scholarly journals The accuracy of Infrared sensor detection in a smart toilet

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 949
Author(s):  
Amar Lokman ◽  
Kirenraj Rajendran ◽  
R Kanesaraj Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Actual Distance ◽  
Ir Sensor ◽  
Actual Reading ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Sensor Detection ◽  
Normal Angle

Background: Infrared (IR) sensors are useful tools for detecting distance and proximity. However, these sensors are not good at detecting edges of an area, therefore when used in a smart toilet it has difficulty in detecting the orientation and position of the user’s body. The aim of this study was to design an IR sensor for a smart toilet with a more accurate and consistent detection.  Methods: A total of 12(six men and six women) participants with different body types were involved in this study. IR sensor detection was tested in the sitting and squatting toilets. For the best accuracy, the  IR sensor's angle was measured. Red, blue, and red-blue plastic covers were used, as these colors improve precision. The microcontroller was  set up to calculate the participant’s distance and presence in the cubicle.    Results:  Toilet positioning varied greatly depending on whether one is sitting or squatting. For sitting toilet, the red cover was close to the accurate distance at a 172˚ angle. IR detected a man but not a woman's body. The blue cover provided the same best angle of 172˚ with a higher sensor distance. When the red and blue cover combination was applied, the reading of 141cm detected both men and women, at 172˚  angle. The actual distance for squatting toilets  was 158cm. The optimal angle for both red and blue covers was 176˚, however the sensor distance was greater for the blue cover. Finally, the red and blue cover combination gave a more accurate distance of up to 163cm from the actual reading, when detecting both genders at a normal angle of 76˚.  Conclusion: The combination of red and blue cover gave the most accurate detection for the squatting and sitting toilets. The best angle for sitting was 172˚, and for squatting was 176˚.

scholarly journals Speed Sensing Machine using Arduino

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 4394-4401
Author(s):  
G. Pavan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Management System ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Ir Sensor ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Lcd Display ◽  
Human Management ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

There are certain rules that some authorities have introduced in case of violation of fastmoving vehicles. Most importantly determine any country regulation on certain roads that is, you will be breaking the law if the speed of your car exceeds this the limit. IR sensors are a large part of a project that detects car speed. Generally, you will be able to use set up IR Sensors on many ways but during this project, we used 2 IR Sensors models and set them 10cm apart. When the moving vehicle reaches the main sensor, the IR Sensor is activated. From this moment on, the timer has been started and can still save time until the car reaches the 2nd IR sensor. By imitating the gap in the middle 2 sensors at 5 meters, you will count the speed at which the vehicle has moved from 1st IR Sensor to 2nd IR Sensor as expected to verify the detection in kmph. All statistics and data collection are done in Arduino and therefore the end is shown in the 16X2 LCD display. This route was introduced to detect the speed of the car or a person in general and a warning to people who go along with providing an automatic buzzer. Currently, a RADAR gun or LIDARs are widely used to speed up the acquisition but require someone to pull the impact of finding speed. during this work it has been proven that automation provides better performance than human management system.

MOTIF DAN DAMPAK PERNIKAHAN DINI DI INDARUNG NGALAU BATU GADANG

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Murisal Murisal
Keyword(s):  
Young Men ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Home Life ◽  
Family Household ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Husband And Wife

Motif and Impact of Early Marriage in Indarung Ngalau Batu Gadang.Penelitian is motivated by teenagers who married early on. Today, young men and women have a tendency to be less prepared to enter the home life, they are only ready to marry (ready here can be interpreted, maturity in terms of financial, understand what the meaning of marriage according to marriage law) is the bond of inner birth between a man and a woman as husband and wife for the purpose of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on the Supreme Godhead while they are not ready to set up a home, whereas to build a household requires preparation both physically and spiritually . The purpose of this study to determine the motives underlying adolescents to make early marriage and the impact caused in the household as a result of the marriage.

