscle strength and basal metabolic rate were measured before and after two months of intervention. Standard blood biochemistry, testosterone, IGF-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL1β, TNFα) were also measured. Results: Body fat significantly decreased in KD (p = 0.030); whilst lean mass increased significantly only in WD (p < 0.001). Maximal strength increased similarly in both groups. KD showed a significant decrease of blood triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p = 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines compared to WD whilst BDNF increased in both groups with significant greater changes in KD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: KD may be used during body building preparation for health and leaning purposes but with the caution that hypertrophic muscle response could be blunted.

scholarly journals Effects of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area, metabolism, and performance in semi-professional soccer players

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Antonio Paoli ◽  
Laura Mancin ◽  
Massimiliano Caprio ◽  
Elena Monti ◽  
Marco V. Narici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Trial Registration ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Professional Soccer

Abstract Background A ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach, usually adopted for weight loss, that restricts daily carbohydrates under 30 g/day. KD showed contradictory results on sport performance, whilst no data are available on team sports. We sought to investigate the influence of a KD on different parameters in semi-professional soccer players. Methods Subjects were randomly assigned to a iso-protein (1.8 g/Kg body weight/day) ketogenic diet (KD) or western diet (WD) for 30 days. Body weight and body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), cross sectional area (CSA) and isometric muscle strength of quadriceps, counter movement jump (CMJ) and yoyo intermittent recovery test time were measured. Results There was a significantly higher decrease of body fat (p = 0.0359), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p = 0.0018), waist circumference (p = 0.0185) and extra-cellular water (p = 0.0060) in KD compared to WD group. Lean soft tissue, quadriceps muscle area, maximal strength and REE showed no changes in both groups. RER decreased significantly in KD (p = 0.0008). Yo-yo intermittent test improved significantly (p < 0.0001) in both groups without significant differences between groups. CMJ significantly improved (p = 0.0021) only in KD. Conclusions This is the first study investigating the effects of a KD on semi-professional soccer players. In our study KD athletes lost fat mass without any detrimental effects on strength, power and muscle mass. When the goal is a rapid weight reduction in such athletes, the use of a KD should be taken into account. Trial registration registered retrospectively on Clinical Trial registration number NCT04078971.

scholarly journals Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for 24 Weeks on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Muscle Metabolism in Healthy, Independent Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1598-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M Markofski ◽  
Kristofer Jennings ◽  
Kyle L Timmerman ◽  
Jared M Dickinson ◽  
Christopher S Fry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Essential amino acids (EAA) and aerobic exercise (AE) acutely and independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults. Objective In this Phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, we determined if chronic EAA supplementation, AE training, or a combination of the two interventions could improve muscle mass and function by stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Methods We phone-screened 971, enrolled 109, and randomized 50 independent, low-active, nonfrail, and nondiabetic older adults (age 72 ± 1 years). We used a 2 × 2 factorial design. The interventions were: daily nutritional supplementation (15 g EAA or placebo) and physical activity (supervised AE training 3 days/week or monitored habitual activity) for 24 weeks. Muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and muscle protein synthesis were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. Results Forty-five subjects completed the 24-week intervention. VO2peak and walking speed increased (p < .05) in both AE groups, irrespective of supplementation type, but muscle strength increased only in the EAA + AE group (p < .05). EAA supplementation acutely increased (p < .05) muscle protein synthesis from basal both before and after the intervention, with a larger increase in the EAA + AE group after the intervention. Total and regional lean body mass did not change significantly with any intervention. Conclusions In nonfrail, independent, healthy older adults AE training increased walking speed and aerobic fitness, and, when combined with EAA supplementation, it also increased muscle strength and EAA-stimulated muscle protein synthesis. These increases occurred without improvements in muscle mass.

