Some Factors in the Design of Surface Condensing Plant

1934 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Guy ◽  
E. V. Winstanley
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heat Transmission ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Effect Of Pressure ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Water Side ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Mean

It is suggested that the poor performance of certain large surface condensers is due to pressure drop on the steam side. Tests are given showing the pressure drop for various patterns of tube plates and illustrating the steps taken to reduce it. The effect of pressure drop upon the mean temperature difference is discussed. The limitations of accepted formulae are criticized and the results of more accurate analysis are presented. The results of Eagle and Ferguson's tests on heat transmission from tube to water are presented in terms of the external surface for the range of normal condensing plant. Utilizing these results, the overall rates of heat transmission from a large number of tests on commercial condensers are analysed in order to obtain the rate of heat transmission from steam to tube, and after a discussion of the results a mean value is suggested. A set of curves of overall rates of heat transmission on this basis is presented as applicable to brushed tubes. A method of obtaining the net heat rejected to the circulating water in power plant is developed and the departure from the conventional figure of 1,000 B.Th.U. per lb. is brought out. The results obtained on a series of tests on individual tubes in a complete condenser are analysed and commented upon. The paper also deals with the effect of tube fouling upon the overall rate of heat transmission, and methods of obtaining a margin in surface to allow for this are discussed. The effect of pressure drop upon the duty of an air extraction plant and certain problems arising therewith are discussed. Some actual air leakage tests are given and compared with recognized standard allowances. The authors deal with the friction on the water side of condensers and give test figures of the friction in the tube with various methods of tube plate fastenings. Recommended standard values of the various factors for assessing condenser water friction are given, together with tests from commercial installations. The paper concludes with a treatment of the problem of syphonic return in condenser circulating water systems and gives a method of calculating the syphonic efficiency.

Pengaruh Exercise Intradialytic Terhadap Nilai Adekuasi Hemodialysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endrat Kartiko Utomo ◽  
Erna Rochmawati
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intradialytic Exercise ◽  
Training Exercises

People with kidney failure should have hemodialysis therapy to survive. The effectiveness of hemodialysis therapy can be measured by calculating the value of dialysis adequacy: Kt/V and URR values. Intradialytic exercise is an exercise that can improve of dialysis adequacy. The purpose of this review is to report the results of related research on the effect of intradialytic exercise on dialysis adequacy. Relevant articles were search in PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar using this keywords intradialytic exercise and dialysis adequacy. Results: 12 articles ware included in the review and found various intradialytic exercises, intradialytic training time and length of intradialytic training. Exercises that can improve the adequacy of dialysis are static bike exercises, airogym and aerobics. While exercise resistance decreases the value of dialysis adequacy. We also found that the initial adequacy varied. Discussion: mild exercise can increase dialysis adequacy, in the first two hours of dialysis and minimum exercise was conducted two month. Currently no literature that recommend type and length of intradialytic exercise. Conclusion: intradialytic exercise can increase the value of dialysis adequacy, although it has increased, the mean value of adequacy before exercise is above standard. To confirm these findings, further research is needed to conducted exercise ware the value of adequacy under standard values.

scholarly journals Effect of Intradialytic Exercise on Haemodialysis Adequacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Endrat Kartiko Utomo ◽  
Erna Rochmawati
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Dialysis Adequacy ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Standard Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intradialytic Exercise ◽  
Training Exercises

People with kidney failure should have hemodialysis therapy to survive. The effectiveness of hemodialysis therapy can be measured by calculating the value of dialysis adequacy: Kt/V and URR values. Intradialytic exercise is an exercise that can improve of dialysis adequacy. The purpose of this review is to report the results of related research on the effect of intradialytic exercise on dialysis adequacy. Relevant articles were search in PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar using this keywords intradialytic exercise and dialysis adequacy. Results: 12 articles ware included in the review and found various intradialytic exercises, intradialytic training time and length of intradialytic training. Exercises that can improve the adequacy of dialysis are static bike exercises, airogym and aerobics. While exercise resistance decreases the value of dialysis adequacy. We also found that the initial adequacy varied. Discussion: mild exercise can increase dialysis adequacy, in the first two hours of dialysis and minimum exercise was conducted two month. Currently no literature that recommend type and length of intradialytic exercise. Conclusion: intradialytic exercise can increase the value of dialysis adequacy, although it has increased, the mean value of adequacy before exercise is above standard. To confirm these findings, further research is needed to conducted exercise ware the value of adequacy under standard values.

scholarly journals Computer Program for Digital Data Analysis of Facebow Records – Part ІI

