scholarly journals Starzenie się przekładów: zmiany języka czy norm tłumaczeniowych?

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (44) ◽  
pp. 99-116
Author(s):  
Roman Lewicki
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Anton Chekhov ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

What can Make Translations Appear Older: Changes in Language or in Translation Norms? The article attempts to address the phenomenon of aging translations, especially literary ones, which has not been sufficiently analysed in translation research. The description is based on the framework of double dependence of a translation: dependence on the original on the one hand, and on the communicative requirements of reception on the other. Based on the classification of texts according to the diachronic aspect (Jäger), one can attribute translation aging to two reasons: to the evolution of the target language together with the changes in the adopted way of constructing literary narration, which is influenced by changes of literary epochs, and to the change in translation norms. These two factors are illustrated with the materials drawn from early translations of Russian literary works into Polish, especially those by Anton Chekhov. As it turns out, even though translation units can be archaic on all levels of language, the process of translation aging is determined to the greatest extent by semantic factors. The analysis of changes in old translation norms shows a high degree of variability in translation techniques used in early translations. The classification of the types of translation norms by Komissarov was applied in the analysis to prove that translation aging is mainly due to changes in the target language norms of formulating translations, especially the pragmatic norm.

Differences in the lexical variation of reporting verbs in French, English and Czech fiction and their impact on translation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-234
Author(s):  
Olga Nádvorníková
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Lexical Variation ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The aims of this paper are to analyse differences in the degree of lexical variation (type/token ratio and hapax/token ratio) of reporting verbs in reporting clauses placed medially or in postposition in English, French and Czech fiction and to evaluate their consequences in translation, especially in regard to explicitation/implicitation. We expect that, in translations from a language with a low degree of lexical variation of reporting verbs into a language with a high degree of lexical variation, the frequency and the degree of explicitation will be higher than in translations involving languages less different with respect to lexical variation. The analysis, relying on data extracted from the InterCorp multilingual corpus, proposes a classification of reporting verbs based on the type and amount of information conveyed, which allows evaluating the degree of explicitation operated in translations. The results show that most shifts involve only the neutral reporting verb say/dire, replaced by a stylistically more specific synonym or by a verb explicitating information obvious from the context. This suggests that modifications of reporting verbs in translation are motivated primarily by respect for the stylistic norm of the target language and the degree of acceptability of the repetition of the neutral reporting verb.

scholarly journals The Untranslatability of Dialects in Subtitling. An Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in the English Subtitles to The Peasants

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 295-307
Author(s):  
Anna Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Audiovisual Translation

The aim of this research is to estimate the degree of dialect untranslatability in audiovisual translation AVT. Polish regiolects may constitute a significant barrier to interlingual transfer. The problems with non-standard varieties of a language, which are frequently incomprehensible even to native speakers of their standard counterparts, can be overcome by means of, inter alia, explanatory periphrastic substitution added to the translated text. In the method of subtitling examined in this research, however, a translation of this kind is nearly impossible due to the broadly defined aesthetics of film e.g. time and space constraints frequently applied to the mode of AVT. Therefore, this article examines the hypothesis of dual constraint, which assumes a two-fold hindrance to a successful AV dialect transfer i.e. the lack of equivalents in the target language and the aforementioned aesthetic requirements of film. The corpus of the material researched here is based on the English subtitles for the screen adaptation of Chłopi — a Nobel Prize-winning novel written by Władysław Stanisław Reymont The Peasants; PolArt Video 2006. This article provides the theoretical background for the subsequent study as well as introduces its own classification of the translation techniques applicable to this particular piece of research as well as to other AV dialect transfers. The research part focuses on the research proper. The findings are briefly summarised and conclusions are drawn.

scholarly journals Classification of agricultural risks of the digital economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 08081
Author(s):  
Mikhail Chernyakov ◽  
Olesya Usacheva ◽  
Sergey Gromov
Keyword(s):  
Digital Economy ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Current State ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mathematical Operations

The current state of the agricultural complex is characterised by a high degree of instability. This sector of the economy is affected by a significant number of factors, both climatic and human-made. Uncertainty in the state and development of the industry creates risks. The digitalisation of all sectors of the economy, on the one hand, is designed to reduce risks; on the other, it itself is the reason that creates new risks. A review of the scientific literature indicates an increased interest in this problem. However, there is a lack of experience in linking agricultural risks to the risks inherent in the digital environment. Our research is aimed not only at identifying risks in the agricultural complex in the conditions of digitalisation but also at their classification and determining the most significant in the agricultural complex. We suggested that the agricultural complex risks are associated with the risks of the digital economy. The justification of the hypothesis was carried out using mathematical operations with sets. The calculations made it possible as the most significant to distinguish technological and social risks in the agricultural complex, the levelling of which is possible using digital information platforms.

