scholarly journals Characterization of hypothalamic Nuclei in Indian Fresh Water Spiny Eel Mastacembelusarmatus (Lacepede)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-689
Author(s):  
Supriya Ray
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
Moderate Cost

Introduction: Mastacembelusarmatus, an indigenous fish species of southern Asia, also resides in Indian subcontinent. This fish species is facing an alarming declining in their number in the last decade. Due to its moderate cost, it is mainly taken by the lower income group of people of the society. Reproductive care, by artificial breeding, has been taken for those fish species having a high cost in the market or becoming less in number in nature for business purposes or preserving the biodiversity, respectively. Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to understand the structure of hypothalamic nulceiof M. armatus, because these are ultimately responsible for the maintenance of pituitary-gonadal endocrine cascade. Material and methods:This work had been done purely on histological techniques.Hypothalamic region with the brain was first dissected out then followed by fixation, embedding in paraffin wax, sectioning, staining and microphotography. Results: In the present investigation the nucleus preopticus (NPO) are paired, eachnuclear area being situated on either side of the third ventricle. The NPO iselongated in structure and the differentiated zones, the pars magnocellularis andpars parvocellularis. The neurosecretory nuclei ofnucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) are very prominent and occupy a position nearer to the pituitary gland. The cells of the NLT aredivided into two subgroups. The comparatively larger α – cells are located anterior end of lateral wall of the hypothalamus and the β – cells are located above the pituitary gland. Conclusion: Understanding the hypothalamic architecture and cell types for this fish species is of immense importance to save this indigenous variety by artificial breeding.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of Adenohypophyseal Cells, Pituitary Gland Development and Structure in Adults of Astyanax Lacustris (Teleostei, Characidae): an Emerging Neotropical Fish Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovana Souza Branco ◽  
Lázaro Wender O. De Jesus ◽  
Monica Cassel ◽  
Chayrra Chehade ◽  
Marília de Paiva Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
South American ◽  
Neotropical Fish ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Commercial Importance ◽  
Gland Morphogenesis ◽  
Gland Development

Abstract Pituitary gland morphogenesis of the adenohypophyseal (AH) cells of Astyanax lacustris are presented herein. This Characiformes species show great ecological and commercial importance, and it has been increasingly used as a biological model. The first AH cells of A. lacustris were detected at 1 dah by the immunostaining of PRL producing cells. The morphology of the gland presented changes in shape throughout the development, starting elongated but more oval at the end. The neurohypophysis was differentiated at 3 dah, along with the identification of ACTH, MSH, TSH, and FSH producing cells. Identification of the immunoreactive cells to anti-LH, anti-SL, and anti-GH antibodies occurred at 5 dah. At 20 dah, an increase in pituitary size and the presence of the pituitary stalk were observed. At 60 dah, the pituitary already had the same shape seen in adults. The ontogeny of adenohypophyseal cells in A. lacustris corroborates the heterogeneity in the appearance of these cell types in teleosts and suggests that these hormones actively participate during the early development of this species. Our results collaborate with the understanding of the morphogenesis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in South American teleosts, showing essential data for the development of future studies related to pituitary morphophysiology.

scholarly journals Financial Resources and Biomarkers of Aging in the National Health and Aging Trends Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
Laura Samuel ◽  
Laken Roberts ◽  
Danielle Boyce ◽  
Melissa Hladek ◽  
Sarah LaFave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemoglobin A1c ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Sampling Weights ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging

