Historical basis for designing tourist programs “Spain during the reign of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian

Servis plus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Татьяна Спатарь-Козаченко ◽  
Tatyana Spatar-Kozachenko
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Culture History ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Basis ◽  
Regional Character

Sightseeing, or cognitive, tourism includes visits to historical, cultural and natural attractions. Historical basis for designing the tourist-excursion programs is topical nowadays. One of the interesting regions is the Iberian Peninsula with the Roman monuments that have survived to the present day. The article reveals the origins of the foundation and formation of territorial entities. The beginning of these formations belongs to the reign of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian. The article is about the rise to power of Octavian, the conquests of the Roman army, fight of North of the Iberian Peninsula peoples for independence, the development of new colonies and cities, administrative reorganization of the territory of Spain, the formation of Conventions. The author shows the real changes in the Northern areas of the Peninsula. They gave the territory, which natives originally occupied, to military units for building bases and the business environment; traffic and communications developed. There was a need in the minting and use of coins as a measure of exchange. This led to political, administrative, social and economic changes in the community. The author demonstrates the different forms of government, organizing cultural and social events. This article contains historical and regional character, devoted to the development of civilization in the Iberian Peninsula, architectural monuments of the Romanera. The article can be interesting for students, teachers of secondary and higher educational institutions, as well as a wide range of persons interested in culture, history and tourism of Spain.

scholarly journals Tracking late Pleistocene Neandertals on the Iberian coast

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Mayoral ◽  
Ignacio Díaz-Martínez ◽  
Jéremy Duveau ◽  
Ana Santos ◽  
Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Microbial Mats ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Upper Pleistocene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Flooded Area

AbstractHere, we report the recent discovery of 87 Neandertal footprints on the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Doñana shoreline, Spain) located on an upper Pleistocene aeolian littoral setting (about 106 ± 19 kyr). Morphometric comparisons, high resolution digital photogrammetric 3D models and detailed sedimentary analysis have been provided to characterized the footprints and the palaeoenvironment. The footprints were impressed in the shoreline of a hypersaline swamped area related to benthic microbial mats, close to the coastline. They have a rounded heel, a longitudinal arch, relatively short toes, and adducted hallux, and represent the oldest upper Pleistocene record of Neandertal footprints in the world. Among these 87 footprints, 31 are longitudinally complete and measure from 14 to 29 cm. The calculated statures range from 104 to 188 cm, with half of the data between 130 and 150 cm. The wide range of sizes of the footprints suggests the existence of a social group integrated by individuals of different age classes but dominated, however, by non-adult individuals. The footprints, which are outside the flooded area are oriented perpendicular to the shoreline. These 87 footprints reinforce the ecological scenario of Neandertal groups established in coastal areas.

Benchmarking the practices of flexibility with maturity models and frameworks of organizational capabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjai Kumar Shukla ◽  
Sushil
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Maturity Model ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Maturity Models ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Flexibility Maturity

PurposeOrganizational capabilities are crucial to achieve the objectives. A plethora of maturity models is available to guide organizational capabilities that create a perplexing situation about what stuff to improve and what to leave. Therefore, a unified maturity model addressing a wide range of capabilities is a necessity. This paper establishes that a flexibility maturity model is an unified model containing the operational, strategic and human capabilities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper does a comparative analysis/benchmarking studies of different maturity models/frameworks widely used in the information technology (IT) sector with respect to the flexibility maturity model to establish its comprehensiveness and application in the organization to handle multiple goals.FindingsThis study confirms that the flexibility maturity model has the crucial elements of all the maturity models. If the organizations use the flexibility maturity model, they can avoid the burden of complying with multiple ones and become objective-driven rather than compliance-driven.Research limitations/implicationsThe maturity models used in information technology sectors are used. This work will inspire other maturity models to adopt flexibility phenomena.Practical implicationsThe comparative analysis will give confidence in application of flexibility framework. The business environment and strategic options across organizations are inherently different that the flexibility maturity model well handles.Social implicationsA choice is put to an organization to see the comparison tables produced in this paper and choose the right framework according to the prevailing business situation.Originality/valueThis is the first study that makes a conclusion based on comparative benchmarking of existing maturity models.

