scholarly journals A Quantitative Review of Marriage Markets: How Inequality is Remaking the American Family by Carbone and Cahn

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Cornelson ◽  
Aloysius Siow
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Assortative Matching ◽  
Marriage Markets ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Marriage Rates ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Wage Distributions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Quantitative Impact

June Carbone and Naomi Cahn argue that growing earnings inequality and the increased educational attainment of women, relative to men, have led to declining marriage rates for less-educated women and an increase in positive assortative matching since the 1970s. These trends have negatively affected the welfare of children, as they increase the proportion of poor, single-female-headed households. Using data on marriage markets defined by state, race and time, and the Choo–Siow marriage matching function, this review provides a quantitative assessment of these claims. We show that changes in earnings inequality had a qualitatively consistent but modest quantitative impact on marriage rates and positive assortative matching. Neither changes in the wage distributions nor educational attainments can explain the large decline in marriage rates over this period. (JEL C78, D63, J12, J15, J16, J31)

scholarly journals Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick R. C. Almeida ◽  
João A. S. Andrade ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
Marta Simões
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

scholarly journals Recent trends in employees’ earnings inequality in Portugal: A quantitative analysis between 1986 and 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-360
Author(s):  
Marta Simões ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
João Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Negative Growth

This paper examines employees? earnings inequality in Portugal for 1986-2017 using data from the Personnel Records database. Our objective is twofold: (a) characterize earnings inequality by comparing representative distributions, before and after the great crisis; and (b) investigate the role played by the business cycle on the behaviour of earnings inequality by estimating Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ADL) models. To identify trends and variations along the trend in earnings inequality we use cardinal measures and the coefficient of variation. We inspect the characteristics of earnings distributions in terms of moments (mean and median) and polarization (using relative distributions analysis). The main findings are: (1) earnings inequality shows a positive trend (except during the great crisis); (2) polarization is present in every year, with lower polarisation prevailing over upper polarization, both evolving at different paces (very fast 1989-2002; slower pace 2002-2008; negative growth 2008-2017); (3) the business cycle relationship with earnings inequality is negative.

Do Foreign Remittances Matter in Attaining Zero Hunger?

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-215
Author(s):  
Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu ◽  
Rebecca Funmi Akinmulewo
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The North ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Zero Hunger ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Food Insecurity Access

Foreign remittance has remained a major source of income and a means to reduce hunger for many poor people in developing countries. The contribution of foreign remittances to food insecurity status of rural households in Nigeria was assessed using data from 2015/2016 Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). Food insecurity status was achieved using the household food insecurity access scale. Data were analysed using descriptive, ordered, and nested logit models. Female-headed households residing in south-east zone with 51 to 70 years old heads and more than six members had greater access to remittances but were severely food insecure. Drivers of food insecurity were age, gender, marital status, education of the household head, membership of cooperatives, access to extension, farm size and per capita income, and living in the north central geo-political zone. Foreign remittances had a positive effect on the food insecurity status of rural households.

scholarly journals Technical Inefficiency Effects in Agriculture—A Meta-Regression

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justice G. Djokoto ◽  
Francis Y. Srofenyo ◽  
Akua A. Afrane Arthur
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Quantitative Review ◽  
Technical Inefficiency ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Statistical Inferences ◽  
Vote Count ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Using Data

<p>A number of studies have examined the effect of study characteristics on mean technical efficiency as the dependent variable. This article departs from these earlier studies by using second-stage inefficiency covariates as key exploratory variables and study characteristics as control variables in a meta-regression. Unlike the vote count method of quantitative review, the parameters of the key variables have desirable properties and enable statistical inferences to be drawn. Additionally, the dependent variable employed is mean technical inefficiency. This is demonstrated using data on technical inefficiency of primary studies in Ghanaian agriculture, fitted to fractional regression models. The appropriate functional form of the fractional regression model is discussed with policy implications.</p>

scholarly journals Marriage Institutions and Sibling Competition: Evidence from South Asia*

2013 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 1017-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom S. Vogl
Keyword(s):  
Parental Involvement ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Marriage Markets ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Arranged Marriage ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Status Data

