scholarly journals Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede’s Thoughts on Ethics: Synthesizing Peripatetic Philosophy and Sufi Thought in Ishrāqī Wisdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-186
Author(s):  
İlker Kömbe
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Spiritual Struggle ◽  
Household Management ◽  
Philosophical Ethics ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
And Behaviors

This article analyzes the chapter on ethics from Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede’s (d.1702) commentary Sharḥ al-Akhlāq al-‘Aḍuḍ, a practical philosophy of ethics, household management, and politics. Müneccimbaşı lived from the mid-17th to the beginning of the 18 th century in the Ottoman period. Firstly, considering the period in which Müneccimbaşı’s commentary was written, it can be seen as a renewal and adjustment of the old tradition in terms of moral/practical philosophy. However, in the context of philosophical ethics, the commentary aimed to renew and update the ancient philosophy not as a separation of methods but within the framework of expanding the area of integrated methods. The second aim expressed the problematic of combining peripatetic philosophy’s virtue theory with the method of purification and abstraction from physical, bodily pleasure and other things through mujāhada [spiritual struggle] and riyāḍa [asceticism] in Sufi thought in order to see and know the essence of the absolute lights, which is the purpose of Ishrāqī wisdom. Accordingly, virtue theory involves having the temperaments and behaviors arising from the powers of desire and anger from the human soul become mediocre and moderate in terms of quantity and quality through wisdom.

Greatness of Soul

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-64
Author(s):  
Sophia Vasalou
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Philosophical Ethics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Greatness Of Soul ◽  
Religious Morality ◽  
Ideal Part

Part 1 explores how thinkers in the Islamic world received the ancient virtue of greatness of soul by focusing on one particular ‘virtue of greatness’ found in works of Arabic philosophical ethics. Greatness of soul appears in the works of prominent Muslim thinkers such as al-Fārābī, Miskawayh, and al-Ghazālī under the Arabic term kibar al-nafs. In Miskawayh’s and al-Ghazālī’s classifications of the virtues and vices, it is defined in terms approximating to Aristotle’s account. The overall treatment of the virtue is cursory yet apparently approving. This will seem surprising given the oft-remarked conflict of the virtue, particularly in its Aristotelian version, with an ideal of humility. Did thinkers in the Arabic tradition take a different view of this ideal? Part 1 investigates this question by offering a substantive reading of Miskawayh’s and, more concertedly, al-Ghazālī’s account of the ethics of esteem and self-esteem. There are delicate interpretive issues to be navigated in piecing together an account of al-Ghazālī’s ethical commitments. Yet the author’s conclusion is that al-Ghazālī privileges the virtue of humility and denigrates the status of honour as a good. The virtue of magnanimity he incorporates in his tables of the virtues thus appears to be in profound conflict with his considered ethical viewpoint, and with values central to Islamic religious morality more broadly. Why then does al-Ghazālī (like Miskawayh) pass this conflict over in silence? Part 1 concludes with some suggestions about this puzzle and about what it may have to tell us about these thinkers’ engagement with ancient philosophy.

Innateness in ancient philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Scott
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Human Learning ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
Moral Concepts ◽  
The Mind

The idea that knowledge exists latently in the mind, independently of sense experience, is put forward in three of Plato’s dialogues: the Meno, the Phaedo and the Phaedrus. The claim is that the human soul exists before it enters a body, and that in its pre-existent state it knows certain things, which it forgets at birth. What we call ‘learning’ during our mortal lives is in fact nothing but the recollection of pre-existent knowledge. In a particularly famous passage in the dialogue the Meno, the character Socrates sets an uneducated slave boy a geometrical puzzle. After asking a series of questions, he elicits the correct answer from the boy, which he claims existed in him all along, merely needing to be aroused by the process of recollection. Aristotle dismisses recollection quite brusquely and tries to explain human learning by appeal to sense perception. In post-Aristotelian philosophy, it unclear how far any theory of innateness was accepted. Most probably, the Stoics thought that in some sense moral concepts and beliefs arise from human nature, though they did not endorse a theory of pre-existence or recollection.

scholarly journals RELEVANSI TASAWUF DI ERA MODERN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Sirajuddin Zar
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Psychological Problem ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Islamic Mysticism ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Supreme Being

Islam is not just a legalistic-formalistic side, but it also has an esoteric dimension. Sufism is an important element in Islam which is more focused on the esoteric aspects of Islam. This inward aspect of Islam is more influenced by feelings (zauq) and is personal and in re-vealing its teachings often uses figurative words (matsal) and symbols (ramz). The aim of the Sufi is toget as close as possible to God, so that he can see God with the eyes of the heart, even his spirit can be united with the spirit of God. Islamic mysticism does not deny science, even Islamic mysticism contributes a lot of ideas in the fields of philosophy, literature, music, dance, psychology, and modern science. The problem of alienation is a psychological problem. Humans play a role as the cause of the emergence of alienation and at the same time as a victim who must bear the consequences. In the context of Islamic teachings, to overcome the alienation of the human soul and free from the pain of alienation, it must instead make God the ultimate goal, the Supreme Being and the Absolute. All relative and relative existence is meaning-less before the existence of the absolute.

scholarly journals A CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO SHANKARA'S DOCTRINE OF NON-DUALITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-336
Author(s):  
Muriwali Yanto Matalu
Keyword(s):  
New Age ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Christian Apologetics ◽  
Absolute Basis

