scholarly journals STATISTICAL STUDY OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE AT THE MESO-LEVEL

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Guzaliya Klychova ◽  
Alexander Tsypin ◽  
Ayrat Valiev
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Meso Level ◽  
Orenburg Region

Significant transformations in the Russian economy in 1990-2000 negatively affected the development of agriculture. The number of workers in the industry has declined, and the production of some types of products has dropped to catastrophic levels. In this regard, we consider it timely and necessary to conduct a statistical study of the state of the industry at the meso-level and the factors that influence it. The aim of the research is to study the development of agriculture at the meso-level in the historical aspect based on statistical methods for assessing the current and forecasting future states. The object of research is Orenburg region and its municipalities, which is due to a number of reasons: the region occupies a stable leading position in the agriculture of Volga Federal District; the industry’s contribution to GRP is about 8%; municipalities of the region are in unequal conditions that affect the development of agriculture in the region. The development of crop production in Orenburg region in 1991-2019 characterized by an increase in sunflower production and a lateral trend in gross grain harvest, while the production of silage, annual and perennial grasses significantly decreased. The lack of a forage base against the background of low early maturity led to a significant reduction in the number of cattle - this negatively affected milk production in the region. Meat production managed to keep from falling only due to the growth of poultry population. The construction of regression models based on panel data covering 35 municipalities (period 2000-2019 and 5 variables) showed that three factors influence the volume of agricultural production - the availability of acreage, investment in fixed assets and the number of cattle. The constructed statistically significant regression model with fixed effects indicates a stable structure of producers and the presence of hidden factors. This determines the direction of further research, which consists in identifying latent variables that have a significant impact on the development of the region’s industry

scholarly journals Soil Denitrifier Community Size Changes with Land Use Change to Perennial Bioenergy Cropping Systems

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Thompson ◽  
Bill Deen ◽  
Kari E. Dunfield
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
N2o Production ◽  
Nirs Gene

Abstract. Dedicated biomass crops are required for future bioenergy production. However, the effects of large-scale land use change (LUC) from traditional annual crops, such as corn-soybean rotations to the perennial grasses (PGs) switchgrass and miscanthus on soil microbial community functioning is largely unknown. Specifically, ecologically significant denitrifying communities, which regulate N2O production and consumption in soils, may respond differently to LUC due to differences in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) inputs between crop types and management systems. Our objective was to quantify bacterial denitrifying gene abundances as influenced by corn-soybean crop production compared to PG biomass production. A field trial was established in 2008 at the Elora Research Station in Ontario, Canada (n = 30), with miscanthus and switchgrass grown alongside corn-soybean rotations at different N rates (0 and 160 kg N ha-1) and biomass harvest dates within PG plots. Soil was collected on four dates from 2011–2012 and quantitative PCR was used to enumerate the total bacterial community (16S rRNA), and communities of bacterial denitrifiers by targeting nitrite reductase (nirS) and N2O reductase (nosZ) genes. Miscanthus produced significantly larger yields and supported larger nosZ denitrifying communities than corn-soybean rotations regardless of management, indicating large-scale LUC from corn-soybean to miscanthus may be suitable in variable Ontario conditions while potentially mitigating soil N2O emissions. Harvesting switchgrass in the spring decreased yields in N-fertilized plots, but did not affect gene abundances. Standing miscanthus overwinter resulted in higher 16S rRNA and nirS gene copies than in fall-harvested crops. However, the size of the total (16S rRA) and denitrifying communities changed differently over time and in response to LUC, indicating varying controls on these communities.

Determinants of total factor productivity in Visegrad Group Nuts-2 regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Danska-Borsiak
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Orthogonal Transformation ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Visegrad Group

This article attempts to estimate the total factor productivity (TFP) for 35 NUTS-2 regions of the Visegrad Group countries and to identify its determinants. The TFP values are estimated on the basis of the Cobb-Douglas production function, with the assumption of regional differences in productivity. The parameters of the productivity function were analysed with panel data, using a fixed effects model. There are many economic variables that influence the TFP level. Some of them are highly correlated, and therefore the factor analysis was applied to extract the common factors – the latent variables that capture the common variance among those observed variables that have similar patterns of responses. This statistical procedure uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. Each component is interpreted using the contributions of variables to the respective component. I estimated a dynamic panel data model describing TFP formation by regions. An attempt was made to incorporate the common factors among the model’s explanatory variables. One of them, representing the effects of research activity, proved to be significant.