scholarly journals Satiating Effect of a Ketogenic Diet and Its Impact on Muscle Improvement and Oxidation State in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Benlloch ◽  
María Mar López-Rodríguez ◽  
María Cuerda-Ballester ◽  
Eraci Drehmer ◽  
Sandra Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Oxidation State ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Background: It was previously established that Multiple sclerosis (MS) generates energy alterations at the mitochondrial level related to the loss of muscle mass. Ketone bodies, mainly beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), re-establish this energy alteration causing satiety, changes in body composition and a decrease in hormone-dependant hunger, such as ghrelin. The aim of this study was to establish possible improvements in body composition and the level of oxidation in patients with MS, by means of the satiating effect of a ketogenic diet. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with 27 MS patients who were given a Mediterranean isocaloric and ketogenic diet for 4 months. Anthropometric measurements, as well as satiety and hunger perception (VAS scale), were taken. In addition, BHB and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as an oxidation marker, were measured by spectrophotometric automated assays, and ghrelin was determined by an enzyme immunoassay in the serum. All measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results: A significant increase in satiety perception at lunch and dinner and of BHB in the blood was obtained. Hunger perception decreased significantly at lunch and dinner with similar levels of ghrelin. In addition, an important increase in lean mass and PON1 was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing improvements in body composition, oxidation state and metabolism in MS patients, based on the satiating effect of a Mediterranean isocaloric diet. Conclusion: A ketogenic diet increases lean mass and decreases inflammation and oxidation possibly as a consequence of an increase in satiety and decrease in hunger in MS patients.

scholarly journals Effect of Increasing Glutathione With Cysteine and Glycine Supplementation on Mitochondrial Fuel Oxidation, Insulin Sensitivity, and Body Composition in Older HIV-Infected Patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Nguyen ◽  
W Hsu Jean ◽  
Farook Jahoor ◽  
V Sekhar Rajagopal
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Fuel Oxidation ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Isotope Tracers ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background HIV-infected patients are reported to have impaired oxidation of fatty acids despite increased availability, suggesting a mitochondrial defect. We investigated whether diminished levels of a key mitochondrial antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), was contributing to defective fatty acid oxidation in older HIV-infected patients, and if so, the metabolic mechanisms contributing to GSH deficiency in these patients. Methods In an open-label design, 8 older GSH-deficient HIV-infected males were studied before and after 14 days of oral supplementation with the GSH precursors cysteine and glycine. A combination of stable-isotope tracers, calorimetry, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and dynamometry were used to measure GSH synthesis, fasted and insulin-stimulated (fed) mitochondrial fuel oxidation, insulin sensitivity, body composition, anthropometry, forearm-muscle strength, and lipid profiles. Results Impaired synthesis contributed to GSH deficiency in the patients and was restored with cysteine plus glycine supplementation. GSH improvement was accompanied by marked improvements in fasted and fed mitochondrial fuel oxidation. Associated benefits included improvements in insulin sensitivity, body composition, anthropometry, muscle strength, and dyslipidemia. Conclusions This work identifies 2 novel findings in older HIV-infected patients: 1) diminished synthesis due to decreased availability of cysteine and glycine contributes to GSH deficiency and can be rapidly corrected by dietary supplementation of these precursors and 2) correction of GSH deficiency is associated with improvement of mitochondrial fat and carbohydrate oxidation in both fasted and fed states and with improvements in insulin sensitivity, body composition, and muscle strength. The role of GSH on ameliorating metabolic complications in older HIV-infected patients warrants further investigation. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99: 169–177, 2014)

Effects of an Alleged Myostatin-Binding Supplement and Heavy Resistance Training on Serum Myostatin, Muscle Strength and Mass, and Body Composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryn S. Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Heavy Resistance Training ◽  
Total Body

This study examined 12 wk of resistance training and cystoseim canariensis supplementation on serum levels of myostatin and follistatin-like related gene (FLRG) and muscle strength and body composition. Twenty-two untrained males were randomly assigned to a placebo (PLC) or myostatin binder (MYO) group in a double-blind fashion. Blood was obtained before and after 6 and 12 wk of training. PLC and MYO trained thrice weekly using 3 sets of 6 to 8 repetitions at 85% to 90% 1 repetition maximum. MYO ingested 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis. Data were analyzed with 2-way ANOVA. After training, total body mass, fat-free mass, muscle strength, thigh volume/mass, and serum myostatin and FLRG increased for both groups (P < 0.05); however, there were no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Twelve wk of heavy resistance training and 1200 mg/d of cystoseim canariensis supplementation appears ineffective at inhibiting serum myostatin and increasing muscle strength and mass or decreasing fat mass.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle characteristics, muscle strength and thigh muscle area in patients before and after cardiac transplantation

