Importance of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding among Infants

The aim of this review is to document the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding along with concerns which may hinder the practice of breastfeeding and focuses on the appropriateness of complementary feeding and feeding difficulties which infants encounter. Breastfeeding, as recommended by the World Health Organisation, is the most cost effective way for reducing childhood morbidity such as obesity, hypertension and gastroenteritis as well as mortality. There are several factors that either promote or act as barriers to good infant nutrition. Factors which influence breastfeeding practice in terms of initiation, exclusivity and duration are namely breast engorgement, sore nipples, milk insufficiency and availability of various infant formulas. On the other hand, introduction of complementary foods, also known as weaning, is done around 4 to 6 months and mothers usually should start with home-made nutritious food. Difficulties encountered during the weaning process are often refusal to eat followed by vomiting, colic, allergic reactions and diarrhoea.

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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Prilaku Pemberian Asi Eksklusif di Kelurahan Tabona Kecamatan Kota Ternate Selatan

Jurnal Kesehatan Poltekkes Ternate ◽

10.32763/juke.v7i2.79 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Karima Soamole

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Survey Method ◽

Additional Food ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Relationship

Abstract : It is estimated that 80% of mothers who gave birth were able to produce milk in quantities sufficient for the purposes of the baby in full without any additional food and according to the World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until the age of 4-6 months baby. Annually, more than 25,000 babies Indonesia and 1.3 million babies around the world can be saved by exclusive breastfeeding in 1999, while according to the 2000 report, the WHO approximately 1.5 million children die because they are not feeding properly, less than 15% infants worldwide are given for four months of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding is often inappropriate and unsafe. This research is explanatory research because it explains the relationship between independent variables and dependent variable through hypothesis testing. The method used in this study is a survey method with cross sectional study design. The population in this study are all mothers who breastfeed in Puskesmas Kalumata 2012. Knowledge of the highest in the category of knowledge of both 81 (95.3%) and the behavior of the Exclusive breastfeeding is highest among respondents with a good knowledge of the 55 categories (67.9%). Respondents' attitudes toward breastfeeding Exclusive showed much respondeng that supports 54 (63.5%) and 31 (36.5%) that does not support exclusive breastfeeding her baby. Family Support tehadap respondents in the most exclusive breastfeeding: supporting respondents in exclusive breastfeeding her baby 64 (75.3%) and 21 (24.7%) who did not support the.

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Commissioning and evaluation of a radiochromic EBT3 film dosimetry system

Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice ◽

10.1017/s1460396918000444 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

Muhammad Isa Khan ◽

Muhammad Bilal Tahir ◽

Muhammad Rafique ◽

Tahir Iqbal ◽

Sabiha Zulfiqar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linear Accelerator ◽

Cost Effective ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Radiochromic Film ◽

World Health ◽

Film Dosimetry ◽

Photon Beams ◽

Output Measurement ◽

Ionisation Chamber ◽

Dosimetry System

AbstractPurposeThis work reports our study to commission a radiochromic film dosimetry system using the timely EBT3 film. We carried out dosimetric evaluations on different characteristics of photon beams (e.g., flatness, symmetry and penumbra) in radiation dose delivery.Materials and MethodsA Varian linear accelerator producing 6 and 15 MV photon beams with 120 multi-leaf collimator was used in this study. PTW ionisation chamber was used to measure the beam characteristics such as symmetry, flatness and penumbra and these measurements were used to commission the radiochormic EBT3 film dosimetry system. The results of irradiated films were analysed using the radiochromic film QA Pro software 2016.ResultsThe measured film doses were analysed at two different colour channels (green and red) using two scanning geometries (i.e., upper or lower side of film facing the scanner light source) at two dose levels (10 and 40 Gy). The difference between the ionisation chamber and film results was found insignificant and within the acceptable range as per the World Health Organisation standard.ConclusionResults of the comparison between the ionisation chamber and film measurements show that our radiochormic EBT3 film dosimetry system is reliable and cost-effective in the output measurement of a linear accelerator. Our measurements confirm that our EBT3 film dosimetry agreed well with the ionisation chamber, and can be used as a re-validation tool for linear accelerator quality control.