Abstract Lower income and financial strain (i.e. difficulty making ends meet) are associated with worse aging biomarkers, but evidence among nationally representative samples is limited. This cross-sectional study tested whether income to poverty ratio (analyzed separately for those <500% vs. ≥500% poverty threshold) and financial strain are associated with biomarkers of aging among NHATS participants aged ≥65 years (n=4,648), adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, smoking, BMI, and diabetes diagnosis for hemoglobin A1c. Sampling weights were applied. Among those with incomes <500% poverty, higher income was associated with lower hemoglobin A1c (b= -0.0196, p=0.007), CMV (b= -0.0689, p<0.001) and CRP (b= -0.0428, p=0.012). Among those with incomes ≥500%, higher income was associated with lower IL-6 (b= -0.0001, p=0.023) and lower CMV (b= -0.0001, p<0.001). Financial strain was not associated with biomarkers. Income is more strongly associated with biomarkers among the lower income group, calling for special attention to this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals In the Same Boat, but not Equals: The Heterogeneous Effects of Indirect Taxation on Child Health in Punjab-Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiz Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Nasir
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe 2011 National Nutrition Survey of Pakistan revealed that 51% of the country’s population was consuming less than 2,100 calories a day. In the backdrop of rising food insecurity, hunger, and malnutrition in Pakistan, this study aims to measure the effects of indirect taxation on health outcomes of children (<5 years). More specifically, the impact of the incidence of General Sales Tax (GST) in the province of Punjab has been estimated on a child’s height and weight. The proponents of the uniform GST argue that the tax would not affect children because most food items consumed by children are exempted from the GST. However, the opponents believe that households, especially those belonging to the lower-income group, would reallocate resources away from children in the face of higher GST. To study these effects, we utilized three different waves (2007–08, 2011 & 2014) of Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS). The results show that the tax incidence, and not the GST rate, has a significantly negative impact on children’s height-for-age Z-score (HAZ). No effect was found on the weight-for-age-z-score (WAZ). These results are robust to different specifications and exhibit considerable heterogeneity across different income groups. These findings suggest that the exemption of certain food items for children from the GST may not eliminate the negative effects of this tax on a child’s health. Thus, our study raises concerns about the long term welfare consequences of GST.

The Medial Wall of the Cavernous Sinus: Microsurgical Anatomy

Neurosurgery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Yasuda ◽  
Alvaro Campero ◽  
Carolina Martins ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton ◽  
Guilherme C. Ribas
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Thin Sheet ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medial Wall ◽  
Microsurgical Anatomy ◽  
Pituitary Fossa ◽  
Adjacent Structures

Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to clarify the boundaries, relationships, and components of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS). METHODS: Forty CSs, examined under ×3 to ×40 magnification, were dissected from lateral to medial in a stepwise fashion to expose the medial wall. Four CSs were dissected starting from the midline to lateral. RESULTS: The medial wall of the CS has two parts: sellar and sphenoidal. The sellar part is a thin sheet that separates the pituitary fossa from the venous spaces in the CS. This part, although thin, provided a barrier without perforations or defects in all cadaveric specimens studied. The sphenoidal part is formed by the dura lining the carotid sulcus on the body of the sphenoid bone. In all of the cadaveric specimens, the medial wall seemed to be formed by a single layer of dura that could not be separated easily into two layers as could the lateral wall. The intracavernous carotid was determined to be in direct contact with the pituitary gland, being separated from it by only the thin sellar part of the medial wall in 52.5% of cases. In 39 of 40 CSs, the venous plexus and spaces in the CS extended into the narrow space between the intracavernous carotid and the dura lining the carotid sulcus, which forms the sphenoidal part of the medial wall. The lateral surface of the pituitary gland was divided axially into superior, middle and inferior thirds. The intracavernous carotid coursed lateral to some part of all the superior, middle, and inferior thirds in 27.5% of the CSs, along the inferior and middle thirds in 32.5%, along only the inferior third in 35%, and below the level of the gland and sellar floor in 5%. In 18 of the 40 CSs, the pituitary gland displaced the sellar part of the medial wall laterally and rested against the intracavernous carotid, and in 6 there was a tongue-like lateral protrusion of the gland that extended around a portion of the wall of the intracavernous carotid. No defects were observed in the sellar part of the medial wall, even in the presence of these protrusions. CONCLUSION: The CS has an identifiable medial wall that separates the CS from the sella and capsule of the pituitary gland. The medial wall has two segments, sellar and sphenoidal, and is formed by just one layer of dura that cannot be separated into two layers as can the lateral wall of the CS. In this study, the relationships between the medial wall and adjacent structures demonstrated a marked variability.

scholarly journals Upregulation of Kiss-1 and Gpr54 Genes Expression in Pituitary of Male Rats Following the Central Administration of Neuropeptide Y