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Zh. Pavlova ◽  
A. Tumbalov ◽  
A. Filtchev
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe aim of the study was to perform a comparative data analysis of the values of sagittal condylar path and arrow point angle, obtained through measurements based on facebow records, by applying two methods: manual and digital by using the Mini-Maxi Facebow Analyzer computer program.Material and method: The program was tested through processing the data of 101 subjects (52 men and 49 women). The left and right sagittal condylar path was registered by using the Mini-Maxi facebow and the mandibular central position was determined by intraoral graphic registration. The data of each subject were entered into the program and the individual values of the registered parameters were calculated. Then, a comparative statistical analysis of the data obtained by the conventional manual measurement with a protractor and the computer program was performed.Results: The mean value of the sagittal condylar path obtained through the computer program was 34.89˚ for the right side and 35.86˚ for the left side. The mean value of the arrow point angle obtained through the computer program was 107.52˚. The differences between the data for men and women were not statistically significant (р < 0.05).Conclusions: The computer program provides an accurate analysis of facebow records and assists in determining individual patient’s movement parameters of the lower jaw. The comparative analysis of the accuracy of parameters obtained through conventional and digital measurements demonstrates the high product reliability of the computer program.

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
M. Mäntylä ◽  
J. Perkkiö ◽  
J. Heikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean

The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

Determination of Plasminogen in Clots and Thrombi

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 038-050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Hedner ◽  
Inga Marie Nilsson ◽  
B Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Main Mechanism ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Casein Solution ◽  
The Mean

SummaryThe plasminogen content was determined by a casein method in plasma and serum from 20 normal volunteers. The mean plasminogen content was found to be 10.1 ACU (the arbitrary caseinolytic unit defined in such a way that using a 3% casein solution and a digestion time of 20 min. at 37°C, 10 ACU gave an extinction of 0.300). No difference between serum and plasma regarding the plasminogen content was found.Plasminogen was determined in drained and drained plus washed clots prepared from 2 ml plasma. The highest values found in the drained clots were 0.9 ACU/clot and 0.2 ACU/clot in the drained plus washed clots.Plasminogen was also determined in drained and drained plus washed clots prepared from plasma with added purified plasminogen. The plasminogen was recovered in the washing fluid. According to these tests, then, purified added plasminogen is washed out of the clots.The plasminogen content of 20 thrombi obtained post mortem was also determined. The mean value was found to be 0.7 ACU/cm thrombus. Judging from our results, the “intrinsic clot lysis theory” is not the main mechanism of clot dissolution.

Perbedaan Pengetahuan Siswa Tentang Penyakit Hepatitis A Sebelum Dan Sesudah Penyuluhan Di MTsN 02 Bondowoso Tahun 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Putri Megasari
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Paired T Test

Hepatitis has become a health problem in the world. The hepatitis virus infected many people. According to the teacher of MTsN 02 Bondowoso more than 20 students have hepatitis A viral infection. The purpose of this research was to know the differences of students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study used pre-experimental (pre-post test design). This study used stratified random sampling technique, 127 students from 270 sample involved this research,and 143 students was excluded. We used questionnaires to collect data. The results showed that the mean value of the students 'knowledge about hepatitis A before counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 83.96 with the lowest value of 37.5 and the highest value was 100. The mean value of the students' knowledge about hepatitis A after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015 was 93.21 with the lowest value waf 62.5 and the highest value was 100. Paired t test showed that t (-9.07) > t table (1.98), the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. There was a difference between students' knowledge about hepatitis A before and after counseling in MTsN 02 Bondowoso 2015. This study showed that routine counseling by healthcare provider was important to prevent hepatitis A infection.; Keywords: counseling, knowledge of students, hepatitis

SERUM THYROTROPHIN AND THE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN SYMPTOMLESS AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS AND IN BORDERLINE AND OVERT HYPOTHYROIDISM

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gordin ◽  
P. Saarinen ◽  
R. Pelkonen ◽  
B.-A. Lamberg
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Serum Tsh

ABSTRACT Serum thyrotrophin (TSH) was determined by the double-antibody radioimmunoassay in 58 patients with primary hypothyroidism and was found to be elevated in all but 2 patients, one of whom had overt and one clinically borderline hypothyroidism. Six (29%) out of 21 subjects with symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) had an elevated serum TSH level. There was little correlation between the severity of the disease and the serum TSH values in individual cases. However, the mean serum TSH value in overt hypothyroidism (93.4 μU/ml) was significantly higher than the mean value both in clinically borderline hypothyroidism (34.4 μU/ml) and in SAT (8.8 μU/ml). The response to the thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) was increased in all 39 patients with overt or borderline hypothyroidism and in 9 (43 %) of the 21 subjects with SAT. The individual TRH response in these two groups showed a marked overlap, but the mean response was significantly higher in overt (149.5 μU/ml) or clinically borderline hypothyroidism (99.9 μU/ml) than in SAT (35.3 μU/ml). Thus a normal basal TSH level in connection with a normal response to TRH excludes primary hypothyroidism, but nevertheless not all patients with elevated TSH values or increased responses to TRH are clinically hypothyroid.

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