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Analysis of solid-state heparin samples by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

10.1101/538074 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Anthony Devlin ◽

Courtney J. Mycroft-West ◽

Marco Guerrini ◽

Edwin A. Yates ◽

Mark A. Skidmore

Keyword(s):

Quality Control ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Cost Effective ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Essential Medicines ◽

World Health ◽

Sulphated Polysaccharides ◽

H Nmr ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Alternative Approaches

AbstractThe widely used anticoagulant pharmaceutical, heparin, is a polydisperse, heterogeneous polysaccharide. Heparin is one of the essential medicines defined by the World Health Organisation but, during 2007-2008, was the subject of adulteration. The intrinsic heterogeneity and variability of heparin makes it a challenge to monitor its purity by conventional means. This has led to the adoption of alternative approaches for its analysis and quality control, some of which are based on multivariate analysis of 1H NMR spectra, or exploit correlation techniques. Such NMR spectroscopy-based analyses, however, require costly and technically demanding NMR instrumentation. Here, an alternative approach based on the use of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) combined with multivariate analysis is proposed. FTIR-ATR employs more affordable and easy-to-use technology and, when combined with multivariate analysis of the resultant spectra, readily differentiates between glycosaminoglycans of different types, between heparin samples of distinct animal origins and enables the detection of both known heparin contaminants, such as over-sulphated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS), as well as other alien sulphated polysaccharides in heparin samples to a degree of sensitivity comparable to that achievable by NMR. The approach will permit the rapid and cost-effective monitoring of pharmaceutical heparin at any stage of the production process and indeed, in principle, the quality control of any heterogeneous or variable material.

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Determinants of breastfeeding practice in Pujehun district, southern Sierra Leone: a mixed-method study

International Breastfeeding Journal ◽

10.1186/s13006-021-00390-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dorothee van Breevoort ◽

Francesca Tognon ◽

Arne Beguin ◽

Amara S. Ngegbai ◽

Giovanni Putoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

World Health ◽

Mixed Method Study ◽

Breastfeeding Rate ◽

Breastfeeding Practice ◽

Determinants Of Breastfeeding

Abstract Background It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding can play a critical role in reducing child morbidity and mortality. Limited research has been done thus far on the practice and perceptions of breastfeeding in Sierra Leone, where more than 10 % of children die before the age of five. This study aimed to gain understanding into and explore both matters in order to develop recommendations for effective strategies to promote breastfeeding practice in Pujehun District, Southern Sierra Leone. Methods This exploratory mixed-method study included a cross-sectional survey of 194 mothers, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Logistic regression analysis was used calculated odds ratios of factors associated with primarily breastfeeding practice, defined as ‘Children under six months of age who are fed with breast milk only and children older than six months of age that were exclusively breastfed up to six months’, based on recall from birth. Exclusive breastfeeding rate was based on breastfeeding practice 24 h prior to the survey. Qualitative data was analysed through a deductive approach, using a pre-determined framework on determinants of breastfeeding. Results This study revealed an exclusive breastfeeding rate of 62.8% (95% CI 53.9, 71.7); dropping from 74% in the 0–1-month age group to 33% in the 4–5 months group. Triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data revealed enabling factors for primarily breastfeeding practice included mothers receiving support during their first breastfeed, pregnant women being provided with information on the benefits of the practice, counselling by nurses, support from husbands, and women’s awareness of how their friends and family members fed their own babies. The main barriers were a lack of encouragement by husbands, women’s perception that their infants’ stools were abnormal or that they were not producing enough breast milk. Conclusions Although the exclusive breastfeeding may have risen over recent years, a gap remains compared to World Health Organization recommendations. According to the breastfeeding determinants identified in this study, promotion of counselling by a nurse, encouragement of husbands’ support, and improve knowledge of mothers on breastfeeding are recommended to be incorporated in the design of future health programs.

