scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Role of Nutrients: How Can Pulmonary Dysfunctions Improve?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Cristina Gozzi-Silva ◽  
Franciane Mouradian Emidio Teixeira ◽  
Alberto José da Silva Duarte ◽  
Maria Notomi Sato ◽  
Luana de Mendonça Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Lung Health

Nutrition is an important tool that can be used to modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. In addition, through diet, important substrates are acquired for the biosynthesis of regulatory molecules in the immune response, influencing the progression and treatment of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this way, nutrition can promote lung health status. A range of nutrients, such as vitamins (A, C, D, and E), minerals (zinc, selenium, iron, and magnesium), flavonoids and fatty acids, play important roles in reducing the risk of pulmonary chronic diseases and viral infections. Through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, nutrients are associated with better lung function and a lower risk of complications since they can decrease the harmful effects from the immune system during the inflammatory response. In addition, bioactive compounds can even contribute to epigenetic changes, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) modifications that inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in the context of infections and chronic inflammatory diseases. These nutrients also play an important role in activating immune responses against pathogens, which can help the immune system during infections. Here, we provide an updated overview of the roles played by dietary factors and how they can affect respiratory health. Therefore, we will show the anti-inflammatory role of flavonoids, fatty acids, vitamins and microbiota, important for the control of chronic inflammatory diseases and allergies, in addition to the antiviral role of vitamins, flavonoids, and minerals during pulmonary viral infections, addressing the mechanisms involved in each function. These mechanisms are interesting in the discussion of perspectives associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its pulmonary complications since patients with severe disease have vitamins deficiency, especially vitamin D. In addition, researches with the use of flavonoids have been shown to decrease viral replication in vitro. This way, a full understanding of dietary influences can improve the lung health of patients.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
José João Name ◽  
Ana Carolina Remondi Souza ◽  
Andrea Rodrigues Vasconcelos ◽  
Pietra Sacramento Prado ◽  
Carolina Parga Martins Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
And Function

Some nutrients play key roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the immune system, presenting synergistic actions in steps determinant for the immune response. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the immune system to prevent or lower the risk of severe progression and prognosis of this viral infection become relevant. Thus, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of zinc and vitamins C and D in the immune response to viral infections, focusing on the synergistic action of these nutrients in the maintenance of physical tissue barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The evidence found in the literature shows that deficiency of one or more of these three elements compromises the immune response, making an individual more vulnerable to viral infections and to a worse disease prognosis. Thus, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequate intake of zinc and vitamins C and D may represent a promising pharmacological tool due to the high demand for these nutrients in the case of contact with the virus and onset of the inflammatory process. Ongoing clinical trials will help to clarify the role of these nutrients for COVID-19 management.

scholarly journals Tablet Swasvin D Vyro (Virofight) - A Proven Solution for any Viral Infection, Immunity and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Dr. Smita Naram ◽  
Dr. Deepak Mahajan ◽  
Dr. Hemang Parekh ◽  
Dr. Ronak Naik
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
First Response ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Work Done

Viral infections commonly affect both the respiratory tract, upper and lower. The first response of the immune system to the infection is Inflammation. This inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines, which are released by injured or infected cells. The immune modulation with Ayurvedic formulations as a possible therapeutic measures is need of the hour nowadays. The ancient Indian medicinal system of Ayurveda has a scope of treating many diseases by the theory of Rasayana, in other terms called preparations from plant or herbal source, including immune modulatory properties. In this article, we want to validate immunemodulatory, anti-inflammatory anti-viral role of Tablet Swasvin D vyro (Virofight) with the reference of some previous work done. In conclusion, we can say that Swasvin D vyro (Virofight) tablet is the best effective immune-modulatory, as it augments the cell-mediated as well as humeral mediated immune response, it is antiviral as it can inhibit replication of several viruses. It is anti-inflammatory by inhibiting various cytokine producing pathways, it has anti-oxidant and antiulcer properties.

scholarly journals Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers on antiviral and allergic responses. EAACI task force on eicosanoids consensus report in times of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Sokolowska ◽  
G Enrico Rovati ◽  
Zuzana Diamant ◽  
Eva Untersmayr ◽  
Jürgen Schwarze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Prostaglandin D2 ◽  
Asthma Exacerbations ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Consensus Report

