scholarly journals Nanomedicine, Viral Infection and Cytokine Stor

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-03
Author(s):  
Rajiv Kumar ◽  
Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Life Threatening

Recently, emerged outbreaks of various viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), MERS-CoV, and ZIKA infections, are fatal for human life. These life-threatening infections to public health pointed out as a major cause responsible for initiating severe diseases globally. These viral infections heightened the morbidity rates and thus, it is a deadly fear to human life. Researchers left no stone unturned for searching newer therapeutic targets and remedies to treat these viral infections and outbreaks. Simultaneously, some of the researchers have gained success in the discovery of an efficient treatment and development of an effective vaccine [1]. In view of that, numerous developments have been made for innovating nanotherapies, which can treat viral infection and few of them are written off as nanomedicine, have been become reality.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Pandemic: a major public health crisis for the developed and developing world

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 366-369
Author(s):  
Rooh Ullah ◽  
Muhammad Suleman Rana ◽  
Mehmood Qadir ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Niaz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Public Health Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Day By Day

Pandemic of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in China is now become global public health crisis. At present 87.64% of the world is infected by this deadly illness. The risk from this epidemic depends on the nature of the virus, including how well it transmits from person to person, and the complications resulting from this current illness. The novel coronavirus has killed thousands of people in China and other countries as well; its rate of mortality is increasing day by day. There is an urgent need to control the virus by developing vaccine or any other antiviral drugs to save the world from this deadly viral infection.

scholarly journals Antiviral optical techniques as a possible novel approach to COVID-19 treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 2130002
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Moshfegh ◽  
Farshad Khosraviani ◽  
Negar Moghaddasi ◽  
Seyedeh Fatemeh Seyed Javadi Limoodi ◽  
Ebrahim Boluki
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Very High

The current pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV and COVID-19) viral infection is growing globally and has created a disastrous situation all over the world. One of the biggest challenges is that no drugs are available to treat this life-threatening disease. As no drugs are available for definitive treatment of this disease and the mortality rate is very high, there is an utmost need to cure the infection using novel technologies. This study will point out some new antimicrobial technologies that have great potentials for eradicating and preventing emerging infections. They can be considered as treatments of choice for viral infections in the future.

scholarly journals Coronavirus respiratory illness in Saudi Arabia

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 692-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal ◽  
Ahmed Ali Al-Qahtani ◽  
Salvatore Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World

Although viruses that belong to the coronavirus family are known since the 1930s, they only gained public health attention when they were discovered to be the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in China in 2002–2003. On 22 September 2012, the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Saudi Arabia announced the detection of what was described as a “rare pattern” of coronavirus respiratory infection in three individuals, two Saudi citizens and one person from the Gulf Region. Neither Saudi citizen survived the infection. Molecular analysis of the isolates showed that the virus belongs to the genus beta-coronavirus. It is not known if the new isolates are circulating in the population or has recently diverged. The emergence of these novel isolates that resulted in fatal human infection ascertains that health authorities all over the world must be vigilant for the possibility of new global pandemics due to novel viral infection.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF RECOMBINANT VACCINE TECHNOLOGY, ADJUVANTS AND VACCINE DELIVERY METHODS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Abdullahi Hudu ◽  
Saadatu Haruna Shinkafi ◽  
Shuaibu Umar
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Vaccine Delivery ◽  
Recombinant Vaccine ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
New Generation ◽  
And Control

Development of an effective vaccine is of paramount important in disease prevention and control. As such, recombinant technology can serve as a gateway for the development of safe and effective vaccines that can be delivered effectively with an appropriate adjuvant. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the role of recombinant vaccine technology, new adjuvants and the challenge of vaccine delivery. Related peer-reviewed journal article searches were conducted using a subscribed database at the Universiti Putra Malaysia library, involving areas of Health Sciences and Medicine via Medline, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. New generation vaccines include highly purified synthetic or recombinant antigens that stimulate effective cell-mediated immune and mucosal immunity. In order to enhance their efficacy, a number of adjuvants are used. Efforts have also been made to explore the usage of non-invasive routes of administration, devices and equipment for optimized antigen and immune-potentiator delivery of the immune system. Recombinant vaccine technology is rapid, compared to the traditional method of vaccine development and does not require the handling of live viruses. It is, therefore, a promising technology for developing a future vaccine to curb emerging and re-emerging viral infections that may be life-threatening or teratogenic.

scholarly journals Convalescent Plasma: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Mohiuddin Ahmed Khan ◽  
Mafruha Akter
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Specific Standard

As no specific standard therapies have been approved for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), so prevention and supportive care dominate the approach to COVID-19. Exposure to this severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in an adaptive immune response that commonly include antibodies with neutralization activity. Treatments directly targeting the virus and the inflammatory response to it remain investigational. Convalescent plasma (CP) is such a therapy that had been reported hundred years back in studies from the Spanish influenza era. So the idea of convalescent plasma from subjects who have recovered from viral infections has been used to both prevent or treat disease. Over the past two decades’ notable examples of the successful use of convalescent plasma (CP) include influenza, measles, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Two case series were recently published by China examining the therapeutic use of CP in patients with COVID-19. In the context of pandemic situation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed to use COVID-19 convalescent plasma as Investigational New Drug (IND) since April 2020 to help patients with serious or immediately life-threatening illness associated with COVID- 19. Case series studying convalescent plasma use in the treatment of COVID-19 have been promising, but additional, high-quality studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the treatment when applied for prophylaxis, for early phases of illness and for severe illness. Bangladesh also started program to use convalescent plasma for severe and critical COVID-19 patients under limited clinical trial. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 109-115

scholarly journals Understanding Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Replication to Design Efficient Drug Combination Therapies