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Practice of Breastfeeding and its Barriers among Women Working in Tertiary Level Hospitals

Journal of Nepal Medical Association ◽

10.31729/jnma.4035 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (215) ◽

Author(s):

Mukta Singh Bhandari ◽

Pratibha Manandhar ◽

Dipesh Tamrakar

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Data Entry ◽

Recurrent Infection ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Tertiary Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Institutional Review ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Breastfeeding Practice

Introduction: Breastfeeding provides ideal food for newborns and prevents recurrent infection and malnutrition in infants. In Nepal, breastfeeding is a universal practice but exclusive breastfeeding is low. As there is increased involvement of women in workforce, practice of breastfeeding may have been compromised. The main objective of the study was to examine the practice and barriers of breastfeeding among women working in tertiary level hospitals of Nepal. Methods: This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study. Study participants were wom- en working in Dhulikhel Hospital and Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital and was conducted from December 2017 to June 2018. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee of both institutions. Total of 208 women were included in the study and face to face interview was conducted. Data entry and analysis was done using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS).Results: Breastfeeding practice was universal and colostrum was fed by 195 (94%) women. Pre- lacteal feeding was given by 14 (7%) women and 119 (57%) initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Total of 93 (45%) children were exclusively breastfed for any duration while 10 (11%) were exclusively breastfed for six months. The mean duration of breastfeeding was 14.57 months and 90 (43%) started complementary feeding before six months. Total of 97 (51%) women and 42 (47%) women stated work as barrier for not exclusively breastfeeding and early complementary feeding respectively. Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding was very low and children were breastfed for less than two years. Complementary feeding was also started earlier and work was stated as the main barrier for poor breastfeeding practice. Keywords: breastfeeding; complementary feeding; working women.

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Prevalence of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Factors Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding of Children in Trongsa District, Bhutan

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539518768573 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 369-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dolley Tshering ◽

Mongal Singh Gurung ◽

Neyzang Wangmo ◽

Dorji Pelzom ◽

Phudit Tejativaddhana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Return To Work ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Associated Factors ◽

World Health ◽

Infant Deaths ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Self Confidence ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Breastfeeding Practice

The World Health Organization estimated that about 800 000 infant deaths could be prevented annually by exclusively breastfeeding infants for the first 6 months of life. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and its associated factors. A total of 192 mothers participated. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice in Trongsa district was 97% at 1 month, declining to 58% at 6 months. Mothers who returned to formal work were less likely to exclusively breastfeed than those who were farmers or housewives. The main reasons stated by the mothers for not exclusively breastfeeding were lack of the mother’s self-confidence that the child is getting enough breastmilk and mothers having to return to work, 59% and 22%, respectively. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Trongsa district of Bhutan is high, and every effort should be made to maintain and improve this rate.

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The Relevance of Defined Daily Dose concept in Drug Utilisation Research: A Review

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v11i4-s.4897 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4-S) ◽

pp. 162-165

Author(s):

Agnus Baiju ◽

Rosmin Jacob ◽

K. Krishnakumar

Keyword(s):

Drug Utilisation ◽

Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽

Cost Effective ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Economic Consequences ◽

World Health ◽

Special Focus ◽

Defined Daily Dose ◽

Rational Drug ◽

Daily Dose

According to World Health Organisation (WHO), drug utilisation is defined as the marketing, distribution, prescription and the use of drugs in society with special focus on resulting medical, social and economic consequences and it has turned into a powerful scientific tool for ensuring the rational and cost-effective use of drugs. A standard method is required to identify and aggregate drug data. This manuscript provides an overview of the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the associated measure, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), as a methodology for evaluating drug utilisation. Keywords: Drug utilisation research, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, Defined Daily Dose, Rational drug use.