This article describes Shankara's doctrine of non-duality and makes a Christian response. Dealing with the thought of this Indian great Philosopher is not an exaggerating effort for the concept of non- duality prevails in this New Age era. Terms such as Brahman (the absolute reality), Atman (the absolute basis of human soul which is identical to Brahman), and maya (illusion) are not peculiar to those who are familiar with the teaching of the today's New Age gurus, for instance, Deepak Chopra. Hence, my effort to react through the lens of the Christian faith will be worthwhile particularly to enrich our understanding in the realm of Christian apologetics. Here, my response shows the inherent metaphysical, logical, and ethical problems of Shankara's non-duality which he expounds in concepts like Brahman, Atman, and maya.

scholarly journals Ibn ‘Arabi’s View on Love

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
M. Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Method ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Ibn Arabi ◽  
Descriptive Method

Scholars seem to have been interested in the world of Sufism since long time ago. Some of them have begun to study about Sufism deeply, and the results are different; some of them have gotten objective one but unfortunately, some have been mistaken. Ibn ‘Arabi is one of the prominent Sufis whom they put as the object study. He is indeed controversial for his statements. However many Sufis entitled him as the great master, “Syaikh Al-Akbar”, the title which never been given to any Sufis after him and before him. Recently his thought has been regarded carrying on it the idea of pantheism, transcendentalism, and even pluralism. Some scholars use his oft-quoted ode which contains that he followed “religion of love”, “…Adinu Bidin Al Hub Anna Tawajjahat Rakayibuhu Fal Hubbu Dini Wa Imani…”, to back up their concept. According to them no matter what religion it is, as long as it stands on love, those religions lead to the same summit. And this would have to be revised for Ibn ‘Arabi never meant that. Based on the case mentioned above, the writer tries to study Ibn ‘Arabi’s thought especially about his view on love to find out whether that accusation on him true or false. To get better result in his study, the writer collects some data which are related to this study which consist of Ibn ‘Arabi’s works and some other commentaries on him written by some scholars. Later, those data will be analyzed using integrated methods i.e.; descriptive method, analytical method, and critical method.                                                                                                  The writer concludes some important points which have to be noticed well. That Ibn ‘Arabi’s entire concepts are based on his wahdatul wujud includes his concept of love. As well as his wahdatul wujud, his view on love doesn’t stand for any idea of pantheist nor transcendentalist, nor even pluralist. According to him, Allah SWT is the source of all love which evokes another love that he divided into four divisions. And then he discussed that love is such fitrah of poverty (al iftiqar) toward Allah SWT which exists in the deepest of human soul, and it is beauty which make people love Allah SWT because He Almighty is beautiful. Further, Ibn ‘Arabi stated emphatically that he followed “religion of love” which refers to religion (al din) based on love brought by Muhammad SAW for Allah SWT loves Him SAW. Finally, the writer comes to a conclusion that to love Allah SWT is to love His Almighty Messenger, Muhammad SAW, because it is the essence of loving Him Almighty. And to love Muhammad SAW is to follow his orders and to stay away from his prohibitions which are written in his laws (syari’at) which determined by Allah SWT. Thus, what Ibn ‘Arabi and other Sufis as such Al Ghazali suggested in their works.

The Relevance of the Logical Method for Hegel’s Practical Philosophy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Nuzzo
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Science Of Logic ◽  
Absolute Method ◽  
Logic Of Action ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
The Absolute

This chapter examines the relevance of the “absolute method” developed in Hegel’s Science of Logic for his practical philosophy or philosophy of objective spirit. It argues, first, that the fruitfulness and vitality of Hegel’s practical philosophy as a whole depends in a fundamental way on two conditions, namely, (i) on its being conceived as part of a system of philosophy, and (ii) on its being based on the logic as the first part of the system. It argues, second, that the “absolute method” with which Hegel concludes the Logic presents the structure of a “logic of action.” It follows that since the Science of Logic itself is developed on the basis of the method, the logic is the foundational part of Hegel’s practical philosophy. Ultimately, the chapter contends that this is Hegel’s transformation and radicalization of Kant’s claim of the primacy of practical reason.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Containing Parallel Tubular Arrays in Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalo-Virus Mononucleosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
C. M. Payne ◽  
P. M. Tennican
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tubular Arrays

In the normal peripheral circulation there exists a sub-population of lymphocytes which is ultrastructurally distinct. This lymphocyte is identified under the electron microscope by the presence of cytoplasmic microtubular-like inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) (Figure 1), and contains Fc-receptors for cytophilic antibody. In this study, lymphocytes containing PTA (PTA-lymphocytes) were quantitated from serial peripheral blood specimens obtained from two patients with Epstein -Barr Virus mononucleosis and two patients with cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. This data was then correlated with the clinical state of the patient.It was determined that both the percentage and absolute number of PTA- lymphocytes was highest during the acute phase of the illness. In follow-up specimens, three of the four patients' absolute lymphocyte count fell to within normal limits before the absolute PTA-lymphocyte count.In one patient who was followed for almost a year, the absolute PTA- lymphocyte count was consistently elevated (Figure 2). The estimation of absolute PTA-lymphocyte counts was determined to be valid after a morphometric analysis of the cellular areas occupied by PTA during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease revealed no statistical differences.

Polarity Determination in Sphalerite and Wurtzite Structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Polar Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polarity Determination ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.

Bioterrorism-Related Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors of Community-Based Clinicians

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. S48
Author(s):  
Robyn R. M. Gershon ◽  
Kristine A. Qureshi ◽  
Stephen S. Morse ◽  
Marissa A. Berrera ◽  
Catherine B. Dela Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Community Based ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors
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