scholarly journals All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fasano
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Improved hygiene leading to reduced exposure to microorganisms has been implicated as one possible cause for the recent “epidemic” of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) in industrialized countries. That is the essence of the hygiene hypothesis that argues that rising incidence of CIDs may be, at least in part, the result of lifestyle and environmental changes that have made us too “clean” for our own good, so causing changes in our microbiota. Apart from genetic makeup and exposure to environmental triggers, inappropriate increase in intestinal permeability (which may be influenced by the composition of the gut microbiota), a “hyper-belligerent” immune system responsible for the tolerance–immune response balance, and the composition of gut microbiome and its epigenetic influence on the host genomic expression have been identified as three additional elements in causing CIDs. During the past decade, a growing number of publications have focused on human genetics, the gut microbiome, and proteomics, suggesting that loss of mucosal barrier function, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, may substantially affect antigen trafficking, ultimately influencing the close bidirectional interaction between gut microbiome and our immune system. This cross-talk is highly influential in shaping the host gut immune system function and ultimately shifting genetic predisposition to clinical outcome. This observation led to a re-visitation of the possible causes of CIDs epidemics, suggesting a key pathogenic role of gut permeability. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that the zonulin family, a group of proteins modulating gut permeability, is implicated in a variety of CIDs, including autoimmune, infective, metabolic, and tumoral diseases. These data offer novel therapeutic targets for a variety of CIDs in which the zonulin pathway is implicated in their pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Immune System of the Intestinal Mucosa

Immuno ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-594
Author(s):  
Takehiro Hirano ◽  
Hiroshi Nakase
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The gut microbiota has diverse microbial components, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The interaction between gut microbiome components and immune responses has been studied extensively over the last decade. Several studies have reported the potential role of the gut microbiome in maintaining gut homeostasis and the development of disease. The commensal microbiome can preserve the integrity of the mucosal barrier by acting on the host immune system. Contrastingly, dysbiosis-induced inflammation can lead to the initiation and progression of several diseases through inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. In this review, we describe the multifaceted effects of the gut microbiota on several diseases from the perspective of mucosal immunological responses.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients: How Can Pulmonary Dysfunctions Improve?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva ◽  
Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira ◽  
Alberto José da Silva Duarte ◽  
Maria Notomi Sato ◽  
Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lung Health

Nutrition is an important tool that can be used to modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. In addition, through diet, important substrates are acquired for the biosynthesis of regulatory molecules in the immune response, influencing the progression and treatment of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this way, nutrition can promote lung health status. A range of nutrients, such as vitamins (A, C, D, and E), minerals (zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium), flavonoids and fatty acids, play important roles in reducing the risk of pulmonary chronic diseases and viral infections. Through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, nutrients are associated with better lung function and a lower risk of complications since they can decrease the harmful effects from the immune system during the inflammatory response. In addition, bioactive compounds can even contribute to epigenetic changes, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) modifications that inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the context of infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. These nutrients also play an important role in activating immune responses against pathogens, which can help the immune system during infections. Here, we provide an updated overview of the roles played by dietary factors and how they can affect respiratory health. Therefore, we will show the anti-inflammatory role of flavonoids, fatty acids, vitamins and microbiota, important for the control of chronic inflammatory diseases and allergies, in addition to the antiviral role of vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals during pulmonary viral infections, addressing the mechanisms involved in each function. These mechanisms are interesting in the discussion of perspectives associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its pulmonary complications since patients with severe disease have vitamins deficiency, especially vitamin D. In addition, researches with the use of flavonoids have been shown to decrease viral replication in vitro. This way, a full understanding of dietary influences can improve the lung health of patients.

scholarly journals The relevance of probiotics in Caesarean-born neonates

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Hanna E Sidjabat ◽  
Alaa Mohammed Ali Alsaggaf ◽  
Akshatha Gopalakrishna ◽  
Evelyn Nadar ◽  
Adam Irwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Bifidobacterium Breve ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neonatal Immune System ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

There is growing interest in the use of probiotics in neonates. In particular, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and B. longum have been well studied. Caesarean-section (CS)-born infants often lack Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp., which showed increasing evidence in establishing the neonatal immune system. Furthermore, CS increases the difficulties for mothers in initiating and sustaining breastfeeding. Increasing evidence shows CS-born infants are more susceptible to allergy, infections and chronic inflammatory diseases later in life. The number of CS births has increased continuously, now accounting for 35% of all deliveries Australia wide. In this context, probiotics may have a role in establishing a healthy neonatal gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Mechanizmy COVID-19 a układ odpornościowy i jego starzenie

Kosmos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
Jacek M. Witkowski ◽  
Ewa Bryl
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Old People ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Elderly And Old People