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers are among the most ubiquitously used medications in the general population. Their broad anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects are applied against symptoms of respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV-2, as well as in other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that often coexist with allergy and asthma. However, the current pandemic of COVID-19 also revealed the gaps in our understanding of their mechanism of action, selectivity and interactions not only during viral infections and inflammation, but also in asthma exacerbations, uncontrolled allergic inflammation, and NSAIDs-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). In this context, the consensus report summarises currently available knowledge, novel discoveries and controversies regarding the use of NSAIDs in COVID-19, and the role of NSAIDs in asthma and viral asthma exacerbations. We also describe here novel mechanisms of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), outline how to predict responses to LTRA therapy and discuss a potential role of LTRA therapy in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we discuss interactions of novel T2 biologicals and other eicosanoid pathway modifiers on the horizon, such as prostaglandin D2 antagonists and cannabinoids, with eicosanoid pathways, in context of viral infections and exacerbations of asthma and allergic diseases. Finally, we identify and summarise the major knowledge gaps and unmet needs in current eicosanoid research.

scholarly journals The Role of the Immune System in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer: From Pro to Anti-Tumorigenic Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12739
Author(s):  
Sofía Frigerio ◽  
Dalia A. Lartey ◽  
Geert R. D’Haens ◽  
Joep Grootjans
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated cancer follows a well-characterized sequence of intestinal epithelial changes, in which genetic mutations and molecular aberrations play a key role. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory immune cells, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. In recent years, the effect of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer development and progression has gained more attention, mainly because of the unprecedented anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected groups of patients. Even though IBD-associated cancer develops in the background of chronic inflammation which is associated with activation of endogenous anti-inflammatory or suppressive mechanisms, the potential role of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in these cancers is largely unknown. In this review, we outline the role of the immune system in promoting cancer development in chronic inflammatory diseases such as IBD, with a specific focus on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and suppressive immune cells that may play a role in IBD-associated tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of the Role of Beta-Hydroxy Fatty Acids on Chronic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Soydan ◽  
H. S. Dokmetas ◽  
M. Cetin ◽  
A. Koyuncu ◽  
E. Kaptanoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽  
Sterile Inflammation ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

β-hydroxy fatty acids are a major component of lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccaride. We aimed to investigate the role of freeβ-hydroxy fatty acids on inflammation, as well as to evaluate their effects on cytokine release from human blood cells, and whether they exist in plasma of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases with/without insulin resistance. Peripheral venous blood was incubated withβ-hydroxy lauric andβ-hydroxy myristic acids (each 100 ng, 1μg, 10μg/mL) up to 24 hours. Cytokines were measured from culture media and plasma. Free fatty acids and biochemical parameters were also measured from patients' plasma. Onlyβ-hydroxy lauric acid significantly stimulated interleukin-6 production at 10μg/mL compared to control (533.9±218.1versus438.3±219.6pg/mL,P<.05). However, freeβ-hydroxy lauric and myristic acids were not found in patients' plasma. Therefore, freeβ-hydroxy lauric and myristic acids do not seem to have a role on sterile inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases associated with insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Mechanizmy COVID-19 a układ odpornościowy i jego starzenie

Kosmos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
Jacek M. Witkowski ◽  
Ewa Bryl
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Old People ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Elderly And Old People

Epidemiological studies concerning the new coronavirus disease called COVID-19 show that elderly and old people are more susceptible to symptomatic, severe course of the disease, and also to death as its consequence. These age groups frequently suffer from associated, aging-related, chronic inflammatory diseases, in the case of COVID-19 described as co-morbidities. This paper describes the mechanisms of infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus and the development of acute COVID-19 and of its chronic form called long COVID, as well as the participation of various components of the immune system in the development and course of  this disease in the context of changing properties (aging) of both the innate and adaptive immunity in the elderly. In particular, the role of two key phenomena occurring in the aging immune system and precipitating or at least facilitating the aging-related diseases including COVID-19, namely the immunosenescence and inflammaging, is discussed.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Our Understanding of HLA-G Biology: Lessons from a Wide Spectrum of Human Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Morandi ◽  
Roberta Rizzo ◽  
Enrico Fainardi ◽  
Nathalie Rouas-Freiss ◽  
Vito Pistoia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Immune Effector Cells ◽  
Hematological Tumors