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Vahid Azizi ◽  
Shahrbanoo Oryan ◽  
Homayuon Khazali ◽  
Abdolkarim Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: The neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the neural circuits of the hypothalamus has a stimulating effect on reproductive activities in mammals. Kisspeptin (KiSS1) is a quintessential neurotransmitter in the reproductive axis which directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus. The distribution of KiSS1 expressing cells in the pituitary was described previously. Despite earlier reports showing the KiSS1 receptor, G-protein coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) expression in the pituitary, the potential physiological roles of kisspeptin at this gland have remained obscure. Accordingly, this study investigated the role of NPY on the relative expression of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the pituitary gland in male Wistar rats. Methods: In general, 20 male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g in 4 groups (5 in each group) received saline, NPY (2.3 nM), BIBP3226 (NPY receptor antagonist, 7.8 nM), and NPY+ BIBP3226. Then, they received the simultaneous injection of these molecules through the third ventricle of the brain. Finally, the relative mean expressions of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the anterior pituitary were quantitatively analyzed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The central injection of NPY increased the relative mean expressions of Kiss1 and Gpr54 genes in the pituitary gland compared to the control group although the injection of BIBP3226 eradicated these effects. However, the gene expression of Gpr54 in the rats receiving NPY coupled with BIBP3226 in hypophysis in comparison to the group receiving only NPY demonstrated a significant reduction (P<0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the central injection of NPY stimulated the gene expression of Kiss1 and Gpr54 in the pituitary gland.

scholarly journals IMPACT EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN BHOPAL DUE TO INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Niranjan Mudliar ◽  
Paramjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Income Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

India has been progressing steadily since last two decades in terms of affordability of commodity and purchasing power of the common man. This has given rise to demand which leads to the continuous economic growth. Of course, support from the Government of India as well as various state Governments has come in the form of reforms and infrastructure funding. However this growth has also seen the disadvantage of erratic consumption by wealthy persons as compared to the economically weaker sections, for example on one side there is heavy demand of passenger cars by the higher income group who uses it sparingly but on the other side people of the lower income group who are more in numbers have to rely on public transport. This imbalance creates a wider gap between public affordability to consume a particular commodity like passenger cars. On one side there are persons who buy the latest model introduced by the manufacturer in spite of having sufficient numbers at their disposal and on the other side basic lowest level model are out of reach of some persons in the society, who rely on two-wheeler or public transport which is not reliable. This has not only created a huge gap in public expenditure but has also impact the environment. With year on year increase in number of vehicles in tier 2 cities like Bhopal, there is tremendous influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) in and around the city. Past decade saw increase in maximum temperatures during summer rise by 3 – 4 degrees above normal in Bhopal and there is clear effect on the monsoon pattern too which has become inconsistent with rains reaching 120 mm in three days. Earlier this quantity was spread over a month. The last major season of winter is seen getting reduced to two months only from the earlier four, again with temperatures dropping suddenly below normal etc. This effect must be the result of increasing number of passenger vehicles in the city apart from other factors which also need detailed study for their influence.

The Pituitary Gland of the Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) During Sexual Maturation and Spawning

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1791-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. van Overbeeke ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Gonad Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Degenerative Alterations ◽  
Different Cell Types

This communication presents the results of a study of the pituitaries of 150 sockeye salmon in various stages of sexual maturation from the time they entered freshwater till after completion of spawning. In the homologue of the adenohypophysis, nine different cell types were distinguished. On the basis of changes in tinctorial and histochemical properties and relative proportions of each of these cells, it was concluded that the sockeye pituitary contains six different hormone-producing cell types. One of these probably possesses a gonadotrophic function. Degenerative phenomena in the pituitary were found in the sexually ripe and the spent salmon, but only to a limited extent. The implications of the changes in the occurrence of the six different cell types and the degenerative alterations are discussed in relation to gonad development and the death after spawning.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical demonstration of tissue-type plasminogen activator in endocrine cells of the rat pituitary gland.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kristensen ◽  
L S Nielsen ◽  
J Grøndahl-Hansen ◽  
P B Andresen ◽  
L I Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Intermediate Lobe ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Rat Pituitary

We immunocytochemically stained rat pituitary glands using antibodies against plasminogen activators of the tissue type (t-PA) and the urokinase type (u-PA). A large population of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the gland displayed intense cytoplasmic immunoreactivity with anti-t-PA. In some areas of the intermediate lobe we found a weak staining, and we observed weakly staining granular structures in the posterior lobe. Controls included absorption of the antibodies with highly purified t-PA. In addition, SDS PAGE followed by immunoblotting of pituitary gland extracts revealed only one band with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of t-PA when stained with anti-t-PA IgG. No u-PA immunoreactivity was detected in the rat pituitary gland. Sequential staining experiments using antibodies against growth hormone and t-PA demonstrated that the t-PA-immunoreactive cells constitute a large subpopulation of the growth hormone-containing cells. These findings represent the first direct evidence for the presence of t-PA in cell types other than endothelial cells in the intact normal organism. In this article we discuss the implications of the results for a possible role of t-PA in the posttranslational processing of prohormones.

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