Epidemiological studies concerning the new coronavirus disease called COVID-19 show that elderly and old people are more susceptible to symptomatic, severe course of the disease, and also to death as its consequence. These age groups frequently suffer from associated, aging-related, chronic inflammatory diseases, in the case of COVID-19 described as co-morbidities. This paper describes the mechanisms of infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus and the development of acute COVID-19 and of its chronic form called long COVID, as well as the participation of various components of the immune system in the development and course of  this disease in the context of changing properties (aging) of both the innate and adaptive immunity in the elderly. In particular, the role of two key phenomena occurring in the aging immune system and precipitating or at least facilitating the aging-related diseases including COVID-19, namely the immunosenescence and inflammaging, is discussed.

Centering microbes in the emerging role of integrative biology in understanding environmental change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebony I Weems ◽  
Noé U de la Sancha ◽  
Laurel J Anderson ◽  
Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio ◽  
Ronaldo P Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Integrative Biology ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Ecosystem Disturbance

Synopsis We argue that the current environmental changes stressing the Earth’s biological systems urgently require study from an integrated perspective to reveal unexpected, cross-scale interactions, particularly between microbes and macroscale phenomena. Such interactions are the basis of a mechanistic understanding of the important connections between deforestation and emerging infectious disease, feedback between ecosystem disturbance and the gut microbiome, and the cross-scale effects of environmental pollutants. These kinds of questions can be answered with existing techniques and data, but a concerted effort is necessary to better coordinate studies and data sets from different disciplines to fully leverage their potential.

The role of probiotics and postbiotics in modulating the gut microbiome-immune system axis in the pediatric age

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura CARUCCI ◽  
Serena COPPOLA ◽  
Anna LUZZETTI ◽  
Veronica GIGLIO ◽  
Jon VANDERHOOF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
System Axis

The probiotic supplementation role in improving the immune system among people with ulcerative colitis: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana M. Agraib ◽  
Mohammed I. Yamani ◽  
Yaser Mohammed Rayyan ◽  
Awni Taleb Abu-Sneineh ◽  
Tarek A. Tamimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current evidence on probiotics’ uses as an adjuvant for ulcerative colitis (UC) and provide an understanding of the effect of probiotics supplement on the immune system and inflammatory responses among UC patients and subsequent therapeutic benefits. Content A narrative review of all the relevant published papers known to the author was conducted. Summary UC is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that results in inflammation and ulceration of the colon and rectum. The primary symptoms of active disease are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. About 70% of the human immune system (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue) originates in the intestine. Probiotics are live microorganisms that help in stabilizing the gut microbiota (nonimmunologic gut defense), restores normal flora, and enhance the humoral immune system. Probiotics especially Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces boulardii, and lactic acid-producing bacteria have been used as an adjunct therapy for treating UC to ameliorate disease-related symptoms and reduce relapse rate. Probiotics, in general, modulate the immune system through their ability to enhance the mucosal barrier function, or through their interaction with the local immune system to enhance regulatory T cell responses, decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and increase anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10. Outlook More studies are needed to explore the properties of the various probiotic bacterial strains, their different uses, as well as the dosage of probiotics and duration for treating different disorders. Further clinical investigations on mechanisms of action and how probiotics modulate the immune system may lead to further advances in managing IBD.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Breaking down chronic inflammatory diseases: the role of biglycan in promoting a switch between inflammation and autophagy

FEBS Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (15) ◽  
pp. 2965-2979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Roedig ◽  
Madalina Viviana Nastase ◽  
Malgorzata Wygrecka ◽  
Liliana Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

scholarly journals Sepsis and the Microbiome: A Vicious Cycle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D Miller ◽  
Robert Keskey ◽  
John C Alverdy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Fecal Transplant ◽  
Suspected Infection

Abstract Although sepsis has been characterized as a dysregulated immune response to an ongoing or suspected infection, the role of the microbiome as a key influencer of the septic response is emerging. The unavoidable disruption of the microbiome while treating sepsis with antibiotics can itself result in immune system dysregulation, further exacerbating the course and outcome of sepsis. Alterations in the gut microbiome as a result of sepsis and its treatment have been implicated in the organ dysfunction typical of sepsis across a wide variety of tissues including the lung, kidney and brain. A number of microbiota directed interventions are currently under investigation in the setting of sepsis including fecal transplant, the administration of dietary fiber in enteral feeding products and the use of antibiotic scavengers that are directed at attenuating the effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiota while allowing them to concentrate at the primary sites of infection. Taken together, the emerging role of the gut microbiome in sepsis touches various elements of the pathophysiology of sepsis and its treatment, and provides yet another reason to consider the judicious use of antibiotics via antibiotic stewardship programs.

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