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Identification of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and other soil transmitted intestinal parasites in stool using Odongo-Aginya method

10.21203/rs.2.14695/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

John Paul Byagamy ◽

Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga ◽

Harriet Angwech ◽

Richard Echodu ◽

Emmanuel Igwaro Odongo-Aginya

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Field Research ◽

Cost Effective ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

World Health ◽

Morphological Appearance ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Long Time ◽

Eggs And Larvae

Abstract Objective World Health Organisation recommends Kato-Katz technique for quantitative diagnosis of Schistosoma (S) mansoni and other soil transmitted intestinal parasites in field research. However, the prepared slides in Kato-Katz technique cannot be examined immediately and after 1 to 2 hours, the eggs of parasites with thin cell walls over clear in glycerine and morphology of the eggs are not preserved. These disadvantages are overcome using Odongo-Aginya method as illustrate by S. mansoni eggs and other soil transmitted intestinal parasites in stool in the results. Result The Odongo-Aginya method composed of compound stains of 7.5% nigrosin in 10% formalin and 0.5% eosin yellowin10% formalin mixed 1:1 ratio can be examined immediately. This method illustrated very clearly morphological appearance of S. mansoni and other soil transmitted intestinal parasites. This method showed a clear appearance of intestinal parasites eggs and larvae immediately after preparation and also after six weeks. The prepared slide also maintains the morphological appearance of the eggs even of the hookworm for a long time when the slides are kept in cool dry place. This method is reliable, reproducible, cost effective, easy to learn, quick and safe especially when handling specimens from Human Immunodeficiency virus infected patients.

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Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Its Associated Factors among Mothers of Infants Less Than Six Months of Age in Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Advances in Public Health ◽

10.1155/2016/3426249 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Getachew Arage ◽

Haileyesus Gedamu

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Northwest Ethiopia ◽

World Health ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Debre Tabor ◽

Breastfeeding Practice

Background. Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is recommended by the World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund. However, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is very low in many developing countries including Ethiopia.Objectives. The study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its associated factors among infants aged six months in Debre Tabor town.Methods. Community based cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple random sampling technique was employed in the selection of participants. Data were collected using pretested and structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Odds ratios with their 95% CI were computed and variables havingpvalue less than 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression were considered as significantly associated with the dependent variable.Result. Of 470 mother-infant pair’s samples, 453 were included in the final analysis. The overall age appropriate rate of EBF practice was found to be 70.8%. Having an infant aged 2-3 months [AOR = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.12, 6.42)], giving birth in the health facility [AOR = 3.8 (95% CI: 2.18, 7.32)], being a house wife in occupation [AOR = 2.4 (95% CI (1.22, 6.92)], receiving counseling/advice on infant feeding [AOR = 2.1 (95% CI: 1.61, 5.41)], and colostrums feeding [AOR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.28, 7.98)] were found to be significantly associated with EBF practice.Conclusion and Recommendations. A small proportion of infants are exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. Promoting institutional delivery, revising the leave after birth, advice and counseling pregnant mothers about EBF, and enabling every mother to encourage colostrum feeding were recommended in order to increase the proportion of women practicing exclusive breastfeeding.

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Is exclusive breastfeeding an option or a necessity in Africa? A pooled study using the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique

Journal of Public Health in Africa ◽

10.4081/jphia.2020.932 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Helen Mulol ◽

Anna Coutsoudis ◽

Waliou Amoussa Hounkpatin ◽

Elisaphinate Urio ◽

Philomène Kenguela Wabolou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Deuterium Oxide ◽

Oral Intake ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Milk Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Country Level ◽

Maternal Recall

Given the valuable health, development, and economic benefits of human milk exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended by the World Health Organisation for the first six months of an infant’s life. Many resource-limited regions in Africa do not line-up with these recommendations therefore EBF promotion efforts on the continent need to be scaled up and monitored. This study explores the human milk intake volumes of 5 countries (Benin, Central African Republic, Morocco, South Africa and Tanzania) both at country level and in a pooled sample at 3 months (n= 355) and at 6 months (n=193). Mean human milk intake volumes in the pooled samples were 697.6 g/day at 3 months and 714.9 g/day at 6 months. EBF was determined both by maternal recall as well as using the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique using two different cut-offs of non-milk oral intake. Comparison of these results showed substantial over-reporting of EBF by maternal recall, which suggests that actual rates of EBF are even lower than reported thus highlighting the importance of scaling-up EBF promotion strategies.

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