scholarly journals The Development of the Legislative Process in the Context of the Parliamentarism Formation in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Russia: a Historical and Legal Essay

2017 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Дмитрий Кордик ◽  
Dmitriy Kordik
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legislative Body ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Political Structures

The article explores the historical and legal aspects of the legislative process origin in a number of European federal states. In particular the features of the formation and development of parliamentarism and the legislative process in Russia, Germany, Austria and Switzerland are analyzed. It is noted that the legislative process in a democratic state is impossible without the existence of a higher representative legislative body. The emergence and development of the actual legislative process is connected with the beginning of the formation and functioning of the elected parliaments. The article considers the causes and prerequisites for the emergence of the parliamentarism in the abovementioned states and the main historical milestones of its development; it is shown how under the influence of public and political changes the procedures of the legislative process were transformed alongside with the subjects involved and their rights and duties. It is concluded that serious internal and external shocks forced to carry out radical changes in the state and political structures of these states, which affected the evolution of the legislative process. It is summarized that the majority of the currently existing institutions of the legislative process originated in the past and were conditioned by the historical development of each particular country.

scholarly journals Abrupt Termination of Employee Contracts In a Democratic State: The Case of Botswana

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Baakile Motshegwa ◽  
Keratilwe Bodilenyane
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Disciplinary Procedures ◽  
The Government

Botswana has in the past received accolades of being the most peaceful country in Southern Africa. Any disturbance of this peace is either shunned or seen as a departure from the norm. The advent of trade unions in Botswana has always been looked at with suspicion and they have been seen as militant, which is contrary to the peaceful existence the country has enjoyed regardless of the fact that it is surrounded by countries that have been to war at some point in their history. Therefore, the state has made it a point that any sign of unrest is severely dealt with by the government. Some employees were dismissed un-procedurally as disciplinary procedures were not followed and the court ruled in the employee’s favour in 2012. The majority of those dismissed were from the essential services sections of government even though at the beginning some were released through the strike rules agreement between government and unions. Laid down disciplinary rules and procedures of having a hearing were not followed. 

scholarly journals Garść refleksji na temat przewidywania społeczno-gospodarczej przyszłości

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Stanisława Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Condition B

The reflections included in this paper show the imperfections of human knowledge when it comes to predicting the socio-economic situation of a modern democratic state, and their consequences resulting in that those who develop the forecast have to direct their attention to the following issues in their exploration:a)       list of important features characterizing well-being of the state and its citizens’ condition;b)      credibility of the information on the value of the selected characteristics (data);c)      adequate methods outlining the history of how those characteristics were shaped in the past (trends);d)     methods of shaping causal relationships between these characteristics;effective methods of forecasting socio-economic situation in future.

Urban Politics in the State Arena

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Burns ◽  
Laura Evans ◽  
Gerald Gamm ◽  
Corrine McConnaughy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Politics ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The State ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Divided Government ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The City

We seek to explain how states govern big cities. Political scientists' accounts of urban politics either fail to treat the state systematically or place state hostility at the center of such an account. Accounts by historians, by contrast, offer tools political scientists can use to theorize urban politics in the state arena. We use those tools, and we find that cities can manage the legislative process. This power starts with bill introduction and carries through to the vote on the floor. This ability results from a central feature of American state politics: on bills about big cities, state legislators now and in the past find their primary voting cues in the unity of local delegations. The city delegation, then, has tremendous power to manage the state's involvement in city affairs. In many respects, ours is an account of a special kind of divided government, with two institutional arenas where urban government is carried out.

scholarly journals Regeneration standards: What has the past to show us?

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Armson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
The State ◽  
Sampling Methodology ◽  
Quadrat Size ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past

The historical development of regeneration surveys in Canada and the associated development of methodologies and standards are reviewed. The importance of sampling methodology and quadrat size in determining stocking values is stressed. The use of technically-based stocking data to inform the public about regeneration is questioned. It is argued that there is need for a new and imaginative measure that is both factual and can be readily comprehended by the public. This presents a challenge to foresters and the governments when reporting on the state of the public's forests. Key words: regeneration standards, stocking, quadrat size, survey methodology, terminology and presentation

organizing legislative initiative in kurdistan region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hewa Rasul
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal System ◽  
Legislative Initiative ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Council Of Ministers

The regulation of the legislative initiative is one of the sensitive and important issues in the field of regulating the relations between the three authorities in the state, especially the legislative and executive authorities, and that is why we find that the majority of countries dealt with it in their constitutions through general constitutional principles, because the constitution determines and regulates the powers of the authorities, in the Kurdistan Region not We have a constitution at the time of writing this research, and that is why the Kurdish legislator was forced to deal with it through the ordinary laws and the internal system of the Parliament of Kurdistan, and this is what made it subject to many changes during the past thirty years. This competence, for example, in light of the abolished internal system of Parliament, the Council of Ministers in the region had the competence of two types of legislative initiative, namely, the submission of draft laws as well as draft legislative decisions. He was left with nothing but the right to present draft laws, and these many changes led to a state of instability in the organization of this jurisdiction Which is an important part of the legislative process, and based on this, we took the initiative to write this research in order to show how to organize it in the light of the developments that took place in this field at the level of different countries and in a way that serves the stability of relations between the authorities in the region.