scholarly journals Optimum three-point linkage set up for improving the quality of soil spectra and the accuracy of soil phosphorus measured using an on-line visible and near infrared sensor

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Mouazen ◽  
M.R. Maleki ◽  
L. Cockx ◽  
M. Van Meirvenne ◽  
L.H.J. Van Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
On Line ◽  
Set Up

Erwärmung von Kugelgewindetrieben*/Heating of ball screws - Time- and position-dependent heat sources in thermal simulations and experiments

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (07-08) ◽  
pp. 475-481
Author(s):  
W. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Ball Screw ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Transient Model ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Thermal Transient ◽  
Thermal Simulations

In diesem Fachaufsatz wird die Entwicklung eines thermischen „Matlab Simscape“-Modells vorgestellt. Das geometrisch und zeitlich thermisch transiente Modell „SimTherm“ erlaubt die Berechnung der Erwärmung und Ausdehnung eines Kugelgewindetriebs. Das Modell wird anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen bezüglich der Temperaturverteilung validiert. Die Temperaturen der Kugelgewindetrieb-Spindel werden hierbei ortsvariabel mittels eines Infrarot (IR)-Sensors lokal auf der Spindeloberfläche ermittelt.   This paper presents the development of a thermal “Matlab Simscape“ model. The geometrically and timewise thermal-transient model called “SimTherm“ makes it possible to calculate the temperature and the expansion of ball screws. The model is validated with experimental temperature tests. The temperature of the ball screw spindle is established locally on the spindle surface by using an infrared sensor.

scholarly journals Weavers & Warriors? Gender and Online Identity in 1997 and 2007 V1.0

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Ruane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Online Identity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Online Interactions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Active Exploration

In 1997 the Internet was seen by many as a tool for radical reinterpretation of physicality and gender. Cybertheorists predicted we would leave our bodies behind and interact online as disembodied minds, and that the technology would reshape the way we saw ourselves. However, physicality has proved to be an inextricable part of all our interactions. Changing Internet technology has allowed Net users to find a myriad ways to perform and express their gender online. In this paper I consider attitudes to gender on the Net in 1997, when the main concerns were the imbalance between men and women online and whether it was possible or desirable to bring the body into online interactions. In much of the discourse surrounding gender online, a simple binary was assumed to exist. I go on to consider the extent to which those attitudes have changed today. Through my own experience of setting up a women’s community on Livejournal, and my observations of a men’s community set up in response, I conclude that though traditional attitudes to gender have largely translated to the Net and the binary is still the default view, some shifts have occurred. For example, between 1997 and today there seems to have been a fundamental change in perceptions of women’s attitudes to adversarial debate, and an increase in awareness of genders beyond the binary. In addition, experience and preliminary investigation lead me toward a hypothesis that today’s female-identified Net users are engaged in more conscious and active exploration and performance of their gender online than male-identified users are.

scholarly journals Infrared Sensor Detection and Actuator Treatment Applied during Hemodialysis

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2521
Author(s):  
Jian-Chiun Liou ◽  
Yu-Cheng Hsiao ◽  
Cheng-Fu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Autonomic Nerve ◽  
Infrared Sensor ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Infrared Rays ◽  
Sensor Detection

Infrared thermography can be applied in different medical systems, for example it can be used to catch the images of living blood vessels. Far infrared rays can be used in a heating machine, which can be applied in the clinical hemodialysis patients. Infrared electronically sensitized images, which are generated by near-infrared Charge-coupled Device (CCD), are used to detect blood vessels, and used as a long-wavelength external stimulating therapeutic tissue repair system. When an infrared sensor detection and actuator treatment is applied during hemodialysis, a missing needle can be detected, and far infrared rays have a therapeutic effect on blood vessels. Because a far-infrared actuated light source can improve blood circulation, it is currently used to prevent fistula embolism in hemodialysis (HD) patients and reduce vascular occlusion after hemodialysis. Sensors used for sudden changes in heart rate variability (HRV) are used as predictive and evaluation indicators for our new method. Far-infrared actuated radiation can increase sympathetic nerve activity and regulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. We performed baseline measurements of the low-frequency/high-frequency ratio of autonomic nerve activity before hemodialysis (low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF/HF, before HD) and after hemodialysis (LF/HF, after-HD). Based on data from the HRV continuity tracking report, 35 patients with autonomic nerve activation were treated and evaluated. We have demonstrated that the resulting near-infrared (NIR) sensor imaging and far-infrared actuator illumination can be used for the detection and treatment of hemodialysis patients.

