An Indian It-Narrative and the Problem of Circulation: Reconsidering a Useful Concept for Literary Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-396
Author(s):  
James Mulholland
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Cultural Ideal ◽  
Publication History ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract For decades scholars have relied on the concept of circulation to explain the operation of texts and to animate the significance of literary studies. Its overuse has elided differences in the virtual relationships created by reading and has blurred empirical details about the production and consumption of texts. Circulation has been turned into a “widespread cultural ideal” and remains one of the least examined stipulations of literary study. For these reasons, reconsidering its role in literary study is essential. The eighteenth century was a vital period for the creation of a modern definition of circulation, so this essay returns to one especially pertinent case from that period, Helenus Scott’s it-narrative The Adventures of a Rupee (1782), which describes the movements of a rupee coin in the world economy. Attending to the linguistic form and publication history of Scott’s novel offers a model of circulation that emphasizes coagulation and stasis rather than liquidity, mobility, and flows. This model explains how texts repeat while altering preexisting forms of circulation, which has consequences for understanding how reading publics arise and reproduce themselves.

Social mobility and scientific change: Stephen Gray's contribution to electrical research

1990 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ben-Chaim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Experimental Philosophy ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Scientific Change ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Radical Transformation

The concept of electrical conductivity, or, as initially coined by Stephen Gray (1666–1736), ‘electrical communication’, has always been assigned an important role in the history of electrical research. Some thirty-five years after Gray's ‘electrical communication’ acquired wide attention, Priestley employed the concept of conductivity to define physical reality, thus giving a privileged position to the science he himself endeavoured to cultivate. As he argued in the introduction to The History and Present State of Electricity (1767), ‘the electrical fluid is no local, or occasional agent in the theatre of the world. Late discoveries show that its presence and effects are every where … It is not, like magnetism, confined to one kind of bodies, but every thing we know is a conductor or nonconductor of electricity’. Contemporary historians, for example, Heilbron, Home and Hackmann, link the concept of conductivity to a radical transformation of electrical research which pertained to its mode of organization and the definition of its subject-matter, and which culminated in its emergence as a distinctive branch of eighteenth-century ‘experimental philosophy’.

The Cambridge History of “Capitalism”

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 996-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Temin
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
World Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This review essay of the two-volume Cambridge History of Capitalism (2014), edited by Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson, is divided into three parts. First, I describe three chapters from the second volume that I recommend for all economists to add depth to their understanding of the world economy today. Robert C. Allen analyzes the world distribution of income; Randall Morck and Bernard Yeung discuss the history of business groups; and Peter Lindert surveys private and public programs to help the poor. In each case, they analyze historical backgrounds that illuminate current issues. Second, I criticize the definition of capitalism used in these volumes as too expansive to be useful. I argue that this definition mars the essays in first volume by stimulating a fruitless search for capitalism in the millennium before the Industrial Revolution. Third, I describe the essays in this reference work starting from the most recent and ending with those about antiquity. (JEL N00, P10)

Evangelicals and Unevangelicals: The Contested History of a Word, 1500–1950

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford D. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
American History ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Evangelical Identity ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract“Not Evangelical”! and who is this,With serpent’s tongue, that dares the sentence hiss?1—Day K. Lee, Universalist minister, 1841Recent academic use of the word “evangelical” in American history has been surprisingly static. Drawing upon scholars of “evangelicalism,” historians have been tied to an “essentialist,” or doctrinal, definition of evangelicalism that stretches unbroken from the early eighteenth century to the present. Such ahistorical readings, however, obscure a far more interesting and complex reality. This essay argues that from the Protestant Reformation through the early twentieth century, to be “evangelical” was most often a Protestant-inflected way of being in the world, which at times could have multiple, changing, and contested doctrinal associations. It was a flexible and dynamic idiom, intended to communicate a relative biblical authenticity by those who wielded it. In particular, this essay seeks to recover three overlooked dimensions of the use of the word “evangelical”: first, the firmly Protestant and even anti-Catholic implication of the term that spanned the history of Protestantism from the 1520s to the twentieth century; second, the relative authenticity, “true-Christian” usage, which contained within it a strong “primitivist” impulse with reference to New Testament Christianity; and third, the contested nature of the word, particularly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when “evangelical” identity supposedly started to become more recognizable.

Digital Economy: New Opportunities and Threats for the Development of the World Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Strelkova
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Definition Of

The paper examines various approaches to the definition of the term «digital economy» in the scientific and business environment along with factors and forms of its development in different countries taking into account the specifics of the current stage of the Russian economy, which is a matter of particular importance in seeking new sources of the world economy growth. The subject of the research is opportunities and threats inherent in the process of digitalization of economies and their impact on the operation of international and national markets as well as the development of the world economy as a whole. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the practical experience in the formation and development of the digital economy in foreign countries and Russia and identify the changes it brings to the activities of state institutions and business structures, established rules of market exchange, the process of promotion and use of innovations. All the above made it possible to determine the country-level specifics of the digital economy evolution reveal the contradictory nature of its manifestations and justify the necessity for active participation of the state in stimulation and support of potentially promising digital innovations in various sectors of the economy. It is concluded that the level of the digital economy development depends on the real-sector performance, the maturity of markets, the state of the national economy. It is highlighted that the criteria for a comprehensive assessment of the results of the economy digitalization must be developed.