scholarly journals Pragmatic Function Shifts in the Translation of WH Questions in “500 Days of Summer”

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Afrizal Lutfi Prahara
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Translation Research ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Target Languages

<p>The author is analyzing and conducting a translation research in interrogative utterances from the film "500 Days of Summer" especially WH questions, because WH questions not only contain information at the surface structure, but also pragmatic functions within them. This study is being carried out in order to help the writer and readers understand interrogative sentences more clearly. This research is conducted under Translational research using a descriptive qualitative method. The analysis applies the theory of Nida &amp; Taber’s translation theory, Newmark’s translation theory, Mona Baker’s translation techniques theory, Marcella Frank’s interrogative sentences theory and Nababan, Nuraeni &amp; Sumardiono’s translation quality assessment theory.</p>The scope of this research is a translational analysis of a film subtitle. This research focuses on the translation of interrogative utterances in the form of WH questions in the film "500 Days of Summer" specifically character dialogues. This research intends to investigate the pragmatic function of the utterances on the target language, as well as the pragmatic differences that may exist between the source and target languages, as well as the translator's translation techniques, including their impact on translation quality.

scholarly journals THE TRANSLATION OF STATE VERBS IN GONE WITH THE WIND INTO LALU BERSAMA ANGIN : NATURAL SEMANTIC METALANGUAGE APPROACH

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Desak Ayu Krisna Dewi ◽  
I Nengah Sudipa ◽  
Ni Wayan Sukarini
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Target Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gone With The Wind ◽  
Translation Technique ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Text Word ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
The One ◽  
Language Text

This writing aims to reveal what translation techniques are applied in translating state verbs and. to analyze how meanings are retained from source language text to target language text in the novel. It is also highlights the correlation between translation and semantic primes studies. The data focuses on the translation of state verbs taken from the novel Gone with the Wind into Lalu Bersama Angin written by Margareth Mitchell by applying the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. This study used a qualitative method means the data are collected by observation and note taking process. There are two main theories applied in this study they are the theory of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) and the theory of translation techniques. NSM is used for a term of reference to break the concept or word down by using a small collection of semantic primes in order to make the differences clear among the meanings of state verbs in the form of paraphrases. The theory of translation techniques by Molina and Albir (2002) is applied in order to discuss the techniques of translation used in state verb lexicon. The result found literal translation is dominating the translation technique that indicates the direct transfer SL text word per word. There is also found translation by applying transposition involved the changes in word class. Another techniques found are modulation technique which change the point of view and discursive creation which deal with establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context and the last translation technique found: particularization technique. The findings of the meaning retained from SL text into TL text are based on the subtype of state verb and explicated comprehensively using NSM approach. The categorization of state verb including type of cognition (e.g believing), type of know (e.g remember), type of feel (e.g loved), type of see (e.g stared), type of want (e.g anxious to get). There is also found several phenomena caused by the translation process. The change of intensity of state verb is the one from a higher intensity of meaning to a lower in accordance with the context such as from SL text stared into TL text menatap. The change of type of state verb also found; from type of feel into the type of want such as anxious into menginginkan.

scholarly journals Translation Analysis of Student’s Work (Study of Poetry Translation)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-140
Author(s):  
Syukril Khair ◽  
Bambang Suwarno ◽  
Arono Arono
Keyword(s):  
Literary Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Work Study ◽  
Poetry Translation ◽  
Translation Analysis ◽  
Equivalent Expression ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Figurative Speech

The literary translation still becomes such of debating among several experts and researchers, especially at translation studies. The aim of this study was to find out what kinds of techniques of translation were applied in translating the poems of Maya Angelou, and how the appropriateness of techniques were applied by the students. Mollina & Albir’s classification of translation techniqueswas used as the primary theory in the analysis of the translation texts.This study was descriptive qualitaive and content analysis. The data were taken from text translations of two poems which consist of 550 data from 10 students as translators. The research findings revealed that14 techniques were used by students. The result showed that there were 14 translation techniques which were used, compensation, literal translation, modulation, linguistic amplification, discursive creation, linguistic compression, reduction, amplification, adaptation, transposition, borrowing, established equivalent, particularization, and description. The next finding showed that the appropriate techniques wereapplied at 69.3%. Meanwhile, inappropriate techniques were at 30.7%. The conclusion of this study was that students used the most at compensation and the lowest was description. The students mostly successful in applying appropriate technique at delivering messages, but were flub in recreating thepoetical aspect in Target Language. In some cases, this indicated deficiency in determining the equivalent expression in the target text. The suggestion for further researchers is to explore a similar study by investigating on figurative speech and poetical aspect at poetry translation.