Developing the role of perennial forages for crop–livestock farms: a strategic multi-disciplinary approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick S. Llewellyn ◽  
Michael J. Robertson ◽  
Richard C. Hayes ◽  
David Ferris ◽  
Katrien Descheemaeker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Farmer Participatory Research ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Livestock Farms

Developing new and improved grazing systems for crop–livestock farms where crop production is the major driver of farm management decisions presents a unique research and development challenge. In southern Australia, a substantial proportion of animal production from grazing comes from regions and farms where cropping is the major enterprise. In this paper, we describe a multi-disciplinary farming-systems research approach (EverCrop) aimed at improving farm profitability, risk management and environmental impacts through the development and integration of new grazing options with an emphasis on perennial species. It has been used to analyse and target new opportunities for farmers to benefit from perennial species across dry Mediterranean-type and temperate regions of southern Australia. It integrates field experimentation, on-farm trialling, farmer participatory research, soil–plant–climate biophysical modelling, whole-farm bioeconomic analysis and evaluations of adoptability. Multi-functional roles for summer-active grasses with winter cropping, integration of forage shrubs and establishment of new mixes of perennial grasses in crop rotations to improve farming system performance are identified, along with an analysis of factors likely to affect rate of uptake by farmers.

Reliability of production of quick to medium maturity maize in areas of variable rainfall in north-east Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Birch ◽  
K. Stephen ◽  
G. McLean ◽  
A. Doherty ◽  
G. L. Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
North East ◽  
Grain Crop

Maize may assume a more significant role in grain crop production systems in north-east Australia if the probability of producing low yields associated with given amounts of available water can be reduced. Growing hybrids with very early maturity provides a possible way to achieve this. Simulation studies of dryland maize production in areas of highly variable rainfall in north-east Australia were undertaken using long-term weather data input to the APSIM model configured for quick to medium maturity maize. The studies focussed on sowing time options, population density, cultivars, and water availability at sowing. Simulation outputs included predicted mean and median yield, measures of yield variability, and the probability of producing low to very low yield (<2 t/ha). The study showed that optimum sowing date varied with location, and that low populations gave more reliable production, despite some potential yield losses in favourable years. The results of the simulation study provide estimates of yield and thus economic viability of maize production that are interpreted in terms of seasonal variability. They indicate that maize is a viable dryland cropping option provided that cultivar, sowing time and starting water conditions are optimised. Non-optimal conditions of water supply at sowing should be avoided, as greater variability in yield and reduced viability are predicted.

scholarly journals Assembly and seasonality of core phyllosphere microbiota on perennial biofuel crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keara L. Grady ◽  
Jackson W. Sorensen ◽  
Nejc Stopnisek ◽  
John Guittar ◽  
Ashley Shade
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Miscanthus X Giganteus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Biofuel Crops ◽  
Ecological Filtering

Abstract Perennial grasses are promising feedstocks for biofuel production, with potential for leveraging their native microbiomes to increase their productivity and resilience to environmental stress. Here, we characterize the 16S rRNA gene diversity and seasonal assembly of bacterial and archaeal microbiomes of two perennial cellulosic feedstocks, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). We sample leaves and soil every three weeks from pre-emergence through senescence for two consecutive switchgrass growing seasons and one miscanthus season, and identify core leaf taxa based on occupancy. Virtually all leaf taxa are also detected in soil; source-sink modeling shows non-random, ecological filtering by the leaf, suggesting that soil is an important reservoir of phyllosphere diversity. Core leaf taxa include early, mid, and late season groups that were consistent across years and crops. This consistency in leaf microbiome dynamics and core members is promising for microbiome manipulation or management to support crop production.

scholarly journals 3. Institutional Support Required To Integrate Small Farmers For Livestock Commodity Value Chain-A Case Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Taliyil P Sethumadhavan
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
Safety Knowledge ◽  
Consumer Tastes

Recent reports reveal that in the globalised era farming will move towards meat and milk production from traditional rice and grain agriculture in line with the changing consumer tastes. The joint report by Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome and the Paris based organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) of 34 leading world economies contained price and production forecasts to 2023 revealed that world meat production will have gone up by 58 million tones with developing countries making up 80 percent of increase. Report highlights that livestock production is projected to grow at higher rates than crop production. Moreover animal protein sources are easiest way through which protein malnutrition can be corrected easily. Since the commodity value of livestock products are high when compared to agriculture commodities in the coming years livestock products will the focus area for augmenting GDP in Agriculture sector. So institutional support are required for increasing production, productivity, food security, food safety, knowledge dissemination and services to achieve these objectives.

scholarly journals Socio – Economic Impacts of Prolonged Little Dry Season (August Break) in a Climatic Changed Era in Agrarian Communities of Anambra River Basin, Anambra State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 4788-4805
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Agrarian Communities

