Treatment of COVID-19: a review of current and prospective pharmacotherapies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Eleanor Quek ◽  
Hasan Tahir ◽  
Poornima Kumar ◽  
Robert Hastings ◽  
Rajeev Jha
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Socioeconomic Consequences

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread and have grave health and socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Researchers have raced to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 so that effective therapeutic targets can be discovered. This review summarises the key pharmacotherapies that are being investigated for treatment of COVID-19, including antiviral, immunomodulator and anticoagulation strategies.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Cytokines, Immune Cells, and Organ Interactions in Heart Failure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Li ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Dao Wen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms

Despite mounting evidence demonstrating the significance of inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure (HF), most large clinical trials that target the inflammatory responses in HF yielded neutral or even worsening outcomes. Further in-depth understanding about the roles of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HF is eagerly needed. This review summarizes cytokines, cardiac infiltrating immune cells, and extracardiac organs that orchestrate the complex inflammatory responses in HF and highlights emerging therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Atrial Fibrillation: Development Mechanisms, Approaches and Prospects of Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Sapelnikov ◽  
A. A. Kulikov ◽  
D. I. Cherkashin ◽  
I. R. Grishin ◽  
O. A. Nikolaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
P Waves ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Entire Process ◽  
Atrial Activation ◽  
Permanent Form

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia. It is diagnosed in more than 33 million people worldwide and is the leading cause of hospitalization for arrhythmias. AF is characterized by fast and irregular atrial activation without discrete P-waves at a surface electrocardiography. AF pathophysiological mechanisms are very complex and include the dynamic interaction between arrhythmia substrate and triggers. Consequently, the clinical search for effective therapeutic targets should include the entire process of the onset and progression of the disease: from the first paroxysms to the development of a stable permanent form of AF.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Corrao ◽  
Karen Pinelli ◽  
Martina Vacca ◽  
Massimo Raspanti ◽  
Christiano Argano
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Recommendations ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has involved more than one hundred million individuals, including more than two million deaths. Diabetes represents one of the most prevalent chronic conditions worldwide and significantly increases the risk of hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, the pathophysiological mechanisms, and the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in people with diabetes. We propose a rationale for using drugs prescribed in patients with diabetes and some pragmatic clinical recommendations to deal with COVID-19 in this kind of patient.

scholarly journals Nanomedicine, Viral Infection and Cytokine Stor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Life Threatening

Recently, emerged outbreaks of various viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MERS-CoV, and ZIKA infections, are fatal for human life. These life-threatening infections to public health pointed out as a major cause responsible for initiating severe diseases globally. These viral infections heightened the morbidity rates and thus, it is a deadly fear to human life. Researchers left no stone unturned for searching newer therapeutic targets and remedies to treat these viral infections and outbreaks. Simultaneously, some of the researchers have gained success in the discovery of an efficient treatment and development of an effective vaccine [1]. In view of that, numerous developments have been made for innovating nanotherapies, which can treat viral infection and few of them are written off as nanomedicine, have been become reality.

scholarly journals Understanding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication to Design Efficient Drug Combination Therapies

Intervirology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Ortega ◽  
Jose L. Zambrano ◽  
Beata Jastrzebska ◽  
Ferdinando Liprandi ◽  
Hector R. Rangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Viral Proteases

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease CO­VID-19 has strongly encouraged the search for antiviral compounds. Most of the evaluated drugs against SARS-CoV-2 derive from drug repurposing of Food and Drug Administration-approved molecules. These drugs have as target three major processes: (1) early stages of virus-cell interaction, (2) viral proteases, and (3) the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This review focused on the basic principles of virology and pharmacology to understand the importance of early stages of virus-cell interaction as therapeutic targets and other main processes vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, we focused on describing the main targets associated with SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy and the rationale of drug combinations for efficiently suppressing viral replication. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> We hypothesized that blocking of both entry mechanisms could allow a more effective antiviral effect compared to the partial results obtained with chloroquine or its derivatives alone. This approach, already used to achieve an antiviral effect higher than that offered by every single drug administered separately, has been successfully applied in several viral infections such as HIV and HCV. This review will contribute to expanding the perception of the possible therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the benefits of using combination therapies.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations and pathophysiological mechanisms of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1040-1047
Author(s):  
Cristiano Gaujac ◽  
Regiane Cristina Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Neurological Involvement ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Relationship

Background - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is a novel, highly infectious coronavirus and the etiologic agent of Covid-19. The course of Covid-19 can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe, life-threatening symptoms, especially when comorbidities are present. Increasing studies have reinforced the association between SARS-CoV-2 and various neurological manifestations, although the pathophysiological mechanisms remain uncertain. Objective - The aim of this paper was to briefly describe current findings on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and major CNS and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) manifestations. Methods and Material - This work consists of a literature review based on the study of academic papers. To this end, the Pubmed platform was used to search for scientific articles, using the keywords: covid-19, coronavirus, physiopathology, neuronal symptoms. Results - out of 114,660 articles found, 94 were selected for this review. Conclusions - Periodic reviews collaborate in the constant updating and summarization of findings. Understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 on the SN and the link between the systems may lead to earlier and earlier diagnoses of neurological involvement, guide therapeutic management, prevent sequelae, and preserve lives.

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