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Schaufelberger ◽  
Bengt O. Eriksson ◽  
Lars Lönn ◽  
Bengt Rundqvist ◽  
Katharina Stibrant Sunnerhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Cardiac Transplantation ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Before And After

scholarly journals Betaine Supplementation Does not Improve Muscle Hypertrophy or Strength Following 6 Weeks of Cross-Fit Training

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Moro ◽  
Francesca Badiali ◽  
Iader Fabbri ◽  
Antonio Paoli
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Anaerobic Capacity ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

We aim to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of betaine supplementation on body composition and muscle performance during CrossFit© training. Twenty-nine subjects matched for training status (4.16 ± 0.95 day/week) and body fat mass (12.66 ± 4.08%) were randomly assigned to a betaine (BET; N = 14) or placebo group (PLA; N = 15). Body composition and cellular hydration were estimated with skinfolds measurement and bioelectrical impendence before and after 6 weeks of training. Muscle performance was assessed using three different tests: 3-RM back-squat for muscle strength, 2 km rowing test for aerobic capacity and Bergeron Beep Test for anaerobic capacity. Muscle strength assessed during back squat significantly increased in BET (p = 0.04) but not in the PLA group, however, there were no statistical differences between groups. Although not significant, fat mass was reduced in BET compared to PLA. Overall, body composition and cell hydration measurements did not change in response to training or betaine supplementation. Short-term (6 weeks) betaine supplementation supports muscle strength but was not ergogenic for trained subjects to aerobic and anaerobic performance in the CrossFit©-specific test.

scholarly journals Effects of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone for 1 Year on Body Composition and Muscle Strength in Children on Long-Term Steroid Therapy: Randomized Controlled, Delayed-Start Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 2746-2754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Simon ◽  
Corinne Alberti ◽  
Marianne Alison ◽  
Loïc Le Henaff ◽  
Didier Chevenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Rhgh Therapy ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Context: Recombinant human GH (rhGH) improves growth and body composition in glucocorticoid-treated children. Its effects on muscle strength are poorly evaluated. Objectives: Our objective was to evaluate rhGH effects on muscle strength in children receiving long-term glucocorticoid therapy; effects on height SD score (SDS) and body composition were assessed also. Design and Setting: A randomized, controlled, delayed-start study of rhGH for 12 months was started after randomization (baseline) or 6 months later (M6). Patients: Patients included 30 children with various diagnoses. Intervention: rhGH was administered at 0.065 mg/kg/d for 6 months and then in the dosage maintaining serum IGF-I levels below +2 SDS for chronological age. Main Outcome Measures: The primary criterion was the between-group difference in composite index of muscle strength (CIMS) change at M6. Secondary criteria included between-group differences in CIMS SDSheight, lean mass (LM), thigh muscle area (MA), and height SDS changes at M6; these parameters were also assessed in the overall population after 1 year of rhGH therapy. Results: At M6, rhGH therapy did not significantly affect changes in CIMS or CIMS SDSheight (+17.6% vs +7.5% and +0.14 ± 0.38 vs +0.11 ± 0.62, respectively); the rhGH-treated group had significantly larger changes in height SDS (+0.2 [0.3] vs −0.2 [0.3]; P = 0.003), LM (+7.3% [+3.7%; +21.6%] vs 0% [−4.7%; +3.2%]; P = 0.002), and MA (+8.8% [+5%; +15.6%] vs. −0.6% [−6.3%; +7.7%]; P = 0.01) compared with the untreated group. After 1 year of rhGH, height SDS, LM, and MA increased significantly, CIMS increased by 24.7% (+5.8%; +34.2%), and CIMS SDSheight remained within the normal range. Conclusions: rhGH increased height, LM, and MA. However, muscle strength did not improve significantly.

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