Alfred Schütz : une autre théorie de la pertinence et son application en traduction

Fachsprache ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Margarete Flöter-Durr ◽  
Thierry Grass
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Legal Translation ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
One Year

Despite the work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson (1989), the concept of relevance has not enjoyed the popularity it deserved among translators as it appears to be more productive in information science and sociology than in translation studies. The theory of relevance provides underpinnings of a unified account of translation proposed by Ernst-August Gutt. However, if the concept of relevance should take into account all parameters of legal translation, the approach should be pragmatic and not cognitive: The aim of a relevant translation is to produce a legal text in the target language which appears relevant to the lawyer in the target legal system, namely a text that can be used in the same way as the original source text. The legal translator works as a facilitator from one legal system into another and relevance is the core of this pragmatic approach which requires translation techniques like adaptation rather than through-translation or calque (in the terminology of Delisle/Lee-Jahnk/Cormier 1999). This contribution tries to show that relevance theory, which was developed in the field of sociology by Alfred Schütz, could also be applied to translation theory with the aim of producing a correct translation in a concrete situation. Some examples extracted from one year of the practice of an expert law translator (German-French) at the Court of Appeal in the Alsace region illustrate our claim and underpin an approach of legal translation and its heuristics that is both pragmatic and reflexive.

El Prestige: comparativa de los regímenes internacionales de responsabilidad civil

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Raquel Fernández González ◽  
Marcos Íñigo Pérez Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Judicial Process ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Civil Responsibility ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Prestige

The return of institutions to the main research agenda has highlighted the importance of rules in economic analysis. The New Institutional Economics has allowed a better understanding of the case studies that concern different areas of knowledge, also the one concerning the management of natural resources. In this article, the institutional analysis focuses on the maritime domain, where two large civil liability regimes for pollution coexist (OPA 90-IMO), each in a different geographical area (United States - Europe). Therefore, a comparative analysis is made between the two large regimes of civil responsibility assignment applying them to the Prestige catastrophe. In this way, the allocation and distribution of responsibilities in the investigation and subsequent judicial process of the Prestige is compared with an alternative scenario in which the applicable compensation instruments are governed by the provisions of the Oil Polution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), in order to establish a rigorous analysis on the effects that the different norms can have in the same scenario. In the comparative established in the case of the Prestige, where the responsibilities were solved very slowly in a judicial process with high transaction costs, the application of rules governed by the OPA 90 would not count with such a high degree of imperfection. This is so, since by applying the preponderance of the evidence existing in OPA 90 there would be no mitigation for the presumed culprits. On the other hand, the agents involved in the sinking would not be limited only to the owner, but also that operators or shipowners would be responsible as well. In addition, the amount of compensation would increase when counting in the damage count the personal damages, the taxes without perceiving and the ecological damage caused in a broad sense, damages not computable in the IMO.

The Potential of the Russian Language Textbook in the Formation of Primary Schoolchildren’s Communicative Literacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Russian Literary ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Speech Situation ◽  
Linguistic Means

One of the goals of the Russian language course in the primary school is the formation of the communicative literacy. The content of the course should be aimed at understanding the wealth of linguistic means by primary school children; the formation of the ability to detect a violation of linguistic norms and the inadequacy of the linguistic means used in the speech situation; the accumulation of the experience in choosing of linguistic means in accordance with the peculiarities of the speech situation; the creation of oral and written texts that meet the criteria of content, connectivity, compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language. The article considers the classification of exercises that contribute to the formation of communicative literacy. The author gives the examples of exercises where the student acts in different roles: the student is an observer of the speech situation and analyzes the adequacy of the choice of linguistic means; the student is a direct participant in the given speech situation and makes a choice of language facilities; the student is offered to create the speech situation himself, to independently construct an oral and written text.

Somatoform disorders: diseases of the civilization

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
I. Kukhtevich
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
The Other ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
The One ◽  
Somatic Diseases

Functional autonomic disorders occupy a significant part in the practice of neurologists and professionals of other specialties as well. However, there is no generally accepted classification of such disorders. In this paper the authors tried to show that functional autonomic pathology corresponds to the concept of somatoform disorders combining syndromes manifested by visceral, borderline psychopathological, neurological symptoms that do not have an organic basis. The relevance of the problem of somatoform disorders is that on the one hand many health professionals are not familiar enough with manifestations of borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, often forming functional autonomic disorders, and on the other hand they overestimate somatoform symptoms that are similar to somatic diseases.

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