An analysis of Industry 4.0 implementation-variables by using SAP-LAP and e-IRP approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veepan Kumar ◽  
Ravi Shankar ◽  
Prem Vrat
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interpretive Ranking Process ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Manufacturing Organization ◽  
Industry Associations ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeIn today’s uncertain business environment, Industry 4.0 is regarded as a viable strategic plan for addressing a wide range of manufacturing-related challenges. However, it appears that its level of adoption varies across many countries. In the case of a developing economy like India, practitioners are still in the early stages of implementation. The implementation of Industry 4.0 appears to be complex, and it must be investigated holistically in order to gain a better understanding of it. Therefore, an attempt has been made to examine the Industry 4.0 implementation for the Indian manufacturing organization in a detailed way by analyzing the complexities of relevant variables.Design/methodology/approachSAP-LAP (situation-actor-process and learning-action-performance) and an efficient interpretive ranking process (e-IRP) were used to analyze the various variables influencing Industry 4.0 implementation. The variables were identified, as per SAP-LAP, through a thorough review of the literature and based on the perspectives of various experts. The e-IRP has been used to prioritize the selected elements (i.e. actors with respect to processes and actions with respect to performance) of SAP-LAP.FindingsThis study ranked five stakeholders according to their priority in Industry 4.0 implementation: government policymakers, industry associations, research and academic institutions, manufacturers and customers. In addition, the study also prioritized important actions that need to be taken by these stakeholders.Practical implicationsThe results of this study would be useful in identifying and managing the various actors and actions related to Industry 4.0 implementation. Accordingly, their prioritized sequence would be useful to the practitioners in preparing the well-defined and comprehensive strategic roadmap for Industry 4.0.Originality/valueThis study has adopted qualitative and quantitative approaches for identifying and prioritizing different variables of Industry 4.0 implementation. This, in turn, helps the stakeholder to comprehend the concept of Industry 4.0 in a much simpler way.

scholarly journals Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: a portrait of vulnerability, sustainability and conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Mileto ◽  
Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares ◽  
Valentina Cristini ◽  
Lidía García Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Earthen Architecture ◽  
Earthen Buildings

AbstractFor more than a decade, a wide range of Spanish case studies, relating especially to rural inner or abandoned sites and areas, have been analysed by the authors as part of different research projects linked with traditional and monumental architecture, conservation strategies and earthen buildings. On one hand the studies have been undertaken in the framework of a project concerning the conservation of rammed earth in the Iberian Peninsula, including criteria, techniques, results and perspectives and, on the other, by a project about the conservation and rehabilitation of traditional earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula, providing guidelines and tools for its sustainable intervention. In all cases the researchers’ efforts focused on enhancing new perspectives and opportunities for rural earthen buildings, analysing landscapes, contexts, constructive features, decay and problems. The final common aim of this research is to stress these crucial topics to improve tangible or intangible opportunities for conservation strategies.

scholarly journals A spatial connectivity approach to landscapes of conflict: Julius Caesar and the assault to Puig Ciutat (NE Iberian Peninsula)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Rubio-Campillo ◽  
Eduard Ble ◽  
Àngels Pujol ◽  
Roger Sala ◽  
Robert Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Least Cost Path ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Ne Iberian Peninsula

Landscape plays a vital role in the development of military campaigns through the definition of geostrategic landmarks that structure the control of the territory, the imposition of constraints to the movement of armies, and the identification of positions that facilitate defensive tactics against aggressors. These factors are linked to the study of past spatial mobility which is typically performed using Least-Cost Path analysis (LCP). LCP identifies the optimal route that connects any two given points based on minimizing the accumulated cost based on a friction surface map, thus allowing archaeologists to identify the most efficient pathways across a territory. The main challenge of LCP analysis for archaeological regions is that optimal pathways are not well suited to define general mobility patterns within highly uncertain scenarios. Connectivity modelling based on Circuit Theory (CT) is an alternative approach to the study of mobility. CT does not generate a single path like LCP does; it captures the connectivity of an entire region identifying not only optimal paths, but also bottlenecks, dead-ends and any other spatial feature that may impact movement.We present here a framework to study landscapes of conflict using connectivity modelling; the framework combines CT, visibility analysis and statistical hypothesis testing to understand the reasons behind the assault and destruction of Puig Ciutat (NE Iberian Peninsula) during Julius Caesar's civil war. Results suggest that the site exerted decisive control over a highly connected area linking two possible logistical bases (Emporion and Massalia) to the armies fighting at Ilerda (49 BC).

scholarly journals MOTIVATION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PROBLEM APPROACH

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Roman Zavadyak ◽  
◽  
Ivan Kachur ◽  
Kristian Popovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Internal Motivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Method Of Solution ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Time Of Origin ◽  
Internal Potential

The aim is to study the essence of entrepreneurial activity and modern motivational concepts, which allows you to identify and systematize the main problems of motiva-ting business activity.The study showed that the motivation of entrepreneurial activity is a complex phenomenon that affects both the internal potential of the business and various counterparties and the business environment as a whole. The main elements of motivation of entrepreneurial activity are: self-motivation of a business actor (any activity will not be effective without internal motivation), staff motivation (entrepreneurship is the result of attracting various resources, including labor, which should be stimulated to achieve goals of the organization) and motivation of third parties who contact the business directly or indirectly.The constructed triangle of motivation provides opportunities in the course of practical activity of business to allocate the basic directions of diagnostics of problems of motivation of business activity.The study showed that there is a wide range of problems of business motivation, among which the determinants are: the first group of problems, covering research and activation of motives for starting your own business, starting a business; the second group of problems concerns the definition of the essence of business motivation, is to diagnose the needs on which the modern concept of motivation is based; problems of motivation of entrepreneurial activity are also in the socio-cultural environment, which can stimulate the start of business or inhibit initiative; problems of existence and emergence of contradictions in the process of business activity, which have the prospect of becoming a conflict of interest of various participants in the economic pro-cess. It is proposed to systematize the problems of motivation of entrepreneurial activity on the basis of classification according to the following features: depending on the place of origin, the time of origin, the method of solution, the complexity.