Intervirology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 2-9
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Ortega ◽  
Jose L. Zambrano ◽  
Beata Jastrzebska ◽  
Ferdinando Liprandi ◽  
Hector R. Rangel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Viral Proteases

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease CO­VID-19 has strongly encouraged the search for antiviral compounds. Most of the evaluated drugs against SARS-CoV-2 derive from drug repurposing of Food and Drug Administration-approved molecules. These drugs have as target three major processes: (1) early stages of virus-cell interaction, (2) viral proteases, and (3) the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> This review focused on the basic principles of virology and pharmacology to understand the importance of early stages of virus-cell interaction as therapeutic targets and other main processes vital for SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, we focused on describing the main targets associated with SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy and the rationale of drug combinations for efficiently suppressing viral replication. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> We hypothesized that blocking of both entry mechanisms could allow a more effective antiviral effect compared to the partial results obtained with chloroquine or its derivatives alone. This approach, already used to achieve an antiviral effect higher than that offered by every single drug administered separately, has been successfully applied in several viral infections such as HIV and HCV. This review will contribute to expanding the perception of the possible therapeutic targets in SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the benefits of using combination therapies.

scholarly journals Probiotic Supplements: Their Strategies in the Therapeutic and Prophylactic of Human Life-Threatening Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11290
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Youssef ◽  
Hanaa Y. Ahmed ◽  
Abel Zongo ◽  
Ali Korin ◽  
Fuchao Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Promising Solution

Chronic diseases and viral infections have threatened human life over the ages and constitute the main reason for increasing death globally. The rising burden of these diseases extends to negatively affecting the economy and trading globally, as well as daily life, which requires inexpensive, novel, and safe therapeutics. Therefore, scientists have paid close attention to probiotics as safe remedies to combat these morbidities owing to their health benefits and biotherapeutic effects. Probiotics have been broadly adopted as functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements to improve human health and prevent some morbidity. Intriguingly, recent research indicates that probiotics are a promising solution for treating and prophylactic against certain dangerous diseases. Probiotics could also be associated with their essential role in animating the immune system to fight COVID-19 infection. This comprehensive review concentrates on the newest literature on probiotics and their metabolism in treating life-threatening diseases, including immune disorders, pathogens, inflammatory and allergic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, and COVID-19 infection. The recent information in this report will particularly furnish a platform for emerging novel probiotics-based therapeutics as cheap and safe, encouraging researchers and stakeholders to develop innovative treatments based on probiotics to prevent and treat chronic and viral diseases.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR COMBATING AGAINST CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS‐2) - A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
CHANDRASEKAR R ◽  
SIVAGAMI B ◽  
SATHEESH KUMAR G
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings

Coronavirus called as coronavirus diseases (COVID)-19 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS‐CoV]‐2) is a viral infection which is spreading to a great extent and affecting many people worldwide, many developed and developing countries are severely affected by the virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) is taking serious preventive measures to stop this viral infection worldwide. The coronavirus is a big threat to human beings and controlling the emerging viral infections is a global concern. Antiviral drug such as Remdesivir has been approved by the FDA, but combating against these viral infections is a great challenge to scientists and researchers with the available few antiviral drugs due to severe side effects and toxicity. Many drugs such as hydroxy chloroquin, Remdesivir, and vaccines have been recommended for combating this virus. Few Polyherbal formulations and Ayurvedic formulations containing antiviral phytoconstituents have been recommended to boost the immunity. Some drugs and phytoconstituents are under different phases of human clinical trials. The currently available synthetic drugs and vaccines for the treatment of viral infections have severe side effects. Medicinal plants play a critical role in treating viral infections by developing immunity against viral diseases. Some medicinal plants which were used as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity helped in treating various diseases and viral infections. Many plants contain flavonoids such as quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, and polyphenols such as thymoquinone, phytosteroids such as cucurbitacin and others which may likely to act as antioxidants and immunomodulatory that can fight against COVID-19. The current review provides information on phytochemical constituents present in medicinal plants, their mechanism of action, in silico molecular docking studies and human clinical trials to treat viral disorders.

scholarly journals Public Perception and Potential Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Bibhabasu Das ◽  
◽  
Apurva Padhye ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)virus, has led to a substantial loss of human life and the global economy, and presents anunprecedented collapse of the public health systems worldwide. The sped-up advancement of theCOVID-19 vaccine is an important development. Data from the early trials suggest that the vaccineis safe as well as effective. However, the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among the publicdepends on various socio-demographic factors. The primary aim of the study is to get a deeperunderstanding and analysis of the public's perception, information and sentiment towards theCOVID-19 vaccine in India.

scholarly journals Oligonucleotide-Based Approaches to Inhibit Dengue Virus Replication

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Kingshuk Panda ◽  
Kalichamy Alagarasu ◽  
Deepti Parashar
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Life Threatening

Dengue fever is one of the most common viral infections affecting humans. It is an expanding public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. No effective vaccine or antiviral therapies against Dengue virus (DENV) infection are available. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can reduce the burden and duration of hospitalizations due to this life-threatening disease. Oligonucleotide-based strategies are considered as an attractive means of inhibiting viral replication since oligonucleotides can be designed to interact with any viral RNA, provided its sequence is known. The resultant targeted destruction of viral RNA interferes with viral replication without inducing any adverse effects on cellular processes. In this review, we elaborate the ribozymes, RNA interference, CRISPR, aptamer and morpholino strategies for the inhibition of DENV replication and discuss the challenges involved in utilizing such approaches.

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