Abstract Using data from South Asia, this article examines how arranged marriage cultivates rivalry among sisters. During marriage search, parents with multiple daughters reduce the reservation quality for an older daughter’s groom, rushing her marriage to allow sufficient time to marry off her younger sisters. Relative to younger brothers, younger sisters increase a girl’s marriage risk; relative to younger singleton sisters, younger twin sisters have the same effect. These effects intensify in marriage markets with lower sex ratios or greater parental involvement in marriage arrangements. In contrast, older sisters delay a girl’s marriage. Because girls leave school when they marry and face limited earning opportunities when they reach adulthood, the number of sisters has well-being consequences over the life cycle. Younger sisters cause earlier school-leaving, lower literacy, a match to a husband with less education and a less skilled occupation, and (marginally) lower adult economic status. Data from a broader set of countries indicate that these cross-sister pressures on marriage age are common throughout the developing world, although the schooling costs vary by setting.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Earnings in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Shifts

Changes in the distribution of individual earnings between 1984 and 1995 are examined using data from the Household Economic Survey. Several dimensions of changes in the earnings structure are considered, including measures of aggregate earnings inequality, the gender earnings gap and shifts in relative earnings by level of educational attainment. Changes in the variance of earnings are decomposed to identify more clearly the source of the tendencies towards and against greater inequality. Evidence is found of a rise in hourly earnings inequality among males over the decade. However, the effects of this trend on the total earnings distribution were offset by a rise in the female share of employment and a narrowing of the gap between male and female average hourly earnings.

scholarly journals Sanitation and Marriage Markets in India: Evidence from the Total Sanitation Campaign

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Augsburg ◽  
Juan Pablo Baquero ◽  
Sanghmitra Gautam ◽  
Paul Rodriguez-Lesmes
Keyword(s):  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Marriage Markets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Asymmetry ◽  
Marital Behavior

This paper analyses the marriage decisions of men and women, focusing on the added attractiveness of sanitation within the living arrangement, in rural India. We exploit district and time variation from the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) which increased sanitation by 6.6 percent among households with marriage eligible children and generated an exogenous increase in the composition of households with sanitation. Using data from the Indian Human Development household survey (IHDS) and district level census, we show that exposure to TSC increased the probability of marriage for men and women, from poorer households, by 3.8 pp and 6.5 pp respectively. The reduced form estimates incorporate both general equilibrium effects and heterogeneous program effects – two important components of equilibrium marital behavior. To decompose the overall policy impact on marriage market equilibrium we formulate a simple matching model where men and women match on observed and unobserved characteristics. Through model simulations, we show that cohorts within TSC exposed markets experienced a shift in marital gains both across matches but also within a given match. Specifically, the resultant sorting patterns display a marked gender asymmetry with an increase in marital surplus among matches where men are wealthier than their spouse, and a decrease in surplus where the wife is wealthier. Moreover, the increased access to sanitation for TSC exposed women implied a decline in their expected control over resources within the marriage.

scholarly journals Earnings Differences among Senior University Administrators: Evidence by Gender and Academic Field

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-40
Author(s):  
Colin F. Mang
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
University Administrators ◽  
Vice Presidents ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Female Administrators ◽  
Career Experience ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Professional Fields

This study examines earnings inequality by gender and academic field among senior university administrators, including presidents, vice presidents, associate and assistant vice presidents, and deans, using data from the Canadian province of Ontario. While a 4.4 percent earnings gap between male and female administrators is initially identified, much of the gap is explained by earnings inequality across academic fields and by the career experience of the administrators. Administrators who specialize in professional fields such as engineering, health sciences, law, and social work earn between 12 percent and 33 percent more than administrators who specialize in liberal fields in the humanities and social sciences.

A COMPARISON OF FEMALE- AND MALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS IN TANZANIA AND POVERTY IMPLICATIONS

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. KATAPA
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Female Headed Households ◽  
Logit Regression Model

Female- and male-headed households were compared using data from a Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Tanzania in 1996. Chi-squared tests showed that sex of head of household was highly significantly associated with: residence, household size and composition, radio ownership, having enough food to eat, and age and marital status of head of household. An analysis by the logit regression model showed that female-headed households were more likely than male-headed households to be in rural areas, be small, have fewer men, not have radios and not have enough food to eat. The majority of female heads of households were unmarried and older than male heads of households. The implication is that female-headed households are poorer than male-headed households.

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