A Long Stagnation, or Capitalism without Growth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louçã Francisco ◽  
Ash Michael
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Secular Stagnation ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth Prospects

Chapter 11 assesses the growth prospects of the world economy. The history of global economic doomsaying is traced briefly, a frequently reasonable position that has not done well with the facts for the past hundred years. Capitalism has been adept at escaping from the pit and pendulum. A set of global imbalances is then reviewed that are seen as posing a severe threat to global economic stability and certainly to the prospects for sustainable and equitable growth. The Great Recession following the Crash of 2007–8 might be “different this time.” Historical and contemporary fears of “secular stagnation” are discussed but the speculative nature of stagnationist assessments is acknowledged.

‹ Rococo › : du jargon à la catégorie de style

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-487
Author(s):  
Marie-Pauline Martin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Louis Xv ◽  
Objective Existence

Abstract Today there is a consensus on the definition of the term ‘rococo’: it designates a style both particular and homogeneous, artistically related to the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. But we must not forget that in its primitive formulations, the rococo has no objective existence. As a witty, sneering, and impertinent word, it can adapt itself to the most varied discourses and needs, far beyond references to the eighteenth century. Its malleability guarantees its sparkling success in different languages, but also its highly contradictory uses. By tracing the genealogy of the word ‘rococo’, this article will show that the association of the term with the century of Louis XV is a form of historical discrimination that still prevails widely in the history of the art of the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals Lingvo-Pedagogical Understanding of the Concepts of “Discourse Competence” and “Patriotic Discourse”

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1839-1844
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Discourse Competence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Liberal Culture

The article attempts to comprehend the essence and possibility of forming discourse competence among foreign and Russian students with simultaneous immersion in patriotic discourse. It is highlighted that the addition of the humanitarian series of “History of Civilizations” and “Features of Russian Civilization” to the educational process at the university creates the necessary pedagogical conditions for organizing a special linguo-ethno-cultural environment that forms active social interaction of authors within the framework of the medical and patriotic linguistic scenario. The authors of the article conducted a semantic and historical analysis of interpretations of the concept of “patriotism” that were studied from the point of view of traditional and liberal culture. The article presents the results of a socio-pedagogical study of students' perceptions of this concept. The article describes various theoretical and methodological approaches to the definition of the concepts of “discourse” and “discursive picture of the world” as well as psycholinguistic features of the method of semantic differential. Special attention in the article is paid to the typologies of discourse presented in the scientific literature. The authors of the article present the principle of genre and the principle of thematic correlation as the basis for distinguishing between types of discourse and highlight differences in language and discursive pictures of the world. The tasks of educators is to form not only purely medical discursive competence, but also to immerse the listener in “correctly” interpreted picture, saturated with verbal patterns that allow to create statements of patriotic content.

scholarly journals Features of Corporate Management of Mergers and Acquisitions Processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (514) ◽  
pp. 424-429
Author(s):  
O. V. Ptashchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Efficiency ◽  
History Of

The article examines the main features and identifies the main trends in the global M&A market. The modern development of the economy is characterized by the spread of the processes of globalization, and it can be noted that, one way or another, the latest waves of mergers and acquisitions are tightly related to the flow of these processes. The history of mergers and acquisitions processes in the world economy shows that all surges in mergers and acquisitions agreements were and are accounted for periods of structural changes, industrial rises, technological revolutions, significant organizational restructuring of the world economy. Mergers and acquisitions of companies are one of the most important business development instruments in the market economy. The purposes of these processes are often the growth of company and the use of various kinds of synergies, which is manifested in strengthening its impact on markets and improving business efficiency. Most mergers and acquisitions agreements are concluded by industrialized countries, their role is increasing for developing countries. The dynamics of the M&A processes market will largely depend on the ability of companies to enter into large contracts announced either at the end of the past year or earlier this year. Only then it could it be stated that the growth of activity in the mergers and acquisitions market has become a long-term trend. Many experts believe that a new wave of M&A will inevitably lead to an increase in unemployment, and this, in turn, will lead to an aggravation of the social situation and require additional costs from the budget.

scholarly journals Classification of integration associations according to the degree of development of a single transport space

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385
Author(s):  
Mikhail S Komov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Negative Growth

In modern conditions of development of integration processes in the world economy, special importance is attached to the transport sector. The formation of a single transport space (STS) in the regions creates additional opportunities for the economic development of the integrating countries. At the same time, the literature does not pay enough attention to the definition of the essence of the single transport space and the classification of integration associations according to the degree of its development. Therefore, there is a need to develop such a classification. The article substantiates the expediency of classification of integration associations according to the degree of development of a single transport space. The author's formal-logical classification is developed, which is based on three basic types of a single transport space: transport and logistics type provide a positive multiplier of integrated economic growth for all participating countries; innovative-logistic and customs-logistic types cause polarization in the action of the multiplier of integrated economic growth (in particular, both positive and negative growth rates of GDP values of the participating countries are possible); industrial and logistics type provide a zero multiplier of integrated economic growth for all participating countries. The conclusion is made about the possibility of unification and harmonization of transport space in the practice of integration associations on the basis of the developed classification.

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