The food supply and demand situation for the 2020 fiscal year concerning the main seasonal crops in Nigeria was unpredictable due to the effect of Covid-19 pandemic. Federal and state governments laid much emphasis as a result on agriculture, especially crop production in order to produce food enough to ameliorate hunger, which is one of the negative effects of Covid-19. Nigeria been a rain fed dependent agricultural nation, follows the dictate of weather and other weather elements in her agricultural activities. With climate change and the effect of Little Dry Season, there was a reduction in rainfall in mid-July through August 2020. Rice and Maize which are among the staple foods in Nigeria requires about 750mm to 1200mm of rainfall to thrive. The mean monthly rainfall recorded in our study area (part of Anambra River Basin) consisting of Ayamelum, Anambra West, Anambra East, Oyi and Dunukofia local government areas are 21.15mm and 3.25mm for July, 2020 and August, 2020 respectively. As a result of the shortage of rainfall in these two months, the farmers and the authors observed these negative outcomes which are early maturity of crops; early harvesting of crops as well as poor yields for early season crops. While during the late season planting, farming was affected by the hardening of the ground as a result of absence of rainfall; undissolved fertilizers in farm lands; partial germination of scattered seedlings; Ant, Birds and Rodent infestation and stunted growth. Base on our observation, it was concluded that yields and harvest would be poor and subsequently there would be shortage of food and price hike in food items. The paper recommends for the revitalization of the moribund irrigation facility in Omor, Ayamelum local government area to provide for the shortfall in moisture that is likely to occur in the absence of rainfall.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Technological Processes for Evaluating the Performance of Production Line for Pre Sowing Treatment of Seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Kubeyev ◽  
B. S. Antropov
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Technological Processes ◽  
Study Results

An important step in improving the efficiency of crop production is the development of scientifically valid technologies and technical means of pre­sowing preparation and treatment of seeds. Among the various methods that have a positive impact on crop growth, early maturity and resistance to adverse conditions, one of the most promising is seed pelleting. (Research purpose) The reasonability of the use of pelleted seeds (dragees) was shown the shell composition of which includes the substances necessary for active growth and increase resistance to adverse effects, and, in addition, it provides a more accurate seeding. We substantiate the need for improvements to existing technologies and agricultural equipment (for example, seed pelleting machine). due to the significant lack of high­tech means of mechanization of seed pre­sowing preparation at domestic agricultural enterprises. (Materials and methods) Experimental studies have been carried out with the use of computer mathematical modeling. Results of experiments were processed by methods of mathematical statistics, statistical analysis and data processing package, research application package, filtering, analysis and modeling of technological processes. Physical and mechanical properties and quality indicators of seeds and fillers have been determined in accordance with the applicable state standards. (Results and discussion) Use has been made of a program that includes obtaining information about the processes to solve the problems of experimental studies carried out by machines for pre­-sowing treatment of seeds in accordance with the developed models of their functioning; the choice of the most effective means of measuring, recording and processing information about the operation of machines and equipment in normal operating conditions; as well as checking the effectiveness of the developed methods and tools to ensure the quality of the process in case of accidental disturbances. (Conclusions) The authors have studied main parameters and operating modes of a seed pelleting installation. An average values of the process parameters of the pre­sowing treatment of seeds have been calculated under the conditions of normal functioning of machinery and equipment taking into account the validity and reliability of the obtained characteristics. The authors have developed the technological fundamentals of the artificial coating of seed surface. The study results can be used as practical recommendations for the organization of pre­sowing treatment of seeds in order to increase seed germination and crop yields.

scholarly journals Analysis of Structure and Efficiency of State Support of Agriculture of Orenburg Region

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
E. V. Shevrina ◽  
V. N. Afanasyev
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
State Support ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Favorable State ◽  
Rural Producers

The development of agriculture largely depends on the creation of favorable state economic conditions, including in the form of state support for rural producers. The paper analyzes the results of state support of farmers of the Orenburg region over the past three years. In the Orenburg region, there is a decrease in state support. The downward trend has caused negative performance of agricultural enterprises. State support for the livestock industry has decreased.The experience of previous years has shown the need for public investment in animal husbandry. Crop production in the region absorbs half of public funds. In our opinion, crop production of the Orenburg region copes for a long period without the participation of the state. Due to underfunding of livestock in the region, the third part of agricultural organizations in the region is unprofitable. In 2018, the index of agricultural production decreased by ten percentage points compared to 2017. Research in the work, the structure of public investment, is of scientific interest, and the conclusions drawn are of practical importance for the regulation and management of state support. This is important not only for agriculture in the Orenburg region, but also for agricultural production in other regions of the Russian Federation.The increase in state investments in crop production in the regions of the Russian Federation speaks about the imperfection of land relations. Most of the rural producers work on leased land. Public finances settle with landowners, most often at the helm of state power or criminals.

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