Transnational Migration as a Small Windo on the Diminished Autonomy of the Modern Democratic State

1986 ◽  
Vol 485 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN O. HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Transnational Migration ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Political Structures

The presence of large semi-settled foreign populations in Western societies is at once a symptom of and an exacerbating factor in the problematic governance of these states. Domestic and international constraints preclude the reversal of most of the unforeseen and undesirable social, economic, and political consequences that have flowed from the narrowly conceived, short-sighted policies that gave rise to the migrants' presence. The nature of the state in the host societies and the political structures and policy processes that characterize their governments account for the miasma in most of them. The nature of the less modern, less democratic state that typifies the countries of origin contributes to their present and even greater prospective policy binds and the problematic life conditions of many of the migrants. While it is expedient for each of the three classes of actors—receiving states, sending states, and migrants—to nurture the myth of return, learning to live with the resulting indeterminacy presents great challenges to all and may require, in particular, rethinking what modern democratic states are about.

scholarly journals A literature review on the state of pharmacy education in Zambia

2021 ◽  
pp. 826-832
Author(s):  
Usman Abubakar Haruna ◽  
Oladunni Amos Abimbola ◽  
Musa Sulaiman Muhammad ◽  
Knovicks Simfukwe ◽  
Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
The State ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Continual Improvement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State

Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide a narrative review of pharmacy education in Zambia, in terms of: overview of the historical development of pharmacy education, the current state of pharmacy education and successes achieved, efforts made to provide pharmacists with the requisite competency and recommendations for future directions. Method: A literature search was conducted in November 2020 on PubMed, Google scholar and Medscape databases, the search was confined to research articles published between 2002 to 2021. Result: A total of 23 journal articles were retrieved, articles that capture reports on the state of pharmacy education in Zambia were reviewed. Conclusion: Pharmacy education has undergone a series of modifications over the past few decades in an effort to fulfil the changing demands of society. For a pharmacy education system to thrive, it must be continually evolving and driven by the needs of society or nation at hand at all times. This involves updating the pharmacist in training with up-to-date skills required of the modern-day pharmacist and research that enables continual improvement of the education system.

scholarly journals ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISMS OF PARTICIPATION OF RUSSIAN REGIONS IN ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY: EXPERIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (3(48)) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Radik Gimatdinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Sustainable Economic Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Republic

Economic diplomacy covers a wide range of issues related to the development of optimal ways to ensure sustainable economic development, the implementation of innovative ideas and initiatives, increasing the effectiveness of partnerships between states. In this regard, it is of interest to consider the issue of the role of the subjects of federal states in the sphere of economic diplomacy. Based on the experience of the Republic of Tatarstan, the article examines the organizational and legal aspects of the participation of Russian regions in the implementation of economic and diplomatic activities of the state.

Collective Memory: Between Values and Historical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
VICTOR BURLACHUK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

At the end of the twentieth century, questions of a secondary nature suddenly became topical: what do we remember and who owns the memory? Memory as one of the mental characteristics of an individual’s activity is complemented by the concept of collective memory, which requires a different method of analysis than the activity of a separate individual. In the 1970s, a situation arose that gave rise to the so-called "historical politics" or "memory politics." If philosophical studies of memory problems of the 30’s and 40’s of the twentieth century were focused mainly on the peculiarities of perception of the past in the individual and collective consciousness and did not go beyond scientific discussions, then half a century later the situation has changed dramatically. The problem of memory has found its political sound: historians and sociologists, politicians and representatives of the media have entered the discourse on memory. Modern society, including all social, ethnic and family groups, has undergone a profound change in the traditional attitude towards the past, which has been associated with changes in the structure of government. In connection with the discrediting of the Soviet Union, the rapid decline of the Communist Party and its ideology, there was a collapse of Marxism, which provided for a certain model of time and history. The end of the revolutionary idea, a powerful vector that indicated the direction of historical time into the future, inevitably led to a rapid change in perception of the past. Three models of the future, which, according to Pierre Nora, defined the face of the past (the future as a restoration of the past, the future as progress and the future as a revolution) that existed until recently, have now lost their relevance. Today, absolute uncertainty hangs over the future. The inability to predict the future poses certain challenges to the present. The end of any teleology of history imposes on the present a debt of memory. Features of the life of memory, the specifics of its state and functioning directly affect the state of identity, both personal and collective. Distortion of memory, its incorrect work, and its ideological manipulation can give rise to an identity crisis. The memorial phenomenon is a certain political resource in a situation of severe socio-political breaks and changes. In the conditions of the economic crisis and in the absence of a real and clear program for future development, the state often seeks to turn memory into the main element of national consolidation.

When the State Speaks, What Should It Say?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey Brettschneider
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The State ◽  
Hate Groups ◽  
New Approach ◽  
State Action ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Equal Citizenship ◽  
The Ideal

How should a liberal democracy respond to hate groups and others that oppose the ideal of free and equal citizenship? The democratic state faces the hard choice of either protecting the rights of hate groups and allowing their views to spread, or banning their views and violating citizens' rights to freedoms of expression, association, and religion. Avoiding the familiar yet problematic responses to these issues, this book proposes a new approach called value democracy. The theory of value democracy argues that the state should protect the right to express illiberal beliefs, but the state should also engage in democratic persuasion when it speaks through its various expressive capacities: publicly criticizing, and giving reasons to reject, hate-based or other discriminatory viewpoints. Distinguishing between two kinds of state action—expressive and coercive—the book contends that public criticism of viewpoints advocating discrimination based on race, gender, or sexual orientation should be pursued through the state's expressive capacities as speaker, educator, and spender. When the state uses its expressive capacities to promote the values of free and equal citizenship, it engages in democratic persuasion. By using democratic persuasion, the state can both respect rights and counter hateful or discriminatory viewpoints. The book extends this analysis from freedom of expression to the freedoms of religion and association, and shows that value democracy can uphold the protection of these freedoms while promoting equality for all citizens.

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