ICRC Field Hospital in Beirut

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (185) ◽  
pp. 402-407
Keyword(s):  
Red Cross ◽  
International Review ◽  
Field Hospital ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Set Up

In previous numbers, International Review published several news items about the field hospital set up by the ICRC in Beirut. The article printed below, written in July 1976, gives an idea of the serious tasks carried out, quite often under the most difficult conditions, by the men and women who, under the sign of the red cross, seek to bring relief to the victims.

INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF GAIT

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250011
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Abelew ◽  
Brian J. Cuda ◽  
Jonathan E. Koontz ◽  
Julia C. Stell ◽  
Marie A. Johanson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Heel Strike ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ankle Kinematics ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

Purpose: Differences in muscle activity have been observed between men and women in numerous lower extremity muscles in a variety of activities. These differences may be related to observed differences in the incidence of injuries between men and women. The purpose of this work is to determine if gender had an effect on the activity of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during the early part of the stance phase of gait. Method: An observational cohort study was set up using sixteen volunteers (9 men and 7 women, mean age = 27 years) with less than 5° of passive ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion. Maximum dorsiflexion, maximum knee flexion, stance time and EMG magnitude were measured for both men and women during early stance (heel strike to heel off). Results: EMG amplitude of the LG muscle in women was significantly higher than that of men. No significant differences were observed between men and women for maximum dorsiflexion, maximum knee flexion or stance time. Conclusions: A gender difference in gastrocnemius muscle EMG magnitude exists that is independent of knee and ankle kinematics and walking speed.

Career and/or Motherhood? Gender and the LDS Church

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 776-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid J. Leamaster ◽  
Mangala Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Qualitative Interview ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Latter Day Saints ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Cultural Schemas ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Lds Church ◽  
Set Up

This article examines the ways in which the gendered religious schemas pertaining to career and motherhood are set up and reinforced by the Latter Day Saints (LDS) Church and how these schemas affect the everyday lives of Mormons. We show how gender, class, and region intersect and impact how religious individuals interpret gendered religious schemas. Analysis of qualitative interview data shows that for very religious men and women, the gendered cultural schemas of work and motherhood are distinct and tend to constrain women. Considering the intersections of class with gender, the analysis shows that some middle-class Mormons reject oppositional cultural schemas and value work and career for women. Further, we find that Mormons outside of the cultural stronghold of Utah are more likely to reject Mormon religious schemas that pit career and motherhood as competing ideologies. In fact, some women participants describe being enabled in their careers by Mormon religious schemas.

scholarly journals Surviving as a Widow in 19th-century Montreal

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Wage Earner ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Family Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Boarding House ◽  
Set Up

This paper is a preliminary attempt to examine demographic and economic aspects of widowhood in 19th-century Montreal and the ways working-class widows in particular could survive. Although men and women lost spouses in roughly equal proportions, widows remarried much less frequently than widowers. In the reconstruction of their family economy that followed the loss of the main wage earner, some of these women sought work themselves, mostly in the sewing trades or as domestics or washerwomen. A few had already been involved in small shops, and some used their dower, inheritance, or insurance policies to set up a shop, a saloon, or a boarding-house. Children were the most valuable asset of a widow, and they were more likely to work and to stay at home through their teens and twenties than in father-headed families. Additional strategies, including sharing housing with other families, raising animals, or trading on the streets, were drawn upon; they established an economy of makeshift arrangements that characterized the world of many working-class widows.

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