The post-primary education of non-academic boys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
H. L. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Large Section ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fresh Impetus ◽  
Physically Handicapped

This thesis is an attempt to examine what is probably the greatest single problem in New Zealand education; the problem of the non-academic child in the New Zealand post-primary school. It is an urgent problem, on the solution of which depends the welfare of a large section of our post-primary population. Our post-primary schools have gradually ceased to be selective and must now cater for an adolescent age group which omits only the most mentally defective and the most physically handicapped. This movement towards "secondary education for all" received fresh impetus in 1944 when the minimum school leaving age was raised to fifteen years. During the last eight years, post-primary schools have been faced with an increasing number of new entrants of a wide range of intelligence and .ability. Among these are found pupils who, under an earlier education system, would never have entered the door of a secondary school. The requirements of the Proficiency examination would have eliminated some, economic factors would have debarred others. Many would have found in a job the success and satisfaction which they had never achieved in a school. Now, as a result of educational and economic changes, these pupils are legally compelled to remain at school until they reach the age of fifteen years. The practice of social promotion in the primary school has resulted in most of these adolescents entering a post-primary school at thirteen, fourteen or fifteen years of age. These are the pupils wbo have been commonly labelled "non-academic".

Proceeding on Cases with the Participation of Foreign Persons in International Procedure Law of Russia and Belarus (The end)

2021 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
William Elliott Butler
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
International Jurisdiction ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Recognition And Enforcement ◽  
Regional Character

This article is dedicated to one of the most interesting aspects of International Procedural Law – litigation with the participation of foreign persons. Authors focused on a comparative analysis of Russian and Belarus legislation concerning the regulation of international procedural relations. Article includes two parts: the first one considers international jurisdiction of Russian arbitrazh courts and Belarus economic courts on commercial matters; the second one examines the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in commercial matters on the territory of Russia and Belarus. Authors deeply scrutinized a wide range of legal documents including domestic legislation, bilateral and multilateral international treaties of regional character in order to show the convergences and divergences in Russian and Belarus procedural law concerning participation of foreign persons in international commercial litigation

scholarly journals Winter temperatures in the second half of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bullón
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Spanish Archives ◽  
Ordinal Index

Abstract. This paper studies the winter temperatures of the second part of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula. A large number of historical documents that are stored in many different Spanish archives were consulted in order to carry out this research. The data was first arranged and weighted according to the intensity and significance of the meteorological phenomena described and, subsequently, these values were assigned an ordinal index ranging from +4 to −4. The statistical treatment applied is based on the reconstruction of temperatures equivalent to this ordinal index, expressed as anomalies of the 1961–1990 period, belonging to a reference station located at the approximate geographical center of the area under study. The results show winter thermal conditions different from current ones that, for the most part, stay below the reference average and that occurred with a wide range of variability. The influence that thermal conditions had on the evolution of some environmental aspects are considered based on the forest exploitation problem information and on the wine harvest production.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds Content and Genetic Diversity at Population Level across the Natural Distribution Range of Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Ericaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Esther Asensio ◽  
Daniel Vitales ◽  
Iván Pérez ◽  
Laia Peralba ◽  
Juan Viruel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Antioxidant Additive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tract Infections

Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is a medicinal plant traditionally employed for the treatment of urinary tract infections due to high contents of arbutin (hydroquinone β-D-glucoside), which is now mainly used as a natural skin-whitening agent in cosmetics. Bearberry has also been proposed as a natural antioxidant additive due to the high contents of phenolic compounds in leaves. We studied the variation on phenolic compounds in 42 wild populations of bearberry, aiming to elucidate if intrinsic biological, climatic, and/or geographic factors affect phenolic contents across its natural distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. Bearberry leaves were collected during autumn over a three-year period (2014–2016) in populations across a latitude and altitude gradient. Methanolic extracts showed a wide range of variation in total phenols content, and different phenolic profiles regarding arbutin (levels of this major constituent varied from 87 to 232 mg/g dr wt), but also catechin and myricetin contents, which were affected by geographic and climatic factors. Moderate levels of variation on genome size—assessed by flow cytometry—and on two plastid DNA regions were also detected among populations. Genetic and cytogenetic differentiation of populations was weakly but significantly associated to phytochemical diversity. Elite bearberry genotypes with higher antioxidant capacity were subsequently identified.

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