HLA-G is a HLA-class Ib molecule with potent immunomodulatory activities, which is expressed in physiological conditions, where modulation of the immune response is required to avoid allograft recognition (i.e., maternal-fetal interface or transplanted patients). However, HLA-G can be expressedde novoat high levels in several pathological conditions, including solid and hematological tumors and during microbial or viral infections, leading to the impairment of the immune response against tumor cells or pathogens, respectively. On the other hand, the loss of HLA-G mediated control of the immune responses may lead to the onset of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, caused by an uncontrolled activation of the immune effector cells. Here, we have reviewed novel findings on HLA-G functions in different physiological and pathological settings, which have been published in the last two years. These studies further confirmed the important role of this molecule in the modulation of the immune system.

scholarly journals All disease begins in the (leaky) gut: role of zonulin-mediated gut permeability in the pathogenesis of some chronic inflammatory diseases

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Fasano
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Improved hygiene leading to reduced exposure to microorganisms has been implicated as one possible cause for the recent “epidemic” of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) in industrialized countries. That is the essence of the hygiene hypothesis that argues that rising incidence of CIDs may be, at least in part, the result of lifestyle and environmental changes that have made us too “clean” for our own good, so causing changes in our microbiota. Apart from genetic makeup and exposure to environmental triggers, inappropriate increase in intestinal permeability (which may be influenced by the composition of the gut microbiota), a “hyper-belligerent” immune system responsible for the tolerance–immune response balance, and the composition of gut microbiome and its epigenetic influence on the host genomic expression have been identified as three additional elements in causing CIDs. During the past decade, a growing number of publications have focused on human genetics, the gut microbiome, and proteomics, suggesting that loss of mucosal barrier function, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract, may substantially affect antigen trafficking, ultimately influencing the close bidirectional interaction between gut microbiome and our immune system. This cross-talk is highly influential in shaping the host gut immune system function and ultimately shifting genetic predisposition to clinical outcome. This observation led to a re-visitation of the possible causes of CIDs epidemics, suggesting a key pathogenic role of gut permeability. Pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that the zonulin family, a group of proteins modulating gut permeability, is implicated in a variety of CIDs, including autoimmune, infective, metabolic, and tumoral diseases. These data offer novel therapeutic targets for a variety of CIDs in which the zonulin pathway is implicated in their pathogenesis.

Role of Rasayana in Prevention of COVID-19 - A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 716-722
Author(s):  
Sneha Dhakite ◽  
Sadhana Misar Wajpeyi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Healthy Life Style ◽  
And Control

The “Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)” is caused by “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)”, a newly discovered member of the Coronaviridae family of viruses which is a highly communicable. There is no effective medical treatment till date for Coronavirus disease hence prevention is the best way to keep disease away. Rasayana proved to be highly efficacious and cost effective for the Prevention and Control of viral infections when vaccines and standard therapies are lacking. Rasayana Chikitsa is one of the eight branches of Ashtanga Ayurveda which helps to maintain healthy life style. Rasayana improves immunity and performs many vital functions of human body. Vyadhikshamatva that is immune mechanism of the body is involved in Prevention of the occurrence of a new disease and it also decreases the virulence and progression of an existing disease. In COVID-19 the Respiratory system mainly get affected which is evident from its symptoms like cold, cough and breathlessness. Here the drugs help in enhancing immune system and strengthening functions of Respiratory system can be useful. For this purpose, the Rasayana like Chyavanprasha, Agastya Haritaki, Pippali Rasayana, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu, Haridra, Ashwagandha, Tulsi are used. Rasayana working on Respiratory system are best for Prevention of Coronavirus and boosting immune system. Rasayana Chikitsa can be effective in the Prevention as well as reducing